Dystrophin delivery in dystrophin-deficient DMDmdx skeletal muscle by isogenic muscle-derived stem cell transplantation

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal muscle disease caused by a lack of dystrophin expression at the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. We investigated retroviral vector delivery of dystrophin in dystrophin-deficient DMD(mdx) (hereafter referred to as mdx) mice via an ex vivo approach using mdx muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs). We generated a retrovirus carrying a functional human mini-dystrophin (RetroDys3999) and used it to stably transduce mdx MDSCs obtained by the preplate technique (MD3999). These MD3999 cells expressed dystrophin and continued to express stem cell markers, including CD34 and Sca-1. MD3999 cells injected into mdx mouse skeletal muscle were able to deliver dystrophin. Though a relatively low number of dystrophin-positive myofibers was generated within the gastrocnemius muscle, these fibers persisted for up to 24 weeks postinjection. The injection of cells from additional MDSC/Dys3999 clones into mdx skeletal muscle resulted in varying numbers of dystrophin-positive myofibers, suggesting a differential regenerating capacity among the clones. At 2 and 4 weeks postinjection, the infiltration of CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes and a variety of cytokines was detected within the injected site. These data suggest that the transplantation of retrovirally transduced mdx MDSCs can enable persistent dystrophin restoration in mdx skeletal muscle; however, the differential regenerating capacity observed among the MDSC/Dys3999 clones and the postinjection immune response are potential challenges facing this technology.     

应用改良差速贴壁法和有限稀释技术分离培养小鼠来源肌源干细胞

背景：研究者们通过多种方法从肌组织中分离得到肌源干细胞,并应用于各类组织工程和再生医学研究。目的：结合改良的差速贴壁法和有限稀释技术分离小鼠来源肌源干细胞,并培养其单细胞克隆和亚克隆集落。方法：以新生C57BL/6小鼠四肢作为肌组织取材对象,经三重酶消化和细胞筛过滤,运用改良的差速贴壁法分离出肌源干细胞,予细胞特异标记物以免疫组织化学染色;以有限稀释技术克隆培养的方法,获得稳定的肌源干细胞单克隆和亚克隆集落。结果与结论：差速贴壁培养过程中,肌性细胞占比逐渐增高,首次贴壁1h可以获得足够数量的细胞进行第6次贴壁培养;肌源干细胞需72h左右贴壁生长,经10d左右可以增殖为300～500细胞数量的集落,细胞形态以小圆形细胞为主,并有少量梭形细胞,肌源干细胞能够维持形态并持续增殖;应用有限稀释技术可获得肌源干细胞单克隆和亚克隆集落,肌源干细胞克隆细胞均呈现Desmin染色阳性,Sca-1染色阳性,阳性率为（92.3±4.1）%。提示应用preplate法和有限稀释技术可以分离得到小鼠来源肌源干细胞及其克隆集落。     

mdx小鼠骨骼肌组织成肌、成脂、成骨基因的特异性表达

背景:干细胞移植是治疗肌营养不良症的有效方法之一,但移植的干细胞在病理骨骼肌中成肌表达较低。目的:通过比较mdx小鼠和C57小鼠的骨骼肌形态及成肌、成脂、成骨基因表达的差异,探讨mdx小鼠骨骼肌病理改变的可能机制。方法:取mdx小鼠与C57小鼠的骨骼肌组织行冰冻切片,苏木精-伊红染色和Vonkossa染色观察两种小鼠肌肉组织的形态特征;提取mdx小鼠和C57小鼠骨骼肌组织总RNA,real-timePCR检测成肌、成脂、成骨相关基因的表达。结果与结论:mdx小鼠骨骼肌有肌纤维坏死和再生,伴有轻度脂肪、纤维结缔组织增生,Vonkossa染色可见钙结节沉积,而C57小鼠的骨骼肌细胞形态清晰,核位于细胞周边。与C57小鼠比较,mdx小鼠肌肉组织成骨、成脂基因表达有不同程度的上调(P<0.05),而成肌基因表达下调(P<0.05)。dystrophin基因缺失及成肌基因表达下调、成骨和成脂基因上调是造成mdx小鼠肌肉组织变性坏死的原因。     

mdx小鼠骨骼肌组织成肌、成脂、成骨基因的特异性表达

背景：干细胞移植是治疗肌营养不良症的有效方法之一,但移植的干细胞在病理骨骼肌中成肌表达较低。目的：通过比较mdx小鼠和C57小鼠的骨骼肌形态及成肌、成脂、成骨基因表达的差异,探讨mdx小鼠骨骼肌病理改变的可能机制。方法：取mdx小鼠与C57小鼠的骨骼肌组织行冰冻切片,苏木精-伊红染色和Vonkossa染色观察两种小鼠肌肉组织的形态特征;提取mdx小鼠和C57小鼠骨骼肌组织总RNA,real-timePCR检测成肌、成脂、成骨相关基因的表达。结果与结论：mdx小鼠骨骼肌有肌纤维坏死和再生,伴有轻度脂肪、纤维结缔组织增生,Vonkossa染色可见钙结节沉积,而C57小鼠的骨骼肌细胞形态清晰,核位于细胞周边。与C57小鼠比较,mdx小鼠肌肉组织成骨、成脂基因表达有不同程度的上调（P〈0.05）,而成肌基因表达下调（P〈0.05）。dystrophin基因缺失及成肌基因表达下调、成骨和成脂基因上调是造成mdx小鼠肌肉组织变性坏死的原因。     

