肝小静脉闭塞病28例临床分析

目的:探讨肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)的临床特点与诊治经验。方法:回顾性分析28例HVOD患者的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、彩超、CT、病理特征,治疗及转归。结果:28例HVOD多由服用土三七引起(20例,占71.4%),临床表现以腹胀、黄疸、肝肿大、腹水为其主要特征,超声造影检查显示肝实质持续不规则低灌注,呈"荒芜"症;CT增强扫描表现为全肝弥漫性密度不均匀改变,静脉期表现为特征性的"地图状"、斑片状强化和低密度区,肝静脉显示不清或未显示;病理提示中央静脉周围肝窦高度扩张淤血,肝细胞变性、坏死,中央静脉周围轻度纤维化,未见明确炎症。28例患者治疗后好转15例(53.6%),其余均因病情加重自动出院或死亡。结论:对有中药"土三七"服用史或长期服用中药泡酒者,出现腹胀、腹水、黄疸,要高度怀疑HVOD,影像学检查有助于诊断,病理学检查是诊断的金标准。HVOD病死率较高,早期诊断和及时治疗尤为重要。     

肝静脉闭塞病的临床和病理研究

目的通过对肝静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的临床和病理特点研究,提高对该病的认识.方法回顾性分析因骨髓移植和服用土三七所致12例HVOD的临床和病理特征.结果骨髓移植所致HVOD常表现为急性起病,且病情较重;而土三七所致HVOD除急性起病外,也可以表现为亚急性、慢性起病,且病情轻重不一,可能与土三七的剂量和疗程以及个体差异相关.抗凝疗法治疗急性和亚急性HVOD疗效优于慢性HVOD.两者所致HVOD的病理均表现为肝窦扩张、瘀血,肝索挤压、萎缩,肝细胞坏死,胆汁淤积,而肝小静脉缩窄甚至闭塞等典型表现并不常见,可能与经皮肝穿刺活检术有很大局限性有关.结论骨髓移植和应用土三七应警惕HVOD的发生,争取早期诊断和及时治疗.     

肝小静脉闭塞症10例临床分析

目的：通过分析肝小静脉闭塞症（HVOD）的诱因、危险因素、临床表现、肝脏CT特点、病理特征来提高对该病的认识。方法：回顾性分析我院10例服用“土三七”后所致HVOD的病例资料,包括临床表现、血清学报告、肝脏CT扫描及病理穿刺结果。结果：临床表现以腹水为主,并有不同程度肝肿大及肝功能损害。血清学检查：4例患者乙肝病毒标志物阳性。1例CMV-IgM阳性。5例患者有长期大量饮酒史。谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AsT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、1-转肽酶（GGT）、总胆红素（TBil）、直接胆红素（DBil）不同程度升高。肝脏cT平扫均显示肝脏肿大,腹水,增强显示肝实质内可见弥漫状的点状及网格样异常信号,肝实质内多发大片状异常信号,强化形式均低于正常肝实质强化信号,肝脏有地图状增强;肝静脉、下腔静脉肝内段变细。病理表现：肝窦明显扩张淤血,汇管区肝小静脉内皮肿胀,管壁增厚,管腔不完全闭塞,并可见较多淋巴细胞浸润。结论：有明确服用土三七史及相应临床表现,同时符合肝CT特征表现的患者,可临床诊断HVOD,确诊需要病理依据。既往有肝炎病史为服用土三七后发生HVOD的危险因素。     

中药土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病的文献分析

[目的]探讨中药土三七导致肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)的临床特点,提高对HVOD的病因及诊断、治疗的认识。[方法]通过检索2001~2011年国内医药学期刊中关于土三七导致HVOD的文献,对报道的166例患者进行综合统计分析。[结果]土三七导致HVOD可能与吡咯烷生物碱相关,其发病与患者服药时间长短以及服药总量等有关,主要表现可有腹胀、腹痛、恶心呕吐、乏力、食欲减退、黄疸、肝肿大和腹腔积液等,实验室可见肝功能相关指标异常,影像学检查及肝活检病理检查对诊断有重要意义。[结论]含有吡咯烷生物碱的土三七是导致HVOD的一个重要原因,临床上应慎用或避免大量使用该类药物。并且应该对患者进行安全意识教育,规范药物使用方法和剂量,指导临床合理使用。     

