氯替泼诺家犬长期毒性研究

目的　观察长期重复口服给予氯替泼诺对家犬所产生的毒性反应。方法　取健康杂种家犬 2 4只 ,随机分为对照组、低 (5mg·kg-1)、中 (15mg·kg-1)和高剂量组 (30mg·kg-1) ,连续口服给药 18wk ,停药恢复 2wk ,进行常规毒理学观察和指标检测。结果　 (1)氯替泼诺 5mg·kg-1,未见明显异常发生。 (2 )氯替泼诺 15mg·kg-1给药 3wk后 ,动物体重增长减慢 ;给药4个月血液学检查 ,单核细胞比例高于对照组。 (3)氯替泼诺 30mg·kg-1,给药第 8d时一雄性犬死亡。其它 5只家犬给药期间体重增长明显低于对照组。给药结束时 ,尿蛋白升高 ,单核细胞比例升高 ,TP、Crea、TC降低 ,ALP升高。病理组织学检查 ,一只动物肝汇管区慢性炎症 ,肝细胞变性 ,胞浆空泡状 ,核固缩。停药结束 ,除高、中剂量组体重增长未完全恢复仍低于对照组外 ,其它各剂量组各项指标均未见明显异常。结论　氯替泼诺家犬长毒试验无毒反应剂量为 5mg·kg-1。     

盐酸氢吗啡酮身体依赖性潜力

目的:评价盐酸氢吗啡酮产生身体依赖性的潜力。方法:采用小鼠催促戒断跳跃、大鼠催促戒断和大鼠自然戒断3种实验模型。结果:(1)在小鼠催促戒断实验中,氢吗啡酮3个剂量组(sc,累积剂量分别为7、70和480mg·kg-1)和吗啡组(sc,累积剂量为480mg·kg-1)小鼠出现跳跃的百分率和跳跃次数及体重下降百分率都明显高于对照组(P<0.01);(2)在大鼠ig给药的催促戒断实验中,氢吗啡酮3个剂量组(累积剂量分别为77.25、154.5和309.0mg·kg-1)及吗啡组(累积剂量为1030mg·kg-1)的大鼠和sc给药的催促戒断实验中氢吗啡酮3个剂量组(累积剂量分别为14.4、48和51.75mg·kg-1)及吗啡组(累积剂量为345mg·kg-1)大鼠的戒断症状分值和体重下降百分率均明显高于对照组(P<0.01);(3)在大鼠sc给药的自然戒断实验中,氢吗啡酮3个剂量组(累积剂量分别为207、310.5和621mg·kg-1)和吗啡组(累积剂量为2070mg·kg-1)大鼠在停用吗啡后体重均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:盐酸氢吗啡酮与盐酸吗啡相似,对实验动物无论是ig给药还是sc给药,戒断后都可使动物出现戒断反应,都具有产生身体依赖性的潜力。     

建立大鼠甲基苯丙胺的神经精神毒性模型

目的:建立甲基苯丙胺(MA)慢性依赖大鼠模型及评价体系。方法:SD大鼠60只,随机分为6组:对照组、2 mg·kg-1MA组、10 mg·kg-1MA组、20 mg·kg-1MA组、30 mg·kg-1MA组、40 mg·kg-1MA组。观察记录实验大鼠给药后刻板行为变化,并检测记录大鼠的体重改变、条件性位置偏爱实验结果。建立MA依赖大鼠模型。结果:根据实验动物给药后行为、体重改变以及是否形成条件性位置偏爱3个方面的指标变化,建立MA依赖大鼠模型和评价指标体系。结论:成功建立了MA慢性依赖大鼠模型和评价指标体系。     

