山东省居民糖尿病及糖调节受损的流行因素分析

目的了解山东省居民糖调节受损（IGR）和糖尿病（DM）的流行因素。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共调查15350人,以现场测定空腹血糖为主要诊断指标．结合糖耐量试验（OGTT）和既往病史,确定空腹血糖受损（IFG）、口服糖耐量受损（IGT）和DM,同时调查相关的流行因素。结果本次共筛查出IFG、IGT和DM患者分别为1618、262和941人,患病率分别为9．34％、1．53％和5．50％。IGR和DM患病率均随年龄、体质指数（BMI）和血压水平升高而升高。男性40岁以上,女性50岁以上人群IFG患病率明显增加;无论男性女性,IGT和DM患病率随年龄增加有增高的趋势。随BMI和血压升高,IGR和DM患病率明显升高,超重和肥胖者IGT和DM患病率显著高于低体重和体重正常的人群（P〈O．05）;理想血压人群患病率显著低于高血压人群（P〈0．05）。DM患病率鲁东地区最高．鲁中南次之,鲁西北地区最低,且城市均大于农村;IGR的患病率反之,但两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。IGR和DM患病率均随文化程度增高而降低,文盲者IGR和DM患病率显著高于大专及以上学历居民（P〈O．05）。离退休人员DM患病率最高,其次为单位负责人,在校学生IGR和DM的患病率最低。以家庭人均年收入5000元和20000元为界划分,IFG和IGT患病率随收入增加而降低,而DM患病率随收入增加呈现“V”型分布。结论山东省居民IGR和DM患病率均随年龄增长出现显著升高趋势,且城市高于农村;职业、收入、BMI和血压水平对IGR和DM的发病有影响。     

老年人群糖尿病和IGT患病率及其影响因素

目的：了解重庆市老年人群糖尿病（DM）和糖耐量低减（IGT）的患病情况及其主要患病风险因素，为城市社区人群制定适宜的预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法：采用整群分层抽样方法，对60岁以上1791例自然人群进行了横断面调查。结果：DM患病率14．45％，IGT患病率21．70％，随着年龄增加，DM和IGT患病率亦逐渐升高。超重者（BMI≥25）DM和IGT患病率为17．51％和28．02％，肥胖者（BMI≥30）DM和IGT患病率为21．43％和37．14％，按腰臀比（WHR）划分，向心性肥胖者DM和IGT患病率为17．45％和25．09％。影响DM患病风险的因素主要有：DM家族史、BMI、wHR、高收缩压、高甘油三酯。结论：在社区人群中，倡导健康合理的膳食习惯、控制血压、体重是降低糖尿病发生的重要措施，老年人是DM防治工作的主要对象。     

安徽省糖尿病的流行病学调查

本研究发现:①安徽省糖尿病（DM）和糖耐量低减（IGT）患病率分别为2．24％和4．45％,其中,无症状新发现DM占DM总数的55．69％,农村更为突出。②随着年龄增加,DM、IGT患病率增高,高峰期在6Oa以上组;男性均高于女性,但仅IGT患病率差别有显著性。③DM、IGT患病率城市高于农村;从事脑力劳动的干部、知识分子高于从事体力劳动的工人、农民。④肥胖、超重者DM、IGT患病率高于正常体重和消瘦者,腰臀比值（WHR）增大,腹型肥胖者尤为明显。⑤有DM家族史者DM、IGT患病率均高于无DM家族史者,且DM患病率两者具有显著性差异。⑥DM及IGT高血压或临界高血压伴发率显著高于糖代谢正常者。     

糖尿病相关因素分析

目的探讨糠尿病(DM)的相关因素。以利于有效开展预防和控制糖尿病的发生和发展。方法采用断层整群抽样方法、根据WHO诊断标准,对洛阳市20-74岁、居住5 a及5 a以上1573人进行了糖尿病流行病学调查。结果DM患病率为3．56％,葡萄糖耐量降低(IGT)患病率为3．94％。40岁以上DM和IGT患病率分别达6．42％,和7．85％。有高血压病史和DM家族史的DM患病率分别为10．06％和11．29％。肥胖组DM和IGT患病率分别为9．12％和12．54％。结论超重、肥胖人群、有高血压病史和DM家族史、年龄增长等皆为糖尿病的相关因素。     

深圳市部分公务员糖代谢异常及相关疾病流行病学研究

目的 了解深圳市部分公务员糖尿病(DM)、空腹血糖异常并葡萄糖耐量减低(IFG IGT)的患病率．探讨其与性别、年龄、血压、血脂、体重等的关系。方法 对2002年6月在本院进行健康体检的2847名公务员进行DM、IFG IGT流行病学调查。结果 1)DM患病率4％．其中男4．9％，女3．0％，IFG IGT患病率为2．4％．其中男3．7％．女1．0％。2)DM、IFG IGT患病率随年龄增加而增长，尤以50岁以后增加显著。3)超重和肥胖、高血压、家族史阳性者DM、IFG IGT患病率较正常人群增高。4)DM、IFG IGT患者高血脂、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝及冠心病患病率较正常血糖组高。结论 深圳市部分公务员DM患病率高于1996年全国普查水平。与人口老龄化、肥胖、高血压以及遗传因素有关，公务员中男性患病率增高．应受到重视。DM、IFG IGT患者易并发高血压、冠心病、脂代谢紊乱及尿酸异常．在防治DM、IFG IGT的同时注意积极治疗并发症及合并症。     

