多层螺旋CT灌注成像鉴别诊断肺癌与肺良性肿物

目的探讨16层螺旋CT灌注成像在肺癌与肺良性肿物鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法选择34例肺肿物病变进行前瞻性CT灌注研究,其中肺癌25例(腺癌13例,鳞癌12例),肺良性肿物9例(炎性假瘤4例,结核瘤4例,错构瘤1例).采用GE Lightspeed Qx/i plus 16 层螺旋CT,电影模式(5 mm/4层),总扫描采集时间40 s.使用随机CT灌注2-体部软件包分析和测定肺病灶的血容积(BV)、血流量(BF)、平均通过时间(MTT)和表面通透性(PS)的数值.结果肺癌的各种灌注参数值均高于肺良性肿物,其中BV、MTT、PS值均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),BV有显著性统计学差异(P＜0.01).若以BV≥5 ml/100 mg为恶性肿瘤诊断域值,灵敏度96%,特异度78%,阳性预测值92%,阴性预测值87.5%;若以PS≥25 ml/(100 mg·min)为恶性肿瘤诊断域值,灵敏度68%,特异度67%,阳性预测值85%,阴性预测值42%.结论多层螺旋CT灌注成像技术有助于肺癌和肺良性肿物的鉴别诊断.     

CT灌注成像的时间-密度曲线及灌注参数在肺内肿块诊断中的作用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT灌注成像的时间密度曲线及灌注参数在肺内良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 对64例肺内良、恶性肿块患者行16层螺旋CT灌注成像,应用CT体部灌注软件,分析肺内肿块的时间密度曲线(TDC)、灌注图像和各灌注参数值(PH、PHa /PHpm、BF、BV、PS、MTT).利用免疫组化染色测定微血管密度(MVD)并标定血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),评价肺内良、恶性肿块各灌注参数与MVD 及VEGF的相关性.结果 周围型肺癌和炎性肿块的TDC相似,二者与良性肿块的TDC明显不同.周围型肺癌与炎性肿块的PH、PHpm/PHa、BV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);二者高于良性肿块者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).周围型肺癌的PS值大于炎性肿块和良性肿块,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).VEGF阳性表达的周围型肺癌的PH、PHpm/PHa、BF、BV、PS值和MVD明显高于VEGF阴性表达者(P值均<0.05),也高于VEGF阳性表达的良性肿块者(P值均<0.05).VEGF阳性表达的周围型肺癌PH、PHpm/PHa、BF、BV、PS与MVD均呈正相关(P值均＜0.05).结论 多层螺旋CT灌注成像的时间密度曲线及灌注参数与肿瘤血管生成具有良好的相关性,能够反映肿瘤的微血管密度及VEGF表达,提供了一种定量评价肺内肿块血流模式的非创伤性方法 ,有利于肺内良、恶性肿块的鉴别诊断.     

CT灌注成像反映肺内病变生理学状态的应用

目的:计算孤立性肺结节的CT灌注参数,评价CT灌注成像在肺内病变的功能成像方面的价值.方法:收集2003-02/2005-03解放军总医院收治、资料完整的孤立性肺结节病例73例,其中恶性58例,良性15例.所有患者行CT灌注成像,得出病灶的CT灌注参数,包括血流量病灶血流量、血容量、平均通过时间和表面渗透性,并在不同界值水平计算其诊断特性.结果:恶性结节的血流量高于良性结节,血容量低于良性结节,但两者之间差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);恶性病灶的平均通时间低于良性病灶,表面渗透性高于良性结节(P＜0.05).②鳞癌的血流量、血容量及表面渗透性低于腺癌(P＜0.05),平均通过时间高于腺癌,但统计学差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).③以平均通过时间≤7 s作为恶性病变的域值,则灵敏度为8.97%,特异度66.67%,准确度为68.49%,阳性预测值88.89%,阴件预测值为35.71%.以表面渗透件≥0.2 ML/(min·g)作为恶性病变域值,灵敏度为86.21%,特异度53.33%,准确度为79.45%,阳性预测值87.72%,阴性预测值为50.0%.结论:CT灌注成像能够反映病变的生理学状态,可以更准确地评价肺内结节性病变.     

