2007年CHINET大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属耐药性监测

目的 了解2007年我国不同地区12所医院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属的耐药性.方法 采用纸片扩散法( K-B 法)对临床分离株作药敏试验.结果 共收集CHINET 细菌耐药性监测网12所医院分离的大肠埃希菌6 527株,肺炎克雷伯菌3 051株,催产克雷伯菌206株.其中儿童分离株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占24.0%(1 566/6 527)和 17.8% (542/3 051).大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产ESBLs菌株检出率分别平均为55.0%(12.3%~72.1%)和44.9%(15.4%~ 70.6% ).各医院ESBLs检出率存在一定差异.药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦都保持高度敏感,耐药率均低于10%.产ESBLs株对上述3种药物的耐药率也均低于20%.50%以上的产ESBLs株对庆大霉素和环丙沙星耐药.有5所医院分离出对碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感菌株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌21株,大肠埃希菌2株,产酸克雷伯菌1株.其中20株肺炎克雷伯菌为泛耐药株,占0.7%(20/3 051).结论 大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属对碳青霉烯类抗生素和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦仍保持高度敏感性,不同地区的分离株中产ESBLs菌株检出率和药敏试验结果存在差异,儿童分离株中产ESBLs检出率上升值得关注.     

杭州市产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性研究

目的 :了解杭州市产超广谱 β内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况。 方法 :收集杭州市区 5所医院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共 198株 ,用酶抑制剂增强纸片扩散试验确证产ESBLs细菌 ,琼脂扩散法测定其对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 :12 7株大肠埃希菌和 71株肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为 31.5 %和 15 .5 %。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率为 0 ,抗菌作用较强的抗生素还有拉氧头孢、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦和哌拉西林 三唑巴坦 ,耐药率分别为 3.9%、3.9%和 2 3.5 %。而氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲唑、氨苄西林 舒巴坦、替卡西林 克拉维酸、阿莫西林 克拉维酸和环丙沙星的耐药率均 >5 0 %。结论 :产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率较高 ,临床治疗中要选择适当抗菌药并对产ESBLs菌株实行监控。     

泌尿系感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性监测

目的研究泌尿系感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性特征,加强对其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和碳青霉烯酶的监测。方法细菌鉴定、药敏试验采用法国梅里埃VITEK2-compact全自动细菌分析系统,用微量肉汤法检测产ESBLs情况,产碳青霉烯酶表型确证试验用改良Hodge试验。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持高度的敏感性;大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明的耐药率均高于肺炎克雷伯菌,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肺炎克雷伯菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率显著高于大肠埃希菌（P〈0.05）;两种细菌对氨苄西林均保持高度耐药。本研究中段尿分离的大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性率为50.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs阳性率为36.8%,未发现产碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。结论临床治疗由肺炎克雷伯菌或大肠埃希菌引起的泌尿系感染时,应以药敏结果为依据,合理应用抗菌药物,重视ESBLs和碳青霉烯酶的检测。     

临床可疑产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的了解可疑产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的构成比和耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法对2008年7～12月住院患者各种临床标本,采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会推荐的表型筛选法分离到可疑产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,再经确认试验检测产ESBLs菌株,统计耐药分布情况。结果从248株阳性标本中共检出可疑产ESBLs菌株117株,其中大肠埃希菌38株,肺炎克雷伯菌79株;确证试验检测出产ESBLs菌82株,总检出率为33．1％,其中大肠埃希菌27株,肺炎克雷伯菌55株。确定为产ESBLs的菌株对氨苄西林、部分第3代头孢菌素的耐药率为100．0％,对磺胺类、喹诺酮类耐药率为60．0％～90．0％,对亚胺培南的耐药率为0．0％。结论产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株,具有多重耐药性;而碳青霉烯类亚胺培南仍然是对产ESBLs细菌最有效的药物。     