四川省自然人群糖尿病流行特点研究

1996年4～10月，在四川省20－74岁自然人群中经分层随机抽样3385人进行了非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM）现况调查。NIDDM和糖耐量低减（IGT）的患病率为5．11％和9．96％，其标化患病率分别为2．91％和5.63％。NIDDM患病率除性别外因人群的年龄、文化水平、职业等不同而存差异。患病率随年龄增加而增高，40岁以上尤为明显，文盲及离退休组患病率较其他文化水平和职业组为高，大、中城市及城镇的患病率明显高于农村、而农村中富裕区和贫困区的患病率又有区别。体质指数（BMI），职业性体力活动及其他病患病史对患病率有明显影响（RR2．3-5．6），NIDDM和IGT的8项体格指标均值均显著高于正常人群。本文同时分析了IGT患病率的分布，上述调查资料对我省糖尿病的进一步研究和防治具有积极意义。     

社区居民糖尿病前期患病率分析

目的调查天津市劝业场社区居民糖尿病及糖尿病前期的患病率。方法选择天津市劝业场社区年龄在20岁以上的重点人群作为调查对象,给予实验室检测和问卷调查,观察糖尿病前期患者的患病率及其与年龄、体质指数（BMI）的关系。结果被调查的1379名居民中,符合糖耐量受损（IcR）诊断标准者175人,患病率为12．7％,其中糖调节受损（IGT）155人,患病率8．33％;空腹血糖受损（[rc）38人,患病率为2．75％;IFGklGT22人,患病率1．59％。符合糖尿病诊断标准112人,患病率为8．12％,其中原有糖尿病78人,新发现糖尿病34人。患病率随着年龄的增高有上升的趋势。IFG患病率、IGT患病率及IFG＼IGT患病率均在40～49岁年龄组最高,分别为2．89％、13．50％、3．53％。不同年龄组患病率与BMI呈正相关。结论糖尿病前期患者的患病率随着年龄、BMI增长而增高,对重点人群进行糖尿病前期筛查,以便及早干预,对社区开展糖尿病综合防治工作具有积极意义。     

泸天化(集团)公司员工糖尿病的现况调查

目的：了解化工行业人群糖尿病的患病率及其分布特征。方法：采用WHO（1985）诊断标准和美国糖尿病协会1997年公布的糖尿病诊断标准，对泸天化（公司20岁以上的全体人员6387人，进行问卷调查、体格检查及血液生化指标测定，计算患病率并进行统计分析。结果：糖尿病（DM）、糖耐量减低（IGT）、空腹血糖不良（IFG）的患病率分别为3．33％、3．91％、0．31％，标化患病率分别为3．39％、3．74％、0．25％（用1990年全国人口统计数据标化）。DM、IGT的标化患病率女性高于男性；DM、IGT、IFG患病率随年龄的增大、文化程度的降低而升高；餐饮服务人员、行政干部的DM、IGT和IFG患病率与职业有关；DM、IGT和IFG人群的血压、体重指数、腰臀围比值等均值都显著高于正常人群。结论：泸天化（集团）公司员工DM的患病率高于全国平均水平。     

金乡县部分中学教师糖尿病患病情况调查

[目的]了解中学教师糖尿病(DM)患病情况。[方法]2002年对金乡县568名在职中学教师进行健康查体，采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定空腹血糖。[结果]DM患病率为8．27％，其中2型占97．87％；新诊DM患者22例，均为2型。糖耐量低减(IGT)患病率为18．84％。DM、IGT患病率随年龄的增长而增高。IGT患病率男性高于女性。有阳性家族史者DM患病率为48．00％,IGT患病率为5G．00％。[结论]被调查的中学生教师DM患病率高于一般人群。     

中国糖尿病流行特点研究——糖尿病和糖耐量低减患病率调查

为查明我国糖尿病流行情况 ,采用分层整群抽样方法 ,根据WHO诊断标准 ,对我国 11省(市 )居住 5年及 5年以上的社区人群进行了糖尿病患病率流行病学调查。研究对象包括 2 0至 74岁居民共 4 2 751人。结果显示 ,糖尿病 (DM )标化患病率为 3.2 1% ( 95%CI为 3.0 5%～ 3.37% ) ,糖耐量低减 (IGT)标化患病率为 4 .76% ( 95%CI为 4 .56%～ 4 .96% ) ,DM与IGT之比为 1∶1.5,患病率随年龄增大而上升 ,4 0岁以下人群DM患病率为 1.0 1%、IGT患病率为 2 .70 % ,50岁年龄组DM和IGT的患病率均达到 7%以上 ,60岁年龄组的DM和IGT患病率均超过 11%。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.