太仓市农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍流行病学调查与分析

目的 了解太仓市农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)流行状况,探讨老年MCI的危险因素,为防治老年MCI提供科学依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,于2011年9-11月抽取太仓市农村2063名60周岁以上老年人进行一般健康状况的问卷调查和蒙特利尔认知估量表(MoCA Version量表)测试.结果 得到有效调查问卷1 954份,MoCAVersion量表平均得分为(16.16±6.53)分.不同性别、年龄、居住情况、收入情况及文化程度的老年人群MCI患病率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).高龄、女性、低收入、低文化程度均与MCI的高发有关.吸烟、饮酒的老年人群MCI患病率低于从不吸烟或以前吸烟和从不饮酒或以前饮酒的老年人群,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).高血压、糖尿病患者与非高血压、非糖尿病人群MCI患病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄(OR=2.881,95％CI:2.234～3.714)、低文化程度(OR =4.707,95％CI:3.703～5.983)、非在婚人群(OR=1.147,95％CI:1.049～1.253)患MCI的危险性上升,收入高的人群患MCI的危险性下降(OR =0.673,95％CI:0.571～0.793).结论 中老年人MoCA量表平均得分为较低.应对高龄、低文化水平、非在婚的老人尽早开展MCI干预工作,以预防和延缓老年痴呆的发生.     

苏州市沧浪区老年轻度认知功能损害患病率及其危险因素

目的 了解苏州沧浪区老年轻度认知功能损害患病率及其危险因素.方法 采用整群分层抽样的方法,抽取苏州沧浪区4个社区60岁以上老年人群进行蒙特利尔认知功能量表调查.结果 不同年龄、性别、文化程度、收入状况、性格人群的患病率存在明显差异,性别(OR=1.853,95％ CI:1.360～2.460)、年龄(OR=1.616,95％ CI:1.429～1.828)、文化程度(OR=1.940,95％ CI:1.669～2.256)、居住状况(OR=-1.301,95％ CI:1.115 ～1.517)、体育锻炼(OR=0.879,95％ CI:0.779 ～0.992)和邻居交往(OR=1.380,95％ CI:1.026 ～1.855)对老年轻度认知功能损害存在显著性影响.结论 女性、高龄、低文化程度、独居、体育锻炼少、邻居交往少是老年轻度认知功能损害的危险因素.     

舟山市社区老年人轻度认知功能损害影响因素研究

目的了解舟山市社区老年人轻度认知功能损害(MCI)患病情况及相关影响因素,为防治MCI提供依据。方法于2015年11月采用分层随机抽样方法,在舟山市抽取1 801名60~79岁的社区老年人为调查对象,采用一般情况调查表、《记忆障碍自评量表》(AD8)和《轻度认知损害筛查量表》(s MCI)进行调查,采用Logistic回归模型分析老年人MCI患病的影响因素。结果调查对象中男性873人,占48.47%,女性928人,占51.53%;以60~65岁、小学及以下文化程度和已婚有配偶为主,分别占38.65%、90.28%和78.51%。筛查出MCI 122例,MCI患病率为6.77%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性(OR=0.53,95%CI:0.28~1.00)是老年MCI患病的保护因素,文盲(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.16~3.77)是老年MCI患病的危险因素。结论舟山市社区老年人MCI的患病率为6.77%,女性人群的患病风险高于男性,低文化程度人群的患病风险高于高文化程度人群。     

