重度肝外伤68例手术治疗体会

目的 总结重度肝外伤手术治疗经验,提高重度肝外伤的手术治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术治疗的重度肝外伤68例,Ⅲ级42例,Ⅳ级16例,Ⅴ级10例。手术方式有：深部褥式缝合术45例,清创式肝切除术20例,规则性肝切除术2例,肝动脉结扎术8例,近肝大静脉修补术6例,纱布填压止血术4例。结果 死亡16例,治愈52例（治愈率76．5%）。术后再出血5例,胆瘘3例,腹腔内感染5例。结论 重度肝外伤均需紧急手术止血治疗。手术治疗成功关键是：快速扩容、彻底清创、采用合理术式、及时处理合并伤。     

肝切除术治疗重症肝外伤的疗效评价

目的 探讨肝切除治疗重症肝外伤的效果。方法 总结４１３例肝外伤中施行肝切除术３４例，其中肝外伤Ⅲ级９例，Ⅳ级２１例，Ⅴ级４例，行规则性肝切除１１例，清创性肝切除２３例，结果 死亡８例，死亡率为２３．５３％，８例发生术后并发症；规则性肝切除死亡率明显高于清创性肝切除，两种术式间并发症发生率无显著差异。结论 肝切除为治疗重症肝外伤最后选择的措施，施行规则性肝切除需严格掌握手术批片；肝外伤行肝切除下择期     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析中日友好医院1994年1月至2008年1月间101例胰十二指肠切除术病例,以手术后是否发生胃排空障碍为因变量,对病人临床资料进行单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 该组胃排空障碍发生率为27.7%(28/101),单变量分析结果表明手术方式、术中输血量、术后血糖、术后腹腔感染、术后胰胆肠瘘发生是胃排空障碍发生的危险因素.多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,术后腹腔感染、手术方式、术中输血量、术后高血糖是胃排空障碍发生的独立危险因素,相对危险度(OR)分别为7.892、7.071、5.882和2.882.结论 术后并发腹腔感染、PPPD术后、术中输血量多、术后高血糖病人易发生胃排空障碍.     

27例严重肝外伤治疗体会

目的探讨严重肝外伤病人的手术治疗方式。方法回顾性分析我院1998年至2008年来27例严重肝外伤治疗情况,其中Ⅲ级21例,Ⅳ级4例,Ⅴ级2例。结果治愈25例,治愈率92.59%,死亡2例,死亡率为7.4%。术后并发症9例,占33.33%。结论对肝破裂病人的外科处理关键是:①尽早施行手术探查;②充分暴露肝创面以利控制出血,根据肝损伤程度及病人情况选择不同术式。     

严重肝外伤46例诊治体会

目的总结严重肝外伤的手术处理经验。方法回顾性分析我院2000～2010年46例接受手术治疗的严重肝外伤患者的临床资料,手术方式及术后疗效。结果参照AAST对肝脏外伤的分级:Ⅲ级28例,Ⅳ级12例,Ⅴ级6例。痊愈40例,死亡6例。结论手术是治疗严重肝外伤的有效方法,尽快救治失血性休克,术中彻底止血,充分引流以及预防术后并发症是治疗严重肝外伤的有效措施。     

Experience of diagnosis and treatment for severe liver trauma: a report of 46 cases

目的 总结严重肝外伤的手术处理经验.方法 回顾性分析我院2000～2010年46例接受手术治疗的严重肝外伤患者的临床资料,手术方式及术后疗效.结果 参照AAST对肝脏外伤的分级:Ⅲ级28例,Ⅳ级12例,Ⅴ级6例.痊愈40例,死亡6例.结论 手术是治疗严重肝外伤的有效方法,尽快救治失血性休克,术中彻底止血,充分引流以及预防术后并发症是治疗严重肝外伤的有效措施.     

