新型农村合作医疗实施后农民对其认知的调查

目的：了解新型农村合作医疗制度实施1年后,农民对其认知的情况,为正确评价新型农村合作医疗实施效果提供科学依据。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样法抽取婺源县经济水平不同的3个乡(镇)作为样本乡(镇),在每个样本乡(镇)中用同样方法各抽取3个样本行政村,每村各取70户进行入户调查。结果：新型农村合作医疗开展1年以来,有64．2％的农户报销过门诊费用,有54．0％的农民知道怎样报销住院费用,46．9％的农户知道国家为其参加合作医疗出资,但只有16．1％的农户知道国家为每人出多少钱,有16．6％的人或其家人报销过住院费用,并有43．5％的人知道周围有人报销过住院费用;有65．7％的农民认为合作医疗住院费用报销方便,有51．0％的农民认为报销时服务人员的态度很好,有54．7％的人认为新型农村合作医疗制度是公平、公正、公开的,有50．5％的农民知道新型合作医疗报销情况定期张榜公布,有81．5％的人表示愿意继续参加今年的新型农村合作医疗。农民对新型农村合作医疗可能带来的好处的认识,前3位分别是“生大病有一定保障”、“医药费可报销一些”、“政府会补贴一些”。在对新型农村合作医疗的意见和担心中,“报销比例低”,“报销手续繁琐”和“不看病也得交钱”占前三位。结论新型农村合作医疗开展一年以来,在婺源县广大农村产生了一定的影响,人们对新型农村合作医疗有了一定的认识和了解。这项制度已被广大农民所接受,但还有部分农民对新型农村合作医疗制度不了解,甚至存在一定的误解和顾虑,应进一步加强新型农村合作医疗制度的宣传教育工作。     

江西省农民对新型农村合作医疗认知情况变化的追踪调查

目的 了解新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)实施以来农民对其认知情况的动态变化.方法 抽取江西省3个样本县,每县随机各抽取3个乡镇9个行政村,每村各取70户进行入户调查,将连续3年的调查结果 进行纵向对比研究.结果 99.63%的农户知道新农合:24.48%的农户知道国家为参合农民出资;仅6.49%的农户知道国家出多少钱;认为新农合住院费用的报销过程方便的占91.76%;77.70%的农户认为新农合公平、公正和公开;77.33%的农民认为参加新农合生大病有保障.愿意继续参加新农合的农民占95.16%.结论江西省农民基本都知道了新农合,对其报稍及定点医疗机构服务的满意度较高.但大部分农民对新农合的政策及具体实施方案仍不了解,需加大对农民宣传教育工作的力度.     

农民对新型农村合作医疗认知的追踪调查

目的：了解新型农村合作医疗制度（简称新农合）实施过程中，农民对新农合制度认知情况的变化．为进一步完善新农合实施方案提供科学依据。方法：采取人户调查进行纵向对比研究，采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法抽取婺源县3个乡镇9个行政村，每村调查70户，分别于2003年、2004年及2005年进行新农合实施前的基线调查及实施后的两次追踪调查。结果：2005年有99．20％的农户知道新农合在农村开展，与2004．年相近，但知道国家出资及住院费用怎样报销的比例有所下降；56．80％农户知道周围有人报销过住院费用，80．53％的户主认为住院报销方便，61．95％的人认为住院费用报销时服务人员态度很好，对医疗机构质量及态度评价“较好”及“很好”的分别占56．48％、75．41％，均较2004年显著上升；在各项评价结果中．“不知道”的比例均明显下降。62．79％的人认为新农合是公平、公正、公开的，较2004年显著增加；89．81％的人表示愿意明年继续参加，呈逐年增加趋势。农民对新农合的好处的认识，前3位仍是“生大病有一定保障”、“医药费可报销一些”、“政府集体会补贴一些”．认同比例均较2004年显著提高；在对新农合的担心及意见中．两次追踪调查中“报销比例低”．“报销手续繁琐”均占前两位，但担心的比例有所增加．而第3位担心的由2004年的“不看病也得交钱”变为“看病更贵”。结论：婺源县在实施新农合制度两年后，越来越多的农民关注新农合．且对新农合好处的认识加强了，大部分人认为参加新农合后生大病有一定保障，对新农合报销及定点医疗机构服务的满意度明显增加。但仍有一部分农民对新农合的优惠政策及具体实施方案不了解。建议继续做好新农合宣传教育及监督管理工作、完善实施方案、控制医疗费用增长。     

江西省农民对新型农村合作医疗制度认知情况调查

目的:了解新型农村合作医疗(下称新农合)启动后农民对其的认知和评价,为正确评价新农合的实施效果及其制度的完善提供科学依据。方法:采用多阶段整群抽样的方法,抽取样本进行入户调查。结果:被调查农民中,100%的人知晓新农合,90.5%的人表示明年会继续参合;仅69.2%的人知道国家出资,39.7%的人知道国家出多少钱;对新农合主要担心的是"报销比例低"、"报销手续繁锁;"Log istic回归分析提示参合意愿与医疗机构服务态度、农民认为生大病有一定保障及担心参合后看病更贵有关。结论:新农合在江西省启动以来,在各试点县农村产生了一定影响,但还有部分农民对新农合制度不太了解,甚至存在顾虑,应进一步加强新农合制度的宣教工作。     