公务员人群中脂肪肝患病影响因素的病例对照研究

目的 了解公务员脂肪肝患病情况及其影响因素,探讨预防发病的干预措施.方法 于2008年9～12月,采用整群抽样的方法对天津市某区公务员进行健康状况及影响因素的问卷调查.应用SPSS17.0建立Logistic回归模型,对公务员人群的脂肪肝影响因素进行分析.结果 公务员人群中脂肪肝患病率为17.86％.多因素分析结果显示脂肪肝患病影响因素有:年龄(OR=0.074,95％CI:1.050～1.105)、性别(OR =-1.207,95％CI:0.223～0.402)、体重指数(OR=0.385,95％CI:1.360～1.587)、饮酒(OR=0.990,95％CI:1.459～4.964)、吸烟(OR=0.852,95％CI:1.485～3.707)、睡眠时间(OR=-0.165,95％CI:0.723～0.995)、按时吃饭情况(OR=0.693,95％CI:1.582～2.530)、高血压(OR=1.340,95％CI:3.031～4.817)、高血脂(OR=1.431,95％CI:2.700～6.483)、腰臀比(OR=2.734,95％CI:6.098～18.920)、亚健康分值(OR=-0.048,95％CI:0.936～0.970).结论 公务员人群脂肪肝患病率较高,公务员是各种慢性病发病的高危人群,是今后开展健康管理的重点群体.     

天津市某郊县健康体检人群代谢综合征的患病情况及危险因素分析

目的 对天津市某郊县健康体检人群的代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)患病情况及其危险因素进行研究,为制定农村居民MS防治措施提供科学依据.方法 以天津某郊县医院健康体检人群为基础,采用病例对照研究方法,共收集病例278例,对照1 843例,分析研究对象MS的发生情况,并采用非条件logistic回归进行相关危险因素的分析.结果 天津市某郊县健康体检人群MS患病率为13.11％(按全国人口年龄构成标化患病率为13.01％,按天津市人口年龄构成标化患病率为13.04％),男性和女性患病率分别为13.96％和12.40％(按全国人口年龄构成标化患病率为13.70％和12.51％);文化程度(OR =0.687,95％CI:0.561～0.840)、体力劳动程度(OR =0.552,95％ CI:0.473 ～0.644)、体育锻炼(OR=0.517,95％CI:0.404～0.662)是MS的保护因素,高腰臀比(OR=2.246,95％CI:1.699～2.969)、饮食偏甜或偏成(OR=16.936,95％ CI:7.477 ～38.360)、食用畜肉多(OR=1.692,95％CI:1.319～2.169)、高血压家族史(OR=1.817,95％CI:1.330～2.481)、糖尿病家族史(OR=1.756,95％CI:1.235～2.495)是MS的危险因素.结论 MS是一种与环境和生活方式相关的异常健康状态,应尽早针对相关危险因素采取预防控制措施.     

上海市社区老年人轻度认知障碍的潜在危险因素

目的探寻社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的潜在危险因素,为MCI的一级预防提供依据。方法对上海市社区的老年人进行一项横断面研究。选择了368名年龄在65~80岁的受试者,完成简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、基本信息问卷调查和体格检查。采用Logistic回归分析MCI的潜在危险因素。结果所有参与调查的368名受试者中,共53例MCI患者,患病率为14.4%。单因素分析发现:高龄,受教育程度低,无叶酸补充,中风,骨质疏松症和高脂血症是MCI的危险因素。Logistic回归分析显示,高龄[OR=1.146(95%CI:1.052~1.249)]和骨质疏松症[OR=2.371(95%CI:1.042~5.396)]是MCI独立危险因素,高教育程度[OR=0.073(95%CI:0.011~0.478)]是保护因素。年龄可以影响MMSE评分各方面(所有P值<0.05)。定期补充叶酸的受试者MMSE评分更高,特别是语言能力得分(P=0.002)。骨质疏松症患者注意力和计算力得分较低(P=0.022)。结论MCI患病率随年龄增长而增加,教育程度低、骨质疏松症可能是老年人MCI的独立危险因素。叶酸补充剂虽与MCI间未观察到相关性,但可以改善其语言和实践表现。     

天津市社区老年人MCI患病及影响因素分析

目的 了解天津市社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患病现状及其影响因素,为老年痴呆的早期发现、早期诊断和早期干预提供流行病学依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,对天津市南开区6个人口分布密集社区的2 978名≥65岁老年人进行问卷调查和MCI筛查.结果 天津市社区老年人MCI患病率为11.38％;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭月收入、是否吸烟、喜欢呆在家里、常读书看报、常做家务、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、抑郁症的老年人MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),不同职业老年人MCI患病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄＞70岁、女性、吸烟、喜欢呆在家里、高血压、高血脂和糖尿病是天津市社区老年人MCI患病的危险因素;文化程度小学及以上、在婚、家庭月收入≥500元、常读书看报和常做家务是天津市社区老年人MCI患病的保护因素.结论 天津市社区老年人群MCI患病率较高;年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭月收入、吸烟、喜欢呆在家里、常读书看报、常做家务、高血压、高血脂和糖尿病是天津市社区老年人MCI患病的主要影响因素.     