医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性动态观察

目的对医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌的检出率及耐药性进行动态观察,为临床应用抗菌药物提供指导。方法对我院2004至2007年临床标本分离的395株大肠埃希菌和262株肺炎克雷伯菌用双纸片扩散法检测其ESBLs,并用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果4年来大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.3%上升至37.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.0%上升至36.0%。产ESBLs株对头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。结论4年来,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性率逐年升高,并呈现出多重耐药性,对产ESBLs菌株的治疗应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性动态观察

目的对医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的检出率及耐药性进行动态观察,为临床应用抗菌药物提供指导。方法对我院2004至2007年临床标本分离的395株大肠埃希菌和262株肺炎克雷伯菌用双纸片扩散法检测其ESBLs,并用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果4年来大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.3%上升至37.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.0%上升至36.0%。产ESBLs株对头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。结论4年来,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性率逐年升高,并呈现出多重耐药性,对产ESBLs菌株的治疗应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

临床产超产谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的了解2006年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用法国梅里埃公司API细菌鉴定系统对菌株进行鉴定，药敏试验采用KB纸片扩散法，产ESBLs细菌的检测采用双纸片确认法。结果检出产ESBLs菌株290株，检出率为64．3％，其中大肠埃希菌201株，检出率为66．3％，肺炎克雷伯菌89株，检出率为60．1％；产ESBLS菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株；产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物大多耐药，对碳青霉烯类、含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物耐药率低。结论应重视ESBLs细菌检测，根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染应首选碳青霉烯类和含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物。     

皖江地区产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌基因型及耐药性分析凌华志简

目的 研究安徽省芜湖及宿州两地临床产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率、基因型分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 收集两地大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs确证试验;采用PCR法对产ESBLs株进行β内酰胺酶基因的扩增;微量稀释法测定产ESBLs株对13种抗菌药物的耐药率.结果 两地大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但基因型存在一定差异.bla（TEM）＋bla（CTX-M-13）是最常见的基因检出模式.两地产ESBLs株对抗菌药物表现出不同的耐药率,但对亚胺培南和美洛培南均100％敏感.结论 芜湖和宿州地区产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌存在较严重的抗菌药物选择性压力;酶抑制剂复合制剂及碳青酶烯类是治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染的理想药物.     

某院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌检出率及耐药性分析

目的分析本院产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率和耐药性。方法菌株鉴定和药敏实验采用法国梅里埃ATB Expression微生物分析系统;对药敏条检测出的ESBLs耐药表型菌株,采用双纸片法进行确证。结果 329株大肠埃希菌、90株肺炎克雷伯菌、13株奇异变形杆菌中,产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为44.68%、27.78%、30.76%。产ESBLs菌株对碳青霉烯类、头孢西丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿米卡星耐药率较低,对其他抗菌药物耐药率较高。结论应重视产ESBLs菌株耐药性检测,对产ESBLs菌株所致感染应根据药敏实验结果合理用药。     

儿童泌尿系大肠埃希菌感染的耐药性及产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染危险因素分析

目的探讨儿童泌尿系大肠埃希菌感染的现状及耐药性,分析儿童产超广谱β内酰胺酶(expended spectrumβ-lactamase, ESBLs)大肠埃希菌感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2016年7月—2018年9月收治的280例泌尿系感染患儿尿液标本,观察大肠埃希菌检出及耐药情况,并进一步通过回顾产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染患儿和非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染患儿的临床资料,寻找产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染的危险因素。结果 280例尿液标本中共检出大肠埃希菌128株,检出率为45.71%,其中产ESBLs菌株48株,非产ESBLs菌株80株。128株大肠埃希菌对大部分常用抗菌药物耐药,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林完全耐药,对厄他培南、美罗培南不耐药,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率较高;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林钠-舒巴坦钠、氨曲南、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、头孢唑林、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶、妥布霉素的耐药率均高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05或P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:尿路梗阻、留置导尿管及近1个月抗菌药物应用史是泌尿系产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染的独立危险因素。结论儿童泌尿系大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,对多数头孢菌素类抗菌药物耐药,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率较低。儿童泌尿系大肠埃希菌耐药以产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药为主,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染效果最佳。对有尿路梗阻、留置导尿管及近1个月抗菌药物应用史的患儿应警惕泌尿系产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.