Comparison of the hematopoietic activity of flt-3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor acting alone or in combination

The hematopoietic sequelae of intramuscular administration of flt-3 ligand (FL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) alone, or in combination, were compared in BALB/c mice. Changes in hematopoiesis were measured in the marrow, spleen and blood using an in vitro colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and flow cytometrically (expression of CD34 and stem cell antigen (Sca)-1). FL administration was associated with a significant increase in the absolute number of CFU and CD34+ cells in the marrow and CFU, CD34+, Sca-1+, and CD34+ Sca-1+ cells in the spleen and blood. These data demonstrate that FL expands and mobilizes a range of hematopoietic progenitors. By comparison, GM-CSF administration was associated with a significant increase in the number of CFU in the spleen and a significant reduction in marrow CD34+, Sca-1+, and CD34+Sca-1+ cells. These data suggest that GM-CSF-driven expansion of CFU may be at the expense of more primitive cells. The pattern of progenitor cell expansion associated with FL + GM-CSF administration was similar to that of FL alone with the following exceptions. The numbers of spleen and blood CFU were significantly greater and the number of marrow CD34+Sca-1+ cells were significantly less, than with FL alone. These data suggest that co-administration of these cytokines may combine the expansion of the more primitive cell populations (associated with FL) with the expansion of the more mature CFU population (associated with GM-CSF) to yield a greater overall CFU expansion and elevation of CFU in the blood. However, increasing the expansion and mobilization of the relatively mature, rather than the more primitive, hematopoietic progenitors, may be of limited value as a mobilization strategy, if the goal is the expansion and isolation of increased numbers of "high-quality," primitive cells for transplantation.     

Isolation of myogenic progenitor populations from Pax7-deficient skeletal muscle based on adhesion characteristics

In an attempt to determine whether muscle-derived stem cells are distinct from satellite cells, we investigated whether muscle-derived stem cells could be isolated from the skeletal muscle of Pax7-deficient mice, which have been shown to be devoid of or to contain only a minimal number of satellite cells. Utilizing a technique that separates cells based on their adhesion characteristics (the preplate technique), several distinct populations of muscle-derived cells were isolated. In these mice, the Pax7 gene was knocked out with the insertion of the LacZ gene. One population was both rapidly adhering, LacZ-positive, and displayed a high myogenic index, but was rapidly lost to terminal differentiation when continuously replated. A second population, which persisted over 50 passages, was LacZ-negative and displayed a low myogenic index. Although Pax3 may have acted as a compensatory mechanism for the myogenic commitment of the LacZ-positive cells, the LacZ-negative cells, despite expressing Pax3, required Pax7 transduction to restore their myogenic capacity. We believe that these two populations of myogenic progenitor cells, each endowed with different adhesion characteristics, may help explain the discrepancy in the literature concerning the presence of myogenic cells found in Pax7-deficient mice.     

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies a Population of Human Skeletal Muscle Cells With High Myogenic Capacities

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH) activity is one hallmark of human bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord blood (UCB), and peripheral blood (PB) primitive progenitors presenting high reconstitution capacities in vivo. In this study, we have identified ALDH⁺ cells within human skeletal muscles, and have analyzed their phenotypical and functional characteristics. Immunohistofluorescence analysis of human muscle tissue sections revealed rare endomysial cells. Flow cytometry analysis using the fluorescent substrate of ALDH, Aldefluor, identified brightly stained (ALDH^br) cells with low side scatter (SSC^lo), in enzymatically dissociated muscle biopsies, thereafter abbreviated as SMALD⁺ (for skeletal muscle ALDH⁺) cells. Phenotypical analysis discriminated two sub-populations according to CD34 expression: SMALD⁺/CD34⁻ and SMALD⁺/CD34⁺ cells. These sub-populations did not initially express endothelial (CD31), hematopoietic (CD45), and myogenic (CD56) markers. Upon sorting, however, whereas SMALD⁺/CD34⁺ cells developed in vitro as a heterogeneous population of CD56⁻ cells able to differentiate in adipoblasts, the SMALD⁺/CD34⁻ fraction developed in vitro as a highly enriched population of CD56⁺ myoblasts able to form myotubes. Moreover, only the SMALD⁺/CD34⁻ population maintained a strong myogenic potential in vivo upon intramuscular transplantation. Our results suggest that ALDH activity is a novel marker for a population of new human skeletal muscle progenitors presenting a potential for cell biology and cell therapy.     

