托吡酯对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用

目的探讨托吡酯(TPM)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用及其机制。方法将健康30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和TPM干预组。用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,TPM干预组给予TPM80mg/kg腹腔注射,2次。缺血再灌注24h时进行神经功能评分、TTC染色法测量梗死体积、高效液相色谱分析法测定脑组织谷氨酸(Glu)及γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的含量;免疫组化法检测GABAA受体阳性表达。结果(1)与缺血再灌注组比较,TPM干预组神经功能评分明显增高(P<0.01),脑梗死体积减少(P<0.05);(2)TPM干预组缺血侧脑皮质Glu含量显著低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.01),与假手术组比较差异无显著性;GABA含量显著高于假手术组和缺血再灌注组(均P<0.01);(3)TPM干预组缺血侧脑皮质GABAA受体阳性细胞数显著高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.01)。结论TPM对脑缺血再灌注损伤有神经保护作用,其机制可能为TPM降低兴奋性递质Glu水平、增加抑制性递质GABA的释放及GABAA受体的表达。     

bFGF对大鼠局灶性缺血再灌注脑组织的保护作用

目的探讨bFGF对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡和脑组织中SOD、MDA含量变化的影响。方法应用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,大脑中动脉阻塞1h再灌注损伤24h,检测假手术组、缺血再灌注组和bFGF组的凋亡细胞数和脑组织中SOD、MDA的含量。结果假手术组偶见凋亡细胞,缺血再灌注组和bFGF组凋亡细胞数分别是26.35±5.67和18.65±5.91,与缺血再灌注组相比,bFGF组缺血区皮质凋亡神经元明显减少(P<0.05)。SOD,MDA测定结果显示三组间比较,具有显著性差异(P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论抗氧化作用可能是bFGF减少大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡的分子机制之一。     

线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其机制

目的观察线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤中的作用及其机制。方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:A组(假手术组)、B组(脑缺血再灌注组)、C组(脑缺血再灌注+钌红组)、D组(脑缺血再灌注+精胺组),采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,各组在脑缺血2h后进行再灌注,再灌注24h后观察各组大鼠神经功能评分,检测各组血清脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(malondial-dehyde,MDA)的含量、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,免疫组化检测皮质区Caspase-3阳性细胞数的变化。结果 B、C、D组神经功能评分升高,血清MDA的含量以及LDH活性显著高于A组,SOD活性与A组相比显著降低,caspases-3表达细胞与A组相比明显增多。C组能明显改善上述结果,而D组相反。结论抑制线粒体钙单向转运体可以明显减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与减少氧自由基产生、维护线粒体功能有关。     

β-七叶皂甙钠对脑缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠自由基的影响

目的探讨β-七叶皂甙钠在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤时对自由基的影响。方法用Wistar大鼠45只制备局灶性脑缺血-再灌注模型,分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注组、β-七叶皂甙钠治疗组,每个组又分为缺血2 h后再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h三个时间点,每组每个时间点5只大鼠,术后观察脑组织梗死面积、大鼠的神经行为学变化评分、脑组织超微病理结构变化、脑组织TTC染色,对缺血区脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondiadehyde,MDA)含量进行测定和分析。结果假手术组相应时间点神经功能损害评分显著低于缺血-再灌注组和治疗组(P<0.05),治疗组SOD含量明显高于缺血-再灌注组各时间点(P<0.05)。光镜显示假手术组脑组织结构未见明显病理改变,脑缺血-再灌注组神经细胞缺血坏死,细胞水肿明显,胶质细胞弥漫增生,炎性细胞浸润。结论自由基参与了脑缺血-再灌注损伤,β-七叶皂甙钠可降低缺血-再灌注后脑组织中MDA的含量,增加SOD的活性,减轻梗死体积,显著减轻大鼠神经功能损害和脑组织水肿,对局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

