国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片(抗血栓药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂及参比制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(710.25±305.79),(653.33±311.06)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.39±0.23),(0.38±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(0.72±0.10),(0.67±0.10)h;AUC0-tn分别为(473.80±216.83),(440.17±440.17)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(479.88±224.77),(443.79±144.70)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(110.24±38.24)%,(110.64±39.07)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊在人体的相时生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性受试者,采用双周期交叉、自身对照试验设计,分别单剂量口服枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂各40 mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定其血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果:枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(53.5±14.4)h和(51.7±8.9)h;tmax分别为(3.9±0.9)h和(4.0±1.1)h;Cmax分别为(108.1±19.8)μg·L-1和(101.3±16.5)μg·L-1;AUC0-72分别为(3 073.7±439.1)μg·h·L-1和(3148.8±373.7)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5 074.8±1 082.2)μg·h·L-1和(5 121.2±902.0)μg·h-1.方差分析结果表明,2种制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无显著性.枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.9±10.8)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制刑具有生物等效性.     

盐酸克林霉素胶囊在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的评价盐酸克林霉素胶囊在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学特征,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。方法空腹、餐后各入组24例健康受试者,采用随机、开放、两序列、两周期双交叉给药的试验设计,受试者单次口服盐酸克林霉素胶囊受试药物和参比药物150 mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测人血浆中克林霉素的浓度,使用WinNonlin7.0软件计算药代动力学参数,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量空腹给药受试药物和参比药物克林霉素的主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax分别为(2.91±0.86),(2.83±0.83)μg·mL^-1,AUC0-t分别为(7.86±3.06),(7.39±2.39)μg·h·mL^-1,AUC0-∞分别为(8.06±3.23),(7.59±2.50)μg·h·mL^-1。单剂量餐后给药受试药物和参比药物克林霉素后的主要药代动力学参数如下:受试制剂和参比制剂的Cmax分别为(1.98±0.52),(2.05±0.41)μg·mL^-1,AUC0-t分别为(9.68±3.35),(9.16±2.66)μg·h·mL^-1,AUC0-∞分别为(9.53±2.98),(9.60±3.24)μg·h·mL^-1。两药物的主要药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,其90%置信区间空腹状态下分别为94.75%~111.37%,198.81%~111.74%,98.34%~111.66%;餐后状态下分别为84.81%~104.19%、94.33%~112.92%,93.99%~113.64%。结论空腹和餐后状态下,两种盐酸克林霉素胶囊的主要药代动力学参数相近,具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片和胶囊的生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片药代动力学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者按体重指数进行分层随机交叉服用盐酸氟桂利嗪试验制剂和参比试剂20 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氟桂利嗪的血药浓度。结果:口服20 mg被试制剂与参比制剂后,盐酸氟桂利嗪AUC0-t分别为424.27±74.01和410.25±72.56μg·h-1·L-1;Cmax分别为67.02±14.89和67.45±15.68μg·L-1;Tmax分别为2.90±0.42和2.98±0.47 h;t1/2ke分别为9.73±3.15和8.89±3.08 h。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.12±12.23)％。结论:盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片和胶囊具有生物等效性。     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸安非他酮缓释片人体生物等效性

目的:进行受试制剂盐酸安非他酮缓释片与市售参比制剂盐酸安非他酮缓释片的人体生物等效性研究。方法:20例健康男性志愿者采用自身交叉给药方案,分别口服单次给予和连续多次(18例)给予2种盐酸安非他酮缓释制剂,采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定其血药浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:口服单次给予受试制剂和参比制剂安非他酮缓释片的主要药动学参数为Cmax分别为(174.0±55.5),(175.1±56.2)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(2.0±0.5),(2.0±0.6)h,t1/2分别为(11.1±5.0),(11.8±8.2)h,AUC0-72分别为(952.9±423.4),(901.6±372.5)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(968.2±441.0),(918.8±375.8)μg.h.L-1;以AUC0-72计,单次口服受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.0±24.3)%。口服连续多次给予的主要药动学参数为Cmax分别为(149.1±45.1),(149.2±38.4)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(2.1±0.9),(1.8±0.3)h,t1/2分别为(12.7±4.6),(1...     