土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病102例临床分析

目的总结分析土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的临床特点,提高对本病的认识。方法对1980年1月至2009年12月国内报道的土三七所致HVOD病例102例进行综合分析,并对国内外相关文献进行复习。结果患者土三七使用量150～5000 g（中位数500 g）,服药时间4 d～1年（中位时间30 d）,临床主要表现为腹胀（99.0%）、腹痛（69.6%）、肝大（93.5%）、腹水（97.7%）、黄疸（63.5%）,有不同程度的肝功能受损。B超检查见肝静脉显示不清,肝段下腔静脉外形变细,但无明显栓塞物,彩色多普勒提示门脉血流减慢或逆向,增强CT示肝脏呈＂地图状＂强化不均匀。病理学表现为肝窦淤血、扩张,流出道受阻,肝细胞不同程度变性、坏死,小叶中央静脉内皮水肿或纤维增生。经内科治疗好转69.7%（62/89）,未愈或死亡30.3%（27/89）,另13例转归不详。使用抗凝或活血化瘀者有效率为81.0%,较未用者（47.8%）,疗效差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）。结论土三七是导致HVOD的一个重要原因,影像和病理检查具有特征性,早期诊断及使用抗凝、活血治疗对改善预后有一定作用。     

抗凝溶栓治疗在土三七致肝小静脉闭塞中的应用及临床分析

目的探讨土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞(HVOD)患者的治疗方案,为临床提供参考。方法以"土三七"为检索词,检索中国知网中文全文期刊库及中华医学会期刊文库,收集土三七致HVOD的文献进行分析。结果共收集土三七致HVOD患者199例,其中男性127例(63.8%),女性72例(36.2%),所有患者中年龄最小17岁,最大年龄80岁,其中男性平均年龄55.7岁,女性平均年龄54.5岁,所有患者均有明确的土三七服用史。199例患者中有36例患者未报道具体病情转归,剩余有效病例163,其中我院收治2例均纳入分析。对163例患者治疗方法进行统计学分析,抗凝溶栓治疗组与内科综合治疗组、激素治疗组、TIPS治疗组对比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),内科综合治疗组与激素治疗组、TIPS治疗组对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。其中有效病例患者中有54例(33.1%)患者进行肝脏穿刺活检病理检查确诊,余病例通过服药史、临床症状、生化指标、影像学检查指标诊断。根据患者治疗方案进行分组:单纯保肝对症治疗组47例,治愈14例(30%);抗凝溶栓联合保肝对症治疗组100例,治愈58例(58%);激素治疗组8例,治愈3例(37.5%);行TIPS治疗4例,有效及好转4例(100%);肝移植组4例,治愈4例(100%)。结论土三七引起HVOD的临床治疗中,抗凝溶栓治疗可提高临床治愈及好转率,可为临床治疗提供参考依据。     

土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病诊断及治疗体会

目的 探讨肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic veno-occlusive disesse,HVOD)的诊断及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院3例土三七致HVOD患者的临床和病理特征.结果 所有患者以腹胀、腹水和肝肿大为主要表现.2例患者的组织病理学表现为肝窦扩张、瘀血、肝索挤压、萎缩、肝细胞变性坏死.结论 土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病临床表现无特殊性,肝穿是重要的诊断方法.     

肝窦阻塞综合征35例临床分析及文献复习

目的 总结肝窦阻塞综合征的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法并复习文献,旨在提高临床对该疾病的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月-2013年5月在南京医科大学第一附属医院住院的35例患者病史、临床表现、实验室结果以及影像学特征、肝脏组织病理学、治疗经过及预后情况.结果 31例患者有服用土三七病史,占88.6%;2例有服用其他中药史;2例有异基因造血干细胞移植史.临床表现主要为腹胀（100%）、腹水（91.4%）、腹痛（62.9%）、黄疸（48.6%）,不同程度的肝功能损害.超声检查发现肝静脉显示不清或明显变细,血流降低或消失;CT发现肝脏呈＂地图状＂强化不均匀;肝脏组织病理学发现局部肝窦扩张,部分肝细胞脂肪变性,部分肝组织出血,肝组织及门静脉区大量慢性炎症细胞浸润.治疗后,15例（42.9%）好转,20例（57.1%）治疗无效自动出院.结论 服用土三七仍为我国SOS的主要病因,早期诊断,及时应用改善肝脏微循环药物以及糖皮质激素对改善预后有一定疗效.     