白果内酯对高血糖大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 观察白果内酯对高血糖大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能机制.方法 采用50%的葡萄糖溶液腹腔注射(6 ml/kg)建立急性高血糖模型.采用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,按随机数字表方法将40只大鼠分为高血糖假手术组(假手术组),高血糖+缺血再灌注损伤组(模型组),高血糖+缺血再灌注损伤+白果内酯组(白果内酯组),白果内酯分三个剂量组(2.5,5,10 mg/kg),每组各8只.白果内酯组于术前3 d连续给予白果内酯腹腔注射,术前1 h再给予腹腔注射1次.脑缺血2 h,再灌注24 h后行神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积及脑含水量测定,同时测定脑组织中水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)mRNA的表达,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力,计算脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量及去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)的表达.结果 白果内酯(5,10 mg/kg)组大鼠与模型组相比,神经功能缺损评分下降,脑梗死体积缩小,脑含水量降低,缺血侧脑组织中AQP4 mRNA的表达下调,SOD活力提高,MDA含量减低,NE、DA及5-HT的含量增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 白果内酯对高血糖条件下的局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用.     

利拉鲁肽对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑自由基代谢及血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

目的探讨利拉鲁肽对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤脑自由基代谢及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法将SD大鼠60只随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组和利拉鲁肽大、中、小剂量组,每组12只,后4组应用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞2 h后再灌注模型,脑缺血再灌注24 h后对其神经功能缺损进行评分,采用2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法检测脑梗死灶大小,取脑组织制备成10%匀浆检测其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用免疫印迹(Western blot)法及实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR,qPCR)检测大鼠脑组织VEGF的表达。结果与假手术组比较,脑缺血再灌注组脑组织SOD活性降低(95.49±8.16)Mu/L,MDA含量增加(8.15±1.14)μmol/L(P0.05),脑组织VEGF蛋白表达量增加(0.64±0.18、6.69±0.54)(均P0.05);与脑缺血再灌注组比较,利拉鲁肽可改善24 h后神经功能缺损(14.45±1.88、12.52±1.49、10.6±1.35)分及减少脑梗死体积(128.1±12.6、105.8±11.7、92.6±10.3)mm~3(均P0.05),脑组织SOD活性增加(104.89±8.38、112.17±9.35、120.2±10.2)Mu/L,MDA含量减少(7.66±1.23、7.04±1.08、6.49±0.97)μmol/L(均P0.05),脑组织VEGF蛋白表达量增加[(0.74±0.15、0.84±0.23、0.96±0.24)(8.15±1.56、8.94±1.61、9.89±1.78)](均P0.05),且与剂量呈正相关性。结论利拉鲁肽能减少大鼠脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经细胞的氧自由基浓度及上调VEGF表达改善脑灌注损伤。     

肢体缺血后处理对糖尿病大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响

目的探讨肢体缺血后处理(I-PostC)诱导的远隔器官I-PostC(RPostC)对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤线粒体结构和功能的影响。方法链脲佐菌素空腹腹腔注射制作糖尿病大鼠模型,线栓法闭塞大脑中动脉(MCAO)制作局灶性I/R大鼠模型。造模成功的40只雄性SD大鼠分为4组:空白对照组、假手术组、I/R组,RPostC组,每组10只。I/R6h后取脑组织行HE染色观察,测定线粒体丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、Na+/K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,观察线粒体超微结构的改变。结果I/R组线粒体MDA含量[(4.99±1.25)nmol/mgprot]较空白对照组和假手术组明显升高(均P<0.01),SOD[(72.52±13.07)U/mg]、Na+/K+-ATP酶[(3.17±0.34)μmolPi/(mg.h)]、Ca2+-ATP酶[(1.56±0.23)μmolPi/(mg.h)]和GSH-Px活性[(22.66±5.29)U/mg)]明显降低(均P<0.01);与I/R组比较,RPostC组MDA含量[(3.58±0.91)...     

依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织及血清超氧化物歧化酶、一氧化氮、丙二醛水平的影响

目的探讨依达拉奉对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法将SD大鼠分为假手术组,脑缺血再灌注组和依达拉奉干预组(干预组),采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型;缺血1h后,设再灌注2h、6h、12h、24h组,采用化学比色法检测各组脑组织及血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度。结果缺血再灌注组脑组织SOD下降,血清SOD先升后降;脑组织NO浓度先降后升,血清NO浓度持续升高;脑组织及血清MDA浓度均先升后降;与缺血再灌注组比,干预组SOD下降幅度小(均P<0·01),NO、MDA浓度明显降低;干预组6h、12h脑组织含水量明显低于缺血再灌注组(均P<0·01)。结论依达拉奉可降低羟自由基水平,对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的抗氧化作用

