雄激素受体表达阳性与阴性的三阴乳腺癌的钼靶X线特征

目的 探讨雄激素受体（AR）表达阳性与阴性的三阴乳腺癌（TNBC）的钼靶X线表现特征。方法 回顾性分析112例TNBC患者的临床和钼靶X线资料,比较AR阳性与AR阴性TNBC肿瘤分化程度和钼靶X线表现的差异。结果 AR阴性TNBC肿瘤分化程度低于AR阳性TNBC（χ²=6.206,P=0.045）。AR阳性TNBC钼靶X线表现为肿块型17例（17/30,56.67%）,钙化型12例（12/30,40.00%）,结构扭曲1例（1/30,3.33%）;AR阴性TNBC钼靶X线表现为肿块型66例（66/82,80.49%）,钙化8例（8/82,9.76%）,不对称性致密8例（8/82,9.76%）,二者差异有统计学意义（χ²=18.593,P < 0.001）。肿块型病变中,AR阳性TNBC以不规则形为主,而AR阴性者以不规则形和圆形或椭圆形为主,二者差异有统计学意义（χ²=11.615,P=0.003）。AR阳性与AR阴性TNBC间钙化类型无明显差异（χ²=0.108,P=0.743）,均以细小多形性钙化为主。结论 AR阴性TNBC分化较差,乳腺X线片表现不典型,肿块外形不规则和伴钙化可列入鉴别AR阴性与AR阳性TNBC的要点。     

MR胎盘突出征预测前置胎盘患者产后出血的价值

目的 探讨MR胎盘突出征预测前置胎盘患者产后出血的价值。方法 回顾性分析具有完整临床资料的前置胎盘患者354例。患者于术前2周接受MR检查,评估MR胎盘突出征与产后出血的相关性。结果 354例前置胎盘患者中,孕妇的年龄（χ²=4.34,P=0.04）、分娩时孕周（χ²=5.19,P=0.02）及剖宫产次数（χ²＝44.85,P<0.01）均与产后出血有关。MR提示胎盘突出征8例,其中6例发生产后出血。具有胎盘突出征患者和不具有胎盘突出征患者产后出血的发生率分别为75.00%（6/8）、12.72%（44/346）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=20.14,P<0.01）。MRI胎盘突出征提示产后出血的敏感度、特异度、优势比（95%可信区间）及阳性似然比分别为12.00%（6/50）、99.34%（302/304）、20.59（4.03,105.23）、15.68。结论 MRI胎盘突出征预测产后出血具有重要的临床参考价值。     

乳腺导管内癌的X线表现与组织病理学、分子分型的对照研究

目的 探讨乳腺导管内癌（DCIS）的X线表现与组织级别、分子分型及Ki-67的关系。方法 回顾性分析133例136侧DCIS的X线表现及组织病理学、免疫组织化学结果。结果 ①136侧DCIS低级别19侧、中级别9侧、高级别108侧;低、中级别X线多表现为单纯钙化（10/28,35.71%）,高级别为钙化伴局灶性不对称/肿块（38/108,35.19%）。②136侧DCIS中,Luminal A型70侧（70/136,51.47%）、Luminal B型17侧（17/136,12.50%）、Her-2过表达型41侧（41/136,30.15%）及三阴性型8侧（8/136,5.88%）;除Her-2过表达型多以钙化伴局灶性不对称/肿块（17/41,41.46%）为主要表现外,Luminal A型（23/70,32.86%）、Luminal B型（8/17,47.06%）及三阴性型（4/8,50.00%）均以单纯钙化多见,差异无统计学意义（χ²=17.408,P=0.135）。③ER/PR（+）钙化形态多为细小多形性（35/51,68.63%）、成簇分布（27/51,52.94%）;ER/PR（-）多为线样分支状（19/33,57.58%）、段样分布（23/33,69.70%）。Her-2过表达钙化形态多为线样分支状（20/38,52.63%）、段样分布（25/38,65.79%）;Her-2（-）多为细小多形性（33/46,71.74%）、成簇分布（24/46,52.17%）,差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。④Ki-67≤10%时,钙化形态多为细小多形性（15/17,88.24%）;当Ki-67>30%时,钙化形态多为线样分支状（14/29,48.28%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.776,P=0.029）。结论 DCIS X线以钙化为主要表现,钙化的形态、分布在一定程度上可反映组织级别及ER/PR、Her-2、Ki-67的表达情况。     

对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影诊断乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类钙化