重组人生长激素在健康猕猴体内的比较药代动力学

目的:比较两种国产重组人生长激素在健康猕猴体内的药代动力学,评价两种药物的相似性。方法:采用交叉自身比较设计,8只健康成年猕猴分别单次皮下注射受试品和参比品0.35 IU·kg-1;采用酶联免疫吸附分析法检测血清中药物浓度,统计矩方法计算各主要药代动力学参数;采用3P97软件参考生物等效性标准对参数进行评价。结果:方法的特异性、灵敏度、精密度和准确度均符合药代动力学研究要求。受试品与参比品的血药浓度-时间曲线基本一致,主要药代动力学参数AUC0～12 h分别为(512±102)和(476±71)μg·h·L-1;AUC0～∞分别为(538±115)和(494±77)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(108±18)和(96±23)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.8±0.7)和(2.2±0.7)h;MRT分别为(4.2±0.8)和(4.0±0.8)h;CLs/Fsc分别为(0.047±0.014)和(0.060±0.013)L·h-1·kg-1;Vd/Fsc分别为(0.194±0.04)和(0.24±0.06)L·kg-1。以AUC0～∞计算,受试品与参比品比较,相对生物利用度F为(109±15)%。受试品相对于参比品的生物等效性用AUC0～12 h,AUC0～∞和Cmax的90%可信区间评价分别为89.2%～114.3%8,7.4%～112.7%和98.5%～124.4%,均符合生物等效性判断标准。结论:受试品与参比品药代动力学参数评价结果满足生物等效接受标准;两种重组人生长激素在猕猴体内呈现相同的药代动力学特征。     

液-质联用法测定盐酸帕罗西汀片的生物等效性

目的:建立液-质联用(LC/MS/MS)法测定人血浆中帕罗西汀浓度,研究盐酸帕罗西汀片在健康人体的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者单剂量、自身交叉口服盐酸帕罗西汀受试片剂和参比片剂各20mg。血浆加入内标地塞米松,经醋酸乙酯提取处理,采用LC/MS/MS法测定帕罗西汀血药浓度。用DAS药动学软件计算药动学参数及评价生物等效性。结果:帕罗西汀在0.05～50μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好。受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t分别为(330.6±178.5),(331.5±158.2)μg·L-1.h;AUC0--∞分别为(342.3±192.0),(343.3±173.0)μg·L-1.h;Cmax分别为(19.5±7.7),(20.1±7.8)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(5.0±0.5),(5.4±1.0)h;t1/2分别为(12.9±3.4),(12.3±3.5)h。结论:建立的方法适用于帕罗西汀药动学研究,经方差分析及双单侧t检验结果显示,两种制剂生物等效。     

左氧氟沙星分散片人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性研究

目的 研究国产左氧氟沙星片剂的相对生物利用度,并且评价该制剂的生物等效性.方法 20名男性健康受试者随机交叉双周期给药,分别口服单剂量左氧氟沙星试验制剂及参比制剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算两者的药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价试验制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服左氧氟沙星200 mg试验和参比制剂的主要药代力学参数,t1/2分别为(11.0±3.2)h和(9.5±2.6)h;Tmax分别为(0.90±0.46)h和(1.3±0.62)h;Cmax分别为(2.7±0.75)μg·mL-1和(2.65±0.70)μg·mL-1; AUC0～T分别为(16.6±3.0)μg·h·mL-1和(16.5±2.6)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(18.2±3.9)μg·h·mL-1和(19.2±3.5)μg·h·mL-1.按实测值AUC0-T 计算,试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(100.6±10.2)%.Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数制剂间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),服药周期对Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数亦无明显影响(P>0.05),Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数均存在明显的个体间差异(P<0.05).统计结果显示,AUC0-T的置信区间为100.7%～113.0%,AUC0-∞的置信区间为100.1%～112.2%,Cmax的置信区间为95.0%～115.4%,均符合等效标准;Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数的双向t检验结果同样符合等效标准;Tmax经非参检验结果合格.结论 左氧氟沙星分散片试验制剂相对参比制剂生物等效.     

奥拉西坦颗粒在健康人体中的药动学和生物等效性

目的:研究奥拉西坦颗粒的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服奥拉西坦颗粒(受试试剂)和奥拉西坦胶囊(参比试剂),剂量均为1600 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中奥拉西坦的浓度,用DAS2.1药动学程序计算药动学参数和生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:单剂量口服奥拉西坦受试和参比制剂后,血浆奥拉西坦的Cmax分别为(32.9±13.9)mg.L-1和(31.9±6.4)mg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.01±0.34)h和(1.1±0.4)h,t1/2分别为(4.2±2.3)h和(4.0±2.2)h,AUC0→24分别为(147.7±63.6)μg.h.mL-1和(148.2±41.1)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0→∞分别为(153.7±64.6)μg.h.mL-1和(153.1±42.7)μg.h.mL-1。AUC0-24、AUC0-∞和Cmax的90%可信区间分别为84.9%～107.2%,85.6%～108.1%和89.7%～107.0%。受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-24和F0-∞分别为(99.9±29.6)%和(100.7±28.8)%。结论:奥拉西坦受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.