目的探讨高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40(HH40)注射液在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注(I/R)损伤中的抗氧化作用。方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组(B组)、HH40低剂量组(C组)、HH40高剂量组(D组)。大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑I/R损伤模型,制模成功后50min,舌下静脉输注HH40。再灌注24h后,腹腔静脉取血并分离血清,断头取脑,检测缺血区脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及血清GSH-Px的活性。结果与假手术组比较,模型组脑组织MDA含量升高、SOD活性降低,血清和脑组织GSH-Px活性下降。与模型组比较,HH40低剂量及高剂量组脑组织MDA含量降低、SOD及GSH-Px活性升高。结论 HH40能提高大鼠脑I/R的抗氧化作用、增强氧自由基的清除。     

血管紧张素-(1-7)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用

目的 探讨血管紧张素-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)]对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 对Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠制备大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)模型和假手术模型,并于再灌注24 h和48 h以微型渗透泵从侧脑室给予Ang-(1-7)(100 pmol,0.5 μL/h)或人工脑脊液(aCSF)(0.5 μL/h),由此分组为假手术组(假手术+aCSF)、Ang-(1-7)治疗组[MCAO+Ang-(1-7)]和aCSF治疗组(MCAO+aCSF).检测实验大鼠神经功能评分、再灌注48 h后脑水肿以及再灌注24 h后脑梗死体积,并以试剂盒测定再灌注24 h和48 h后缺血脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测再灌注48 h后脑梗死灶周围组织神经细胞凋亡数.结果 Ang-(1-7)治疗MCAO模型大鼠,能显著改善神经功能评分(P<0.05)、缩小脑梗死体积(P<0.05)、降低组织MDA含量(P<0.05)、提高组织SOD活性(P<0.01),并明显减少脑梗死灶周围组织神经细胞凋亡数(P<0.01),但对脑组织含水量无明显影响作用.结论 Ang-(1-7)可能通过抗氧化应急反应、减轻神经细胞凋亡程度等实现治疗缺血再灌注损伤、神经保护作用.     

黄体酮对脑梗死大鼠缺血半暗带内IL-6的表达

目的观察黄体酮对大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)大鼠缺血半暗带内炎症反应的抑制作用以及脑梗死体积的影响。方法选择成年雄性S-D大鼠,体质量为250~300g,并将其随机分为假手术组、缺血组、溶剂治疗组、黄体酮治疗组。分别于6h、24h、72h三个时间点处死大鼠,取出脑组织,行免疫组化染色观察白介素-6(IL-6)的表达情况,并通过TTC染色检测脑梗死体积的变化。采用单因素方差分析,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结果脑梗死发生后,缺血半暗带内IL-6的表达水平明显增高,经黄体酮治疗后,其表达水平明显下降(P0.05),脑梗死体积较治疗前亦明显缩小(P0.05)。结论黄体酮可以通过抑制大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠脑内炎症反应的程度,减轻梗死侧半球的脑损伤程度。     

亚低温对癫痫持续状态大鼠NPY表达影响的实验研究

目的 研究亚低温对癫痫持续状态大鼠神经肽Y(NPY)表达的影响.方法 45只Wistar成年大鼠随机分为常温对照组(A组,n=5),常温SE组(B组,n=20),亚低温SE组(C组,n=20).建立锂-匹罗卡品大鼠癫痫持续状态模型,应用免疫组织化学染色和逆转录PCR方法检测NPY蛋白和基因在癫痫持续状态形成后0h、6h、12h和24h的表达.结果 免疫组织化学染色和RT-PCR显示,癫痫持续状态形成后0h,大脑皮质区和海马区NPY免疫反应活性、mRNA在低水平表达,3组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05);SE后6h,B组和C组NPY蛋白和基因表达水平均上调;12h时,B组、C组NPY蛋白和基因表达水平明显上调;24h时,B组和C组NPY蛋白和基因在高水平表达.但C组表达水平明显较B组高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),A组NPY表达水平无明显变化.NPY蛋白和mR-NA的表达呈高度正相关(r=0.87,P＜0.05).同时,亚低温组抽搐发作次数和持续时间均较常温组SE组大鼠短少,死亡率下降.结论亚低温可减轻癫痫持续状态,促进癫痫持续状态大鼠的NPY表达,其具体机制仍需深入研究.     