目的 对比分析全视野数字化乳腺X线（FFDM）与对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影（CESM）对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类钙化的诊断价值。方法 收集常规乳腺X线片中以钙化为唯一征象、且诊断报告定为BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变患者，根据检查方式不同分为FFDM组（n=48）和CESM组（n=31）。FFDM根据钙化分布及形态、CESM根据钙化相应处有无强化为依据作出良恶性诊断，以病理结果为金标准，计算并比较FFDM及CESM对恶性钙化的诊断效能。结果 FFDM诊断恶性钙化的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为69.23%（9/13）、77.14%（27/35）、52.94%（9/17）、87.10%（27/31）和75.00%（36/48），CESM组分别为90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）、90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）和93.55%（29/31）。CESM诊断恶性钙化的阳性预测值和准确率高于FFDM，差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.891、4.444，P=0.049、0.035）。结论 与FFDM比较，CESM可提高对BI-RADS 4类钙化的诊断效能。     

99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈SPECT/CT显像对慢性肾病继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺病灶的诊断效能

目的 探讨SPECT/CT术前准确定位慢性肾病（CKD）继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（sHPT）患者甲状旁腺病灶的价值。方法 52例甲状旁腺切除术sHPT患者均于术前2周内接受^99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈（⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI）双时相平面显像和延迟相SPECT/CT检查。以病理结果为金标准,计算并比较⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT、CT和SPECT/CT术前检出甲状旁腺病灶的灵敏度、特异度和准确率。结果 经手术病理证实,52例共检出172个甲状旁腺病灶,其中甲状旁腺瘤（PM）13个、腺瘤样增生（AH）26个、甲状旁腺增生（PH）133个。⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT、CT、SPECT/CT诊断甲状旁腺病灶的灵敏度分别为55.81%（96/172）、70.35%（121/172）、79.65%（137/172）和81.40%（140/172）,特异度分别为92.05%（81/88）、90.91%（80/88）、76.14%（67/88）和93.18%（82/88）,准确率分别为68.08%（177/260）、77.31%（201/260）、78.46%（204/260）和85.38%（222/260）。SPECT/CT的灵敏度明显高于SPECT（χ²=17.053,P<0.001）及⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像（χ²=44.000,P<0.001）,特异度明显高于CT（χ²=10.316,P=0.001）,准确率高于CT（χ²=13.136,P<0.001）、SPECT（χ²=14.815,P<0.001）和⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像（χ²=39.706,P<0.001）。结论 SPECT/CT术前定位诊断sHPT患者甲状旁腺病灶的价值明显优于单一⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI平面显像、SPECT或CT。     

不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺病灶的定位诊断价值

目的 探讨不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理学检查证实的109例PHPT患者的临床资料,将其超声、MRI、CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查定位诊断结果与手术后病理学结果比较分析。结果 109例PHPT中,甲状旁腺癌11例（11/109,10.09%）,增生16例（16/109,14.67%）,甲状旁腺瘤82例（82/109,75.23%）,包括单发病灶74例（74/109,67.89%）,双侧腺瘤8例（8/109,7.34%）。腺瘤、增生、腺癌组病灶发生部位的差异有统计学意义（χ²=36.151,P<0.001）。⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、MRI、CT、超声术前检查定位的准确率分别为83.50%（81/97）、72.22%（13/18）、68.51%（37/54）、67.67%（67/99）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=4.826,P=0.185）;超声明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=6.638, P=0.001）,CT明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=4.562,P=0.033）,CT与MRI的定位诊断准确率差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.153,P=0.283）。对于术后病理诊断直径<1 cm的病变,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、超声、CT、MRI术前检查定位的准确率分别为77.27%（17/22）、35.00%（7/20）、61.53%（8/13）、66.67%（2/3）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.881,P=0.049）,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI的定位准确率高于超声（χ²=7.664,P=0.006）,但与CT、MRI的差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.154,P=0.175）。结论 对PHPT进行定位诊断时,超声仍是首选检查,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像的诊断价值最高。     