软组织肿瘤的MSCT灌注成像初步研究

目的:探讨MSCT灌注成像对软组织肿瘤的良恶性鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法:对软组织肿瘤26例(良性15例,恶性11例)行MSCT灌注成像,用CT Perfusion 2软件分析灌注参数BV、BF、MTT、PS。结果:MSCT灌注成像结果,11例恶性肿瘤BF平均值为14.98±14.49,15例良性肿瘤BF平均值为1.98±1.19;PS平均值恶性肿瘤为14.64±1.89,良性肿瘤为2.40±0.38。良恶性软组织肿瘤的BF、PS值差异统计学上具有显著性(P<0.05);BV、MTT值差异统计学上则无显著性(P>0.05)。MSCT灌注成像诊断恶性肿瘤的灵敏度为90.9%(10?蛐11),特异度为86.7%(13?蛐15),准确度为88.5%(23?蛐26),阳性预测值为83.3%(10?蛐12),阴性预测值为92.9%(13?蛐14)。结论:MSCT灌注参数有助于软组织肿瘤的良恶性鉴别。     

18F-FDG PET/CT鉴别诊断心包良、恶性病变

目的 探讨~(18)F-FDG PET/CT鉴别诊断心包良、恶性病变的可行性及诊断价值.方法 收集16例心包病变患者的~(18)F-FDG PET/CT资料,其中恶性9例,良性7例.测得病灶SUV_(max)值,并观察病灶内部密度及与周围组织关系.对病变或心包穿刺液行病理学检查,确定良恶性.结果 恶性病变及良性病变SUV_(max)分别为10.1±6.0、3.0±2.1(P<0.01).以病灶SUV_(max)值3.5～4.5作为鉴别心包病变良恶性的阈值,判断心包病变的灵敏度为100%、特异度为85.71%、准确率为93.75%、阳性预测值为90.00%、阴性预测值为100%.结论 ~(18)F-FDG PET/CT可较准确地鉴别诊断心包病变的良、恶性.     

多层CT灌注成像在肺内肿块诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层CT灌注成像在评价肺内肿块性质及良恶性鉴别中的应用价值.方法34例肺内肿块患者(恶性21例,良性8例,炎性5例)行多层CT同层动态扫描(欧乃派克350 mgI/ml、总量50 ml、速率5 ml/s,延迟11 s扫描,扫描速度4层/0.5 s、周规1.5 s、共扫30 s).利用FUNCTIONAL CT软件对图像进行后处理,获得主动脉和肿块的时间-密度曲线、肿块血流灌注参数值,对结果进行分析比较.结果肺内恶性和炎性肿块的时间-密度曲线有明显的上升支,达峰值后走行平缓(恶性16例/21例,76.2%;炎性4例/5例,80.0%);良性肿块曲线走行平坦,无明显上升(8例/8例,100.0%).恶性肿块的灌注值、峰值高、峰值高比值和平均通过时间均明显大于良性肿块(P＜0.01),此四个参数间呈两两正相关;灌注值与到达峰值时间呈负相关.结论CT灌注成像可为肺内肿块的诊断提供定量的功能信息,有助于肺内肿块的良恶性鉴别.     

胰腺多层螺旋CT灌注成像

目的应用多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注扫描成像技术评价正常人胰腺与胰腺癌的血流动力学表现,并探讨其临床应用价值.方法 60例患者行多层螺旋CT胰腺灌注扫描,其中胰腺癌29例,正常胰腺31例.采用GE Lightspeed 16层MSCT ADW 4.1工作站,使用Perfusion-3软件包分析.分别测量血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和毛细血管表面通透性(PS).结果正常组BF、BV、MTT及PS分别为:(176.54±76.18) ml/(100 mg*min)、(14.62±3.60) ml/100 mg、(7.02±3.09) s、(15.70±9.92) ml/(100 mg*min).癌组分别为(74.89±91.50) ml/(100 mg*min)、(6.12±3.62) ml/100 mg、(10.38±5.31) s和(27.43±11.97) ml/(100 mg*min).胰腺癌组和正常组的BF、BV、MTT和PS均有显著的统计学差异(BF、BV:P＜0.01;MTT、PS: P＜0.05).结论胰腺癌时的血流灌注与正常胰腺的血流灌注相比明显减少,MSCT灌注成像对胰腺癌血流变化的分析有一定临床价值.     