盐酸阿比朵尔安全性药理研究

目的:观察盐酸阿比朵尔对中枢神经系统、心血管系统和呼吸系统的影响。方法:观察ig给予盐酸阿比朵尔(10,50和250mg·kg~(-1))对小鼠大体行为、翻正反射、自主活动、感觉和记忆功能、睡眠诱导的影响;观察ig给予盐酸阿比朵尔(10,30和90mg·kg~(-1))对家兔体温变化的影响;观察ig给予盐酸阿比朵尔(20和80mg·kg~(-1))对麻醉犬的呼吸频率和幅度、收缩压和舒张压、心率及心律、心电图的QRS波、T波、ST段和PR间期的影响。结果:小鼠ig盐酸阿比朵尔(250mg·kg~(-1))有协同戊巴比妥钠睡眠诱导作用外,其余指标均无明显影响。结论:盐酸阿比朵尔对中枢神经系统、心血管系统和呼吸系统均无影响。     

羟丁酸钠减轻新生大鼠缺血缺氧后脑损伤

目的:观察羟丁酸钠对新生大鼠缺血缺氧后脑损伤的影响。方法:60只新生7dSD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型对照组、羟丁酸钠3个剂量组采用Rice法制作缺血缺氧性脑损害模型。模型对照组缺血缺氧后即刻腹腔注射生理盐水;羟丁酸钠3个剂量组分别注射用生理盐水稀释的羟丁酸钠50,100和200mg·kg-1·次-1,均每日3次,共7d缺血缺氧21d后每组各取6只大鼠作左侧大脑半球重量、含水量测定;另取6只大鼠观察左侧海马CA1区锥体神经元存活数量。结果:(1)模型对照组大鼠左大脑半球重量低于假手术组、羟丁酸钠50mg·kg-1组,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。(2)各组左侧大脑半球含水量无显著差异(P>0.05)(3)高倍镜下CA1区海马锥体神经元存活数目,模型对照组为每个高倍视野(26±s7)明显低于假手术组(114±27),P<0.01;羟丁酸钠50mg·kg-1100mg·kg-1和200mg·kg-1组每个视野分别为(61±12),(79±24),(58±18),明显高于模型对照组,P<0.01。结论:羟丁酸钠具有改善缺血缺氧后脑损伤作用。     

CD

目的研究褪黑素治疗应激性溃疡大鼠时CD4+T细胞和白介素-2(IL-2)的表达.方法100只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分成5组正常对照组、预防对照组、褪黑素预防低、高剂量组和褪黑素治疗组,各组均20只.采用水浸-束缚(WIR)应激实验复制大鼠应激性溃疡模型.应激前30 min预防对照组、褪黑素预防低、高剂量组分别腹腔注射等体积的含1%二甲基亚砜的生理氯化钠溶液、褪黑素5和20 mg·kg-1,褪黑素治疗组则于应激后1 h腹腔注射褪黑素20 mg·kg-1.应激6 h后观察各组大鼠胃黏膜病变情况,对溃疡指数(UI)进行评分,同时检测各组大鼠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和IL-2水平及CD4+T比例.结果预防对照组大鼠SOD和GSH较正常对照组明显降低(P＜0.01),褪黑素预防组(5或20 mg·kg-1)和治疗组的SOD和GSH均较预防对照组明显升高,且褪黑素治疗组的IL-2水平和CD4+T比例较预防对照组显著升高(P＜0.001).褪黑素预防组(5或20 mg·lg-1)和治疗组的UI均显著低于预防对照组,且20 mg·kg-1预防组低于5 mg·kg-1预防组(P＜0.05).结论褪黑素可通过增高SOD和GSH水平,并激活CD4+ T细胞,促进IL-2的分泌,从而发挥对应激大鼠的抗氧化抗凋亡作用.     

尼可地尔对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察尼可地尔对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 :采用Pulsinelli四动脉结扎法制作大鼠急性前脑缺血再灌注损伤的模型。大鼠随机分成 5组 ,每组 10只 ,剔除死亡和模型不成功后假手术组 6只、再灌注组 9只、尼莫地平 2mg·kg- 1组 6只、尼可地尔 5mg·kg- 1组 7只、尼可地尔10mg·kg- 1组 6只。于缺血前、再灌注前及再灌注过程中各iv给药 1次。结果 :缺血再灌注造成脑组织严重损伤 ,脑水份、脑钙及MDA含量显著增高 ,脑组织LDH含量明显减少 ,脑电图严重抑制 ,锥体细胞坏死明显。尼可地尔能有效地逆转上述变化(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :尼可地尔具有明显的脑保护作用     