99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像联合SPECT/CT诊断骨外肿瘤

目的 观察⁹⁹Tc^m-亚甲基二磷酸盐（MDP）全身骨显像联合SPECT/CT诊断骨外肿瘤的价值。方法 回顾性分析68例骨外肿瘤患者94处病灶,观察其全身骨显像及SPECT/CT表现,并分析二者联合诊断效能。结果 单纯全身骨显像准确诊断52处骨外肿瘤,准确率55.32%（52/94）;其余42处病灶中,35处（35/94,37.23%）因影像学表现与骨骼存在重叠而误诊为转移性骨肿瘤,7处（7/94,7.45%）因病灶⁹⁹Tc^m-MDP摄取低于邻近骨骼而致漏诊。全身骨显像联合SPECT/CT诊断全部94处骨外肿瘤,准确率100%（94/94）。94处病灶中,49处接受病理学检查,其中33处（33/49,67.35%）病灶内见粗大钙化、9处（9/49,18.37%）见细微钙化;CT检出61处（61/94,64.89%）钙化,未显示9处细微钙化。结论 ⁹⁹Tc^m-MDP全身骨显像联合SPECT/CT可提高诊断骨外肿瘤的准确性。     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断肝细胞癌及肝内胆管细胞癌

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT诊断肝细胞癌（HCC）及肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析133例HCC患者（HCC组）和55例ICC患者（ICC组）的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT资料,记录病灶最大标准化摄取值（SUV_max）,以病灶¹⁸F-FDG浓集水平高于周围正常肝组织为诊断恶性标准,比较2组原发灶¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT阳性率、SUV_max值、胆管扩张发生率、癌栓发生率、淋巴结转移发生率、远处转移发生率以及淋巴结转移、远处转移不同区域的发生率差异。结果 ICC组¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT阳性率（χ²=13.887）、SUV_max值（t=-4.139）、胆管扩张发生率（χ²=126.441）、淋巴结转移发生率（χ²=32.727）、远处转移发生率（χ²=30.964）、在各区域淋巴结转移及远处转移发生率均较HCC组高（P均< 0.05）,而癌栓发生率与HCC组差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.054,P=0.815）。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT鉴别诊断HCC与ICC具有重要价值。HCC的SUV_max值低于ICC。ICC较HCC更易出现病灶周围胆管扩张、发生远处转移及合并淋巴结转移。     

声触诊组织成像技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性钙化结节

目的 探讨声触诊组织成像(VTI)技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性钙化结节的价值。 方法 分析53例共58个甲状腺钙化结节的二维图像和弹性成像图,根据弹性图像灰度,将VTI图像分为6级,粗大钙化、分级≤3级判断为甲状腺良性钙化结节,微钙化、分级>3级判断为恶性钙化结节,并与术后病理结果对比。 结果 甲状腺良恶性结节之间的钙化类型差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.04,P<0.005);以微钙化诊断恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为74.29%(26/35)、73.91%(17/23)、74.14%(43/58)。甲状腺良恶性钙化结节之间VTI分级的差异有统计学意义(χ²=33.29,P<0.005);以VTI分级>3级诊断恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为85.71%(30/35)、91.30%(21/23)、87.93%(51/58)。 结论 VTI技术对鉴别甲状腺良恶性钙化结节有所帮助。     

A型主动脉夹层累及冠状动脉超声表现及预后

目的 结合冠状动脉CT血管造影（CTA）结果,分析急性A型主动脉夹层（AAD）累及冠状动脉超声表现及预后。方法 回顾性分析148例因ADD接受Bentall手术患者的临床、冠状动脉CTA及超声心动图资料,根据AAD是否累及冠状动脉将分为累及组和未累及组,比较组间临床资料、超声心动图表现及预后差异。结果 148例AAD中,34例累及冠状动脉（34/148,22.97%,累及组）,多累及右冠状动脉（33/34,97.06%）,114例未累及冠状动脉（未累及组）。累及组AAD患者多有高血压病史（28/34,82.35%,χ²=5.52,P=0.02）,其晕厥或肢体障碍发生率高于未累及组（χ²=6.47,P=0.01）。累及组多见左心室壁增厚（23/34,67.65%,χ²=4.692,P=0.030）、左心室壁运动减低（14/34,41.18%,χ²=4.481,P=0.034）,升主动脉内径增宽、左心房增大发生率均低于未累及组（χ²=4.509、6.114,P=0.034、0.013）。围手术期53例患者死亡（53/148,35.81%）,累及组死亡率（13/34,38.24%）与未累及组（40/114,35.09%）差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.113,P=0.737）。累及组心力衰竭发生率（6/13,46.15%）高于未累及组（7/40,17.50%,χ²=4.352,P=0.037）。结论 ADD常累及右冠状动脉,超声心动图多见左心室壁增厚及室壁运动减低;围手术期易发生心力衰竭致死。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.