农民对新农合认知状况变化的四年连续追踪调查

目的：了解新农合实施4年来，农民对新农合认知的变化情况，为进一步完善新农合实施方案提供科学依据。方法：采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法抽取婺源县3个乡镇9个行政村，每村调查约70户，进行人户调查。结果：本次调查有100．00％的农户知道新农合；知道国家为每位参加新农合的农民出资的为37．00％；而知道国家出多少钱的却只有4．68％，比前3次调查结果都低；认为新农合住院费用的报销过程方便的占90．34％：认为住院费用报销时工作人员态度较好以上的占87．50％，认为药价升高的占41．38％，都高于前几次调查结果；农民认为新农合是公平、公正、公开的比例呈上升趋势，本次调查达到了79，48％；农民对新农合带来的好处的认识中，认为生大病有保障的占90．15％，农民对新农合的担心中．回答不知道的占77，71％．高于前3次调查结果。本次调查愿意继续参加新农合的农民占99，18％，参加意愿明显呈上升趋势。结论：婺源县在实施新农合4年后．农民都知道了新农合，对新农合报销及定点医疗机构服务的满意度明显增加，对新农合的担心减少。但仍有少部分农民对新农合的政策及具体方案不了解．需继续加强宣传教育工作。     

江西省低保户参加新农合后医疗需求与利用的调查

目的：了解新型农村合作医疗制度对江西省低保户农民的医疗服务需求的变化及利用情况。方法：采用分层整群抽样，抽取婺源县、芦溪县和修水县低保农户375户，入户调查。结论：新型农村合作医疗制度实施后，慢性病影响低保户农民健康状况仍然比较突出，但对两周门诊医疗服务需求变化有所下降。新型农村合作医疗政策导向，有利于减轻农民经济负担。完全解决低保户农民因病致贫、因病返贫问题，可借鉴国外经验，开展健康卡制度，保障低保户农民基本医疗服务需求。建立农民养老保险制度，以政府出资和社会团体及个人捐赠相结合方式成立低保户救助基金，从根源上解决低保户农民健康问题和经济困难问题。     

烟台市区农民对新型农村合作医疗制度的认知及满意度调查

[目的]了解烟台市区农民时新型农村合作医疗（下称新农合）制度的认知和满意情况,为评价新农合实施效果与完善新农合制度提供依据。[方法]采用多级抽样的方法,采取自行设计的调查表对每户农民进行入户调查。[结果]有91．5％的调查对象参加了新农合,其他调查对象则参加了城镇居民医疗保险或商业保险等;88．0％的调查对象表示明年将继续参加新农合,其余12．0％的调查对象主要因为报销比例低或外出打工而不清楚明年是否会继续,参加新农合;10．2％的调查对象对新农合的制度不满意,主要是对报销程序和报销比例不满;9．5％的调查对象对新农合的经办机构不满意,认为政策落实不到位、管理制度不完善、经办机构工作效率低下。[结论]新农合制度的推行还需要在宣传形式、管理制度、报销方式、基金监管方面加大力度。     

新型农村合作医疗试点县农民对合作医疗的认知度

[目的]了解农民对新型农村合作医疗制度的认知情况,为评价新型农村合作医疗实施效果提供科学依据。[方法]采用多阶段分层抽样法抽样。在每个县（区）按经济水平随机抽取1个乡（镇）,每个乡（镇）随机抽取好、中、差各1个村,每个村中随机抽取60户。按设计好的调查表,采用访谈法调查。[结果]有70.90%的农户知道合作医疗基金的使用情况;有52.65%的农民对合作医疗的报销方式、筹资办法、补助比例和方法及经办管理机构服务质量很满意;有49.44%的农民对新型农村合作医疗各级定点医疗机构质量、服务态度、就医及就医后报销的方便度的评价为很满意;有36.84%的农民对合作医疗各级定点医疗机构的药品价格很满意。[结论]农民对新型农村合作医疗有了一定认识和了解。这项制度已被广大农民所接受,但还有部分农民对新型农村合作医疗制度不了解,甚至存在一定的误解和顾虑。     

2010年五寨县农民对新型农村合作医疗认知度调查

[目的]了解农民对新型农村合作医疗(新农合)的认知情况和满意度,为新农合的实施提供依据。[方法]2010年,在五寨县的3个乡镇、6个村,抽取90户农民进行调查。[结果]调查的90户农户中,已经参合的82户,参合率为91.11%。调查86人,对新农合很清楚的占18.60%,对新农合很信任、信任的占31.39%。调查参合后到医院看过病的54人,认为报销制度方便的占77.78%,认为报销部分比较公正合理的占44.44%。调查曾经住院报销的21人,对报销制度赞成的占66.67%。调查36人,对提供服务的医院的服务态度和质量满意的占66.67%。调查43人,认为新农合的好处,是医药费可报销一些的占37.21%,是大病有一定保障的占27.90%,是生病可以及时看的占34.89%。[结论]五寨县新农合参合者和受益者对新农合制度的认知度与满意度不高。     

浙江省农村低保户农民卫生保健状况调查

目的 :了解浙江省农村低保户卫生保健状况及医疗卫生费用。方法 :采用分层整群抽样 ,抽取浙江省开展新型农村合作医疗的试点县和非试点县 343户低保户进行了入户调查。结果 :低保户家庭因病致贫现象严重 ,农民疾病经济负担比较重 ,卫生保健状况令人担忧。结论 :新型农村合作医疗对解决低保户的医疗费用 ,维护其卫生保健有重要意义     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.