土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病的临床特点分析

肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic vero-occlusive disease,HVOD)是指肝小叶中央静脉和小叶下静脉损伤导致管腔狭窄或闭塞而产生的肝内窦后性门静脉高压.近年来国内有报道服用中药土三七后可致HVOD.本研究分析我院7例服用土三七致HVOD者的临床特点和诊治经验.     

提高对“土三七”致肝小静脉闭塞病的认识

我国肝小静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的病因多见于长期或过量服用土三七。土三七内舍有吡咯烷生物碱成分,可造成肝窦和肝小静脉的内皮细胞损伤．导致肝小静脉阻塞。HVOD所致的血流阻力部位为肝内,引起窦后性门静脉高压。肝大、右上腹痛、腹水和黄疸是其主要临床表现。诊断依据：有长期服用或过量服用土三七史;有上述临床表现;血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、1-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、胆红素（BiL）均增高;B超可见腹水、肝肿大、肝区呈“斑片状”低回声区,肝静脉显示不清或不显示;CT检查可见肝肿大、腹水,增强CT动脉期显示全肝密度不均匀,呈现“斑片状”或“地图状”改变。肝活检早期可见肝小静脉管腔狭窄,肝小静脉周围血管阻塞．肝细胞不同程度液化坏死．晚期可见纤维化。早期诊断和及时治疗有较好的预后。临床医师应提高对HVOD的认识．且要提醒人们不要滥用土三七。     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育现状调查

目的 调查湖南省岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治知识、行为现状及健康教育需求情况,为制定科学有效的小学生血吸虫病健康教育方案提供参考依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取岳阳市城区洞庭湖湖畔学校和中心城区学校各2所,每所再从五、六年级分别抽取2个班的学生,通过调查问卷了解小学生血吸虫病相关知识、预防行为及健康教育需求,并进行统计分析。结果 共调查湖畔小学353人、中心城区小学363人,两组学校小学生年龄、性别、年级构成差异无统计学意义（t=-0.494,χ²_性别=1.615,χ²_年级=2.152;P均>0.05）。学生血吸虫病防治知识总知晓率为42.60%（305/716）,其中,湖畔学校小学生血防知识知晓率（52.97%）高于中心城区（32.51%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=30.661,P<0.05）;学生行为正确率为76.68%（549/716）,血防知识知晓组行为正确率（81.31%）高于不知晓组（71.24%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.384,P<0.05）。学生血防知识主要来源于老师（47.49%）;91.90%的学生愿意了解更多的血防知识,最喜欢的血防知识学习方式是参加课外活动（50.42%）。结论 岳阳市城区小学生的血防知识知晓率及行为正确率偏低,对血吸虫病防治健康教育需求较高。建议针对学生开展形式多样的血防健康教育,以增强学生的血吸虫病防护意识,提高自我防护能力。     

欧洲儿童肝豆状核变性诊疗推荐意见简介

正肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease,WD)是常染色隐性遗传相关的铜代谢障碍性疾病,估计患病率为1:30000。该病是由于编码P型ATP酶的ATP7B基因突变,影响铜的分泌及排泄所致铜沉积。儿童肝豆状核变性的临床表现可以从无症状肝脏疾病到肝硬化或者肝衰竭,但是神经精神症状却非常少见。常规的检测方法包括血清铜蓝蛋白、24 h尿铜。最终的诊断需要基于症状、评估铜代谢的生化学检     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation

The role of the external and internal anal sphincters in the mechanism of anal continence is presented. The external sphincter induces continence by 1) preventing internal sphincter relaxation, what I have called the “voluntary inhibition action,” and 2) mechanical compression of the rectal neck and anal canal proper. The mechanism of both actions is described. The internal sphincter plays a significant role not only in involuntary, but also in voluntary, continence. The importance of this role in the correction of anal incontinence is clarified. “Stress defecation,” a condition which follows internal sphincter damage, is discussed. A “single loop continence” theory is presented, based on the fact that each of the three loops of the external sphincter has its own innervation, attachment, and direction of muscle bundles; each loop thus acts as a separate sphincter. The clinical application of this theory is presented.