Transplanted primary neonatal myoblasts can give rise to functional satellite cells as identified using the Myf5nlacZl+ mouse.

Myoblast transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for the genetic modification of host skeletal muscle tissue. To be considered an effective, long-lived method of delivery, however, it is essential that at least a proportion of the transplanted cells also retain their proliferative potential. We sought to investigate whether transplanted neonatal myoblasts can contribute to the satellite cell compartment of adult skeletal muscle by using the Myf5nlacZ/+ mouse. The Myf5nlacZ/+ mouse has nlacZ targeted to the Myf5 locus resulting in beta-galactosidase activity in quiescent satellite cells. Following transplantation, beta-galactosidase-labelled nuclei were detected in host muscles, showing that donor cells had been incorporated. Significantly, beta-galactosidase-positive, and therefore donor-derived, satellite cells were detected. When placed in culture, beta-galactosidase marked myogenic cells emanated from the parent fibre. These observations demonstrate that cell transplantation not only results in the incorporation of donor nuclei into the host muscle syncytia, but also that the donor cells can become functional satellite cells. The Myf5nlacZ/+ mouse therefore provides a novel and specific marker for determining the contribution of transplanted cells to the satellite cell pool.     

Hematopoietic reconstitution of syngeneic mice with a peripheral blood-derived, monoclonal CD34-, Sca-1+, Thy-1(low), c-kit+ stem cell line

Previous work had revealed that a CD34- fibroblast-like cell is the earliest hematopoietic progenitor population. This cell type is able to differentiate into hematopoietic progeny of all lineages and circulates in the peripheral blood, from where it can be isolated by IL-6-mediated plastic adherence. We isolated peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (MNC) from male CBA mice and established in vitro a fibroblast-like, adherent growing cell layer. Cells were immortalized by SV-40 transfection for cellular cloning. Monoclonal fibroblast-like cell clones were established, and the surface expression of early stem cell markers was determined by flow cytometry. Clones were CD34-, Sca-1+, Thy-1(low), and c-kit+. Lethally irradiated female CBA mice were successfully transplanted with a fibroblast-like cell clone, R-M26/2-1. After syngeneic transplantation, peripheral blood counts were back to normal in transplanted mice on days 15-20, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed the sole presence of male hematopoietic cells in the BM of female recipients at weeks 7, 9, 11, and 16 after transplantation. Immunohistochemistry for the expression of CD34, Sca-1, Thy-1, and c-kit showed the presence of the phenotype of the transplanted stem cell clone along the bone spicules in the marrow cavity, giving rise to HPC of all lineages. In summary, we have shown that a CD34-, Sca-1+, Thy-1(low), and c-kit+ fibroblast-like cell is consistent with the phenotype of the earliest hematopoietic and repopulating stem cell and can be isolated from peripheral blood cells.     

小鼠骨骼肌源间充质干细胞的分离与培养

为观察成体小鼠肌肉组织中是否含有间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells，MSC)，将分离胶原酶消化的肌肉单个核细胞，在含10％胎牛血清的α—MEM／F12培养液中培养，观察培养细胞的形态、细胞化学及增殖特性特征，用流式细胞术分析细胞表型，并观察细胞体外向成骨细胞分化能力。结果显示，从小鼠肌肉组织中分离和培养获得的细胞具有良好的增殖特性，CD34及CD45阴性，CD29及Sca—1阳性率在90％以上。细胞化学染色显示，细胞非特异性酯酶和酸性磷酸酶为阳性，碱性磷酸酶阴性，糖原为弱阳性。细胞经维生素C，β-磷酸甘油及地塞米松诱导后，碱性磷酸酶活性明显增强，阳性率达到94％以上。结论：成体小鼠肌肉组织中含有间充质干细胞，是肌肉干细胞群体中的重要组成部分。     

Synergy between myogenic and non-myogenic cells in a 3D tissue-engineered craniofacial skeletal muscle construct

In vitro skeletal muscle engineering involves the culture of isolated primary myogenic cells in an environment conducive to the formation of a three-dimensional (3D) tissue construct capable of generating force. Isolated human myogenic cells have been used to study cell-cell interactions, permitting identification of functions intrinsic to skeletal muscle in two dimensions (2D). However, the independent contribution of human myogenic and non-myogenic cell types that comprise skeletal muscle to myogenic cell differentiation, force generation and matrix remodelling has yet to be established in 3D. The objective of this study was to use isolated human myogenic and non-myogenic muscle-derived cells (MDC) seeded in 3D collagen constructs to engineer a biomimetic craniofacial skeletal construct. The aim was to purify the two subpopulations of myogenic and non-myogenic cells from human masseter muscle and quantitate myogenic cell differentiation, force generation and matrix remodelling of the 3D collagen construct. The results showed that both the heterogeneous mixture of cells and the purified myogenic cell population expressed myogenin, indicative of myogenic cell differentiation. Further, there was a