Effects of allopregnanolone on sedation in men, and in women on oral contraceptives

Allopregnanolone is a known GABA(A) receptor agonist not previously given to men, or to women using oral contraceptives (OC). The effects of metabolites of sex hormones on the GABA(A) receptor are different between men and women. OC are known to change GABA(A) receptor subunit composition. These factors might play a role in the differential effect of allopregnanolone in men and women, and in women with or without OC. To study the sedative effect of and sensitivity to allopregnanolone in men and in women with OC, nine healthy men (mean age 24.6 years) and nine healthy women on OC (mean age 21.8 years) were given three, increasing, intravenous dosages (0.015, 0.03, and 0.045 mg/kg) of allopregnanolone. Saccadic eye velocity (SEV), subjective ratings, and electroencephalography (EEG) were used to evaluate the response to allopregnanolone. Repeated blood samples for analyses of serum allopregnanolone levels were drawn throughout the study day. Allopregnanolone decreased SEV more in women than in men, and increased subjective ratings of 'sedation'. The results in women on OC are similar to earlier results in women without OC. Subjective ratings of 'contentedness' decreased in men but increased in women. Serum levels of allopregnanolone were more highly increased in men compared to women. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were not different between sexes. On the EEG, beta power increased in men. In conclusion, men and women on OC reacted differently to allopregnanolone.     

雌激素对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎大鼠发病影响的研究

目的探讨雌激素对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的影响。方法将30只大鼠随机分为EAE组及大、小剂量雌激素干预组,每组10只,制作EAE模型,大、小剂量雌激素干预组分别给予皮下注射苯甲酸雌二醇1 mg/kg/d、250μg/kg/d,连续10 d,观察各组的发病情况并采用HE染色观察脑和脊髓组织病理变化。结果大、小剂量雌激素干预组的临床症状均较EAE组轻,表现为发病率减少、潜伏期延长、进展期缩短、高峰期神经功能损害较轻。病理切片提示雌激素干预组脑和脊髓炎症细胞浸润明显减少,其中以大剂量组更明显。结论雌激素对多发性硬化动物模型EAE具有保护作用,且与剂量相关。     

Effects of Hemerocallis on sleep in mice

Abstract Freeze-dried flowers of the Akinowasuregusa ( Hemerocallis fulva L. var. sempervirona M. Hotta ), a Hemerocallis genus of the lily family, were fed to C57BL strain mice. The slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep of the Hemerocallis-treated group increased during the dark period. The differences between the control group and the Hemerocallis-treated group were significant ( P < 0.05). The Hemerocallis feeding did not cause a change in sleep time during the light period. As a result, there was no significant change in the sleep-time percentage over a 24-h period.     

Preliminary report on effects of oxcarbazepine-treatment on serum lipid levels in children

The aim of the present study was to assess serum lipid levels before and after treatment with oxcarbazepine (OXC) in children with epilepsy. We measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 28 patients whereas only TC levels in 11 patients, during baseline period and at 3 months after the beginning of therapy with OXC. During baseline period, median values were: 4.38 mmol/l (IQR = 4.12–5.03) for TC levels, 1.72 mmol/l (IQR = 1.42–2.01) for HDL-C levels and 1.54 mmol/l (IQR = 1.29–1.96) for TGs levels. At 3 months, median values were: 4.38 mmol/l (4.10–4.95) for TC levels ( P  < 0.05), 1.57 mmol/l (1.34–1.93) for HDL-C levels ( P  < 0.005) and 1.8 mmol/l (1.23–2.34) for TGs levels ( P  < 0.05). Median serum lipid levels remained in the normal range, despite an increasing-trend at 3 months of treatment with OXC. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results.     