RNAⅢ抑制肽的急性毒性和全身主动过敏实验

摘要：目的:观察RNAⅢ抑制肽衍生物RIP1183对SD大鼠、Beagle犬的急性毒性反应和对豚鼠过敏反应。方法:SD大鼠和Beagle犬随机分为RIP1183给药组和对照组。SD大鼠尾静脉注射RIP1183,单次剂量为50 mg·kg-1,间隔4～5 h,连续2次总剂量为100 mg·kg-1,对照组给予等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液,给药后连续14 d观察RIP1183对大鼠的毒性作用。Beagle犬静脉注射RIP1183,最大给药剂量为50 mg·kg-1,对照组给予等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液,给药后连续14 d观察RIP1183对Beagle犬的体质量、体温、摄食量、血清生化指标、血液学指标、眼科检查和心电图的影响。采用豚鼠全身主动过敏实验,Hartley豚鼠随机分为阴性对照组（0.9%氯化钠注射液）、阳性对照组（牛血清白蛋白V）、RIP1183低(9.3 mg·kg-1、高(18.6 mg·kg-1)剂量组,每组6只。动物致敏腹腔注射给药3次,激发静脉注射给药2次,激发给药后观察动物是否出现过敏反应。结果:给予RIP1183后,SD大鼠外观、行为活动、饮食等均未见明显异常,体质量增长正常,结束时全部存活,大体解剖未见肉眼可见变化。Beagle犬给药后,其体质量、体温和摄食量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他各项指标均无异常。阳性对照组豚鼠在激发后出现过敏症状,RIP1183各剂量组豚鼠激发后未见明显异常和过敏反应症状。结论:SD大鼠和Beagle犬分别静脉给予100 mg·kg-1和50 mg·kg-1?RIP1183后均无异常反应亦无死亡;豚鼠的RIP1183过敏反应为阴性。     

褪黑素对海洛因依赖大鼠催促戒断症状的治疗作用

目的··:研究褪黑素对海洛因依赖大鼠催促戒断症状的治疗效果。方法··:大鼠按剂量递增法连续皮下注射海洛因42d,用纳洛酮催促成瘾的大鼠,给予不同剂量的褪黑素治疗。结果··:褪黑素保护组、褪黑素单剂量治疗组在剂量为25mg·kg-1、250mg·kg-1时,能缓解大鼠的戒断症状(与海洛因对照组比较,P<0.05);褪黑素50mg·kg-1、75mg·kg-1、125mg·kg-1单剂量给药组能明显缓解大鼠的戒断症状(与海洛因对照组比较分别为P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.001)。结论··:褪黑素能控制海洛因依赖大鼠的戒断症状;在剂量为25-125mg·kg-1范围内存在一定的剂量依赖关系。     

缬沙坦与苯那普利降压和逆转左心室肥厚效应的比较

目的比较缬沙坦和苯那普利降压和逆转左心室肥厚的效应。方法将24只自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)随机分成4组 ,每组6只。其中3组分别灌胃缬沙坦8mg·kg-1、24mg·kg-1和苯那普利1mg·kg-1 ,对照组和6只正常大鼠给生理盐水。结果用苯那普利和缬沙坦后血压均显著降低 (均P<0.01),以缬沙坦 (24mg·kg-1)的降压幅度最大 ,与苯那普利组比有显著差异(P<0.01)。苯那普利组的心肌细胞横径 (TDM )显著低于对照组 (P<0.05) ,缬沙坦 (24mg·kg-1)组的TDM和心脏湿重/体重 (HW/BW )显著低于对照组 (P<0.01),且与苯那普利组比有显著差异 (P<0.05)。结论苯那普利和缬沙坦均具降压和逆转左心室肥厚的作用 ;缬沙坦的作用呈剂量依赖性 ,且降压和逆转左心室肥厚的作用强度并不平行 ;缬沙坦 (24mg·kg-1)逆转左心室肥厚的作用较苯那普利 (1mg·kg-1)强。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.