孤独感对社区老年人轻度认知障碍的影响

目的 了解重庆市社区老年人孤独感与轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment, MCI）的现状,探讨孤独感对老年人MCI的影响。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,选取重庆市9个社区的1375例老年人作为研究对象,采用UCLA孤独量表和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）调查社区老年人的孤独感和MCI状况。结果 社区老年人孤独感得分为36.36±7.67分,中等及以上水平孤独感者占43.78％。老年人MoCA总分为24.65±3.78分,MCI的检出率为28.44％。不同水平孤独感老年人的MoCA总分及其各维度得分均具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,中等水平孤独感（OR=1.476,95％CI:1.047～2.079）和高水平孤独感（OR=1.731,95％CI:1.026～2.921）是社区老年人MCI的危险因素。结论 社区老年人孤独感和MCI的检出率较高,且孤独感水平越高,MCI的检出率越高。社区工作人员应采取措施减轻老年人的孤独状况,从而延缓其认知功能的下降,改善老年人的生活质量。     

保定市社区中老年居民糖尿病前期患病情况调查

目的 了解河北省保定市社区中老年居民糖尿病前期(IGR)患病情况及其危险因素.方法 随机整群抽取保定市社区≥45岁居民3 250人为筛查对象.末梢血血糖≥5.1 mmol/L者进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验.结果标化患病率分别为IGR 7.4％、DM 20.0％;IFG、IGT及IFG/IGT标化患病率分别为1.6％、6.5％和1.2％;随着年龄增加,IGR患病率增加,年龄与IGR呈正趋势(x2趋势=22.3047,P＜0.05),IGR/DM的比值在45 ～ 54岁组最高(0.49);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析表明,常食水果(OR=0.704,95％ CI=0.625～0.796)和锻炼(OR=0.222,95％CI =0.171 ～0.671)为保护性因素;紧张情绪(OR=1.465,95％ CI=1.161～1.849)、中心性肥胖(OR =2.185,95％ CI=1.729～2.762)、高脂血症(OR=1.663,95％ CI=1.339 ～1.992)和DM家族史(OR=2.009,95％ CI=1.640～2.471)为危险性因素.结论 保定市中老年社区人群IGR患病率处于中等水平,紧张情绪、中心性肥胖、高脂血症和DM家族史是主要危险因素.     

河北省中老年人代谢综合征患病现状及影响因素

  目的  了解河北省中老年人代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）的患病现状及影响因素。  方法  利用京津冀地区生活社区自然人群慢性病队列研究数据,分析河北省七个区县4 546名40~80岁居民MS的患病情况,采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型探讨MS患病的相关影响因素。  结果  MS患病率为25.30%,其中男性患病率为28.59%,女性为23.09%;汉族患病率为28.15%,满族为21.07%。MS各组分中,超重肥胖、高血压、高血糖和血脂紊乱的患病率分别为50.99%、46.70%、22.06%和43.16%。多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,女性（OR=0.69,95% CI:0.57~0.83,P＜0.001）、满族（OR=0.68,95% CI:0.59~0.79,P＜0.001）和较高的文化程度（相对于小学及以下文化者,高中/初中和大专及以上OR分别为0.83和0.75）是保护因素,高龄（与40~岁年龄组相比,50~岁、60~岁和70~岁年龄组OR分别为1.81、1.76和1.50）是危险因素。  结论  河北省中老年人MS患病率较高,特别是在高龄、男性、汉族和低文化程度人群中。在对人群进行针对性防控的同时应采取积极措施控制体重。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.