The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs

Patients on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may have elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine (p-tHcy). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of B-vitamin supplementation on the levels of p-tHcy and markers of endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation. A total of 33 adult patients on AEDs were identified with either fasting (Group 1, n=23) or post methionine load (PML) (Group 2, n=10) hyperhomocysteinemia. Subjects were supplemented with B-vitamins for 30 days: folic acid 0.4 mg, pyridoxine 120 mg and riboflavin 75 mg per day. After supplementation, serum folate and pyridoxal phosphate had increased, while fasting and PML p-tHcy had decreased (P<0.0001) by 36 and 26%, respectively. Prior to supplementation, the Group 1 patients had elevated levels of P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) (P=0.05 and 0.03, respectively). After supplementation, the levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecules had decreased (P=0.01) and E-selectin decreased nonsignificantly (P=0.07). However, the levels of vascular cell adhesion molecules had increased (P<0.0001), while lipid peroxidation were unchanged. In conclusion, the combined supplementation with folic acid, pyridoxine and riboflavin reduced fasting and PML hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on AEDs. Patients with fasting hyperhomocysteinemia had elevated levels of P-selectin and vWF, which may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, B-vitamin supplementation influenced endothelial activation, although the clinical implication is uncertain.     

神经肌肉电刺激对卒中后吞咽障碍治疗作用的研究

目的 应用视频透视吞咽检查（video fluoroscopy swallowing study,VFSS）方法从吞咽运动学变化方 面研究神经肌肉电刺激（neuromuscular electrical stimulation,NMES）对卒中患者吞咽障碍的治疗作用。 方法 将卒中后吞咽障碍患者随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组给予NMES治疗,对照组给予假 刺激,治疗均为每次20 mi n,5次/周,持续4周。同时所有患者均进行吞咽常规训练。治疗前后均行 VFSS,获取3 ml液态钡食、10 ml液态钡食、半固体钡食及固体钡食4种食团吞咽的Rosenbek渗透-误吸 量表（penetration-aspiration scale,PAS）评分、咽传递时间（pharyngeal transit time,PTT）、咽延迟时间 （pharyngeal delayed time,PDT）、舌骨向前最大幅度、舌骨向上运动最大幅度、喉向前最大幅度及喉向 上运动最大幅度。对比两组治疗前后PAS量表评分及上述吞咽运动学参数的变化。 结果 研究共纳入43例患者,其中研究组23例,对照组20例。治疗后,两组患者4种食团吞咽时PAS评 分均较治疗前下降,PTT、PDT较治疗前缩短（均P＜0.05）。治疗前和治疗后,研究组在各食团吞咽时 PAS评分及PTT、PDT较对照组差异均无显著性。治疗前,两组间舌骨向前、向上运动,喉向前、向上运 动的最大幅度差异均无显著性;治疗后,研究组食团吞咽时舌骨向上运动、喉向上运动的最大幅度 均较对照组显著增大（均P＜0.05）,但两组舌骨向前、喉向前运动差异无显著性。 结论 NMES和常规吞咽康复训练均可改善卒中患者的吞咽功能。NMES更能提高喉-舌骨复合体的向 上运动。     

Effect of neurostimulation on camptocormia in Parkinson's disease depends on symptom duration

Although some reports on neurostimulation are positive, no effective treatment method for camptocormia in Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to date. We aim to identify prognostic factors for a beneficial DBS effect on camptocormia. In an observational cohort study, we investigated 25 idiopathic PD patients, who suffered additionally from camptocormia, and underwent bilateral neurostimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to improve classical PD symptoms. Using an established questionnaire, we examined deep brain stimulation (DBS) effects on camptocormia in addition to general neurostimulation effects. A beneficial neurostimulation effect on camptocormia was defined as an improvement in the bending angle of a least 50%. In 13 patients, the bending angle of camptocormia improved, in 12 patients it did not. A multifactorial analysis revealed a short duration between onset of camptocormia and start of neurostimulation to be the relevant factor for outcome. All patients with duration of camptocormia up to 1.5 years showed a beneficial effect; patients between 1.5 and ∼3 years showed mixed results, but none with a duration of more than 40 months improved except for 1 patient whose camptocormia was levodopa responsive. The bending angle was not a prognostic factor. Our data indicate that the main prognostic factor for a beneficial DBS effect on camptocormia is its short duration. As an explanation, we suggest that neurostimulation may improve camptocormia only as long as muscle pathology is limited. Our findings may help to elucidate the mode of action of neurostimulation. A prospective study is necessary. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society