直肠癌术后严重并发症的危险因素分析

目的探究直肠癌保肛术后30d严重并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第六医院2010年1月至2014年10月间接受直肠癌保肛手术的956例病人的临床病理及并发症资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析直肠癌保肛手术术后30d内严重并发症(Clavien-Dindo分级≥Ⅲ级)的危险因素。结果 956例病人中严重并发症发生率为6.3%(60/956)。按Clavien-Dindo并发症分级:Ⅲa级36例,Ⅲb级12例,Ⅳa级5例,Ⅳb级5例,Ⅴ级2例。单因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前合并症(OR=1.781、95%CI为1.04~3.048、P=0.035),术前白蛋白(OR=6.979、95%CI为3.057~15.930、P0.001),术中估计出血量(OR=2.386、95%CI为1.375~4.138、P=0.002),术中输血(OR=2.698、95%CI为1.088~6.695、P=0.032)与直肠癌术后严重并发症的发生有关。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,术前存在合并症(OR=2.051、95%CI为1.160~3.627、P=0.014),术前白蛋白(≤35g/L)(OR=4.652、95%CI为1.776~12.182、P=0.002),术中估计出血量(150ml)(OR=2.131、95%CI为1.190~3.816、P=0.011)是直肠癌术后严重并发症发生的独立危险因素。结论术前存在合并症、低白蛋白血症及术中出血量大是直肠癌术后30d内发生严重并发症的危险因素。     

心肺转流下心血管手术孕妇死亡的危险因素分析

目的分析心肺转流(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下心血管手术孕妇死亡的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院35例孕妇行CPB下心血管手术的围术期资料,年龄22～37岁,将对孕妇死亡有明显影响的单因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果术后孕妇死亡5例,病死率为14.3%(5/35例)。单因素分析显示,术前NYHA心功能4级、手术时间、ICU留观时间、术后心力衰竭、术后透析对孕妇行CPB下心血管手术死亡有明显影响(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析未能检测出孕妇行CPB下心血管手术死亡的独立危险因素。结论术前NYHA心功能4级、手术时间、ICU留观时间、术后心力衰竭、术后透析为孕妇行CPB下心血管手术死亡的危险因素。     

再次肝移植术后早期与死亡率相关的危险因素分析

目的 探讨再次肝移植术后早期与死亡率相关的独立危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2007年12月间的36例再次肝移植的资料.根据再次肝移植术后早期(术后3个月内)的转归,将患者分为死亡组和存活组.收集两组患者术前及术中常用的15项临床或实验室指标作为可能影响死亡率的危险因素进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的危险因素再进行Logistic回归分析,筛选出与术后早期死亡率相关的独立危险因素.结果 再次肝移植术后早期死亡率为25%(9/36),死亡原因为:严重感染5例(55.6%),急性肾功能衰竭2例(22.2%),心肌梗死和脑出血各1例(各11.1%).经单因素分析显示,死亡组和存活组间术前肌酐水平、终末期肝病模型评分、感染、重症监护室(ICU)监护时间、机械通气时间以及再次肝移植的手术时间和术中出血量的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Logistic多元回归分析显示,术前ICU监护时间和术中出血量是术后早期与死亡率相关的独立危险因素.结论 再次肝移植术前ICU监护时间和术中出血量与术后早期死亡率密切相关.     

严重肝外伤的处理

目的　探讨严重肝外伤的手术治疗效果。方法　对24例严重肝外伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　24例中,肝外伤属Ⅲ级者9例,Ⅳ级10例,Ⅴ级4例,Ⅵ级1例。1例未及手术于抢救中死亡;23例手术治疗;肝缝合修补4例,大网膜填塞修补3例,不规则肝切除16例。同时行肺修补4例,脾切除3例,胰尾切除1例。23例手术者均治愈,未发生严重并发症者。结论　手术是治疗严重肝外伤的有效方法。手术方式的选择应根据患者的局部和全身情况,以及当时、当地医院的条件选择合理术式。加强伴发伤和术后处理对降低严重肝外伤的死亡率有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.