高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 在孤立性肺结节定性中的诊断分析

目的：探讨高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 在孤立性肺结节定性中的诊断价值。 方法：回顾性分析 2020 年 1~12 月 90 例孤立性 肺结节患者临床资料,全部患者均接受高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 检查与病理检查,观察孤立性肺结节的高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 影像 表现,以病理检查结果为“金标准”,分析高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 在孤立性肺结节定性诊断中的价值。 结果： 90 例孤立性肺结节患者 中,恶性 28 例,占比 31.11% ,良性 62 例,占比 68.89% ;恶性病变中,腺癌占比最高,为 13.33% ;高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 对孤立性肺 结节良恶性鉴别的灵敏度为 92.86% （ 26/28 ）、特异度为 93.55% （ 58/62 ）、准确度为 93.33% （ 84/90 ）、阴性预测值为 96.67%(58/60) 、阳 性预测值为 86.67% （ 26/30 ）,均较高。 结论：高分辨率多层螺旋 CT 对良恶性孤立性肺结节诊断的影像学表现有一定差异,用于孤 立性肺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断有一定价值,鉴别良恶性的效能较高,可为术前评估与手术方案拟定提供指导。     

CT灌注成像评价甲状腺病变

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT灌注成像(MSCTPI)在甲状腺占位性病变诊断和鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值.方法 43例符合入选标准的病例,分为良性组33例和恶性组10例,良性组包括结节性甲状腺肿亚组(17例)和甲状腺腺瘤亚组(16例),恶性组为甲状腺癌10例.采用GE LightSpeed 16排螺旋CT,常规CT平扫后动态增强扫描;绘制颈总动脉、甲状腺良性病变和甲状腺癌的时间-密度曲线(TDC),并计算各组BF、BV、MTT、PS值.对灌注参数各指标进行统计学分析.结果 颈总动脉TDC为单峰型,良性组的TDC表现为速升-缓降的小峰,恶性组TDC可分为基线段、上升段、下降段和水平段.良性组与恶性组间比较,BV、BF、MTT、PS值差异均有统计学意义(P=0.001、<0.001、0.003、<0.001);BV值和MTT值良性组各亚组与甲状腺癌组比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);BF值良性组各亚组与甲状腺癌组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);PS值恶性组与结节性甲状腺肿组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).良性结节甲状腺肿组与甲状腺腺瘤组在BF、BV、MTT、PS值比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 MSCTPI可准确反映甲状腺病变的血流特点;分析灌注参数BF、BV、MTT及PS值有利于鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性病变.     

CT灌注成像在脊柱病变定量、定性诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术在脊柱病变定量、定性诊断中的作用.方法 对125例脊柱病变患者进行CT灌注成像扫描,计算并分析感兴趣区的灌注参数值,包括血流量（BF）,血容量（BV）,平均通过时间（MTT）和表面通透性（PS）.对照实际病理结果,分为良性病变和恶性病变两组,定量、定性分析良、恶性肿瘤的灌注成像规律.结果 良、恶性病变组病变区域的BF、BV和PS值为均明显高于各自正常组织,而MTT值小于正常组织（P〈0 05）.恶性病变组病变区的BF值和PS值明显高于良性病变组（P〈0.05）,而BV值和MTT值无统计学差异.结论 CT灌注成像是一种在定量、定性分析脊柱病变血流灌注状态方面具有重要价值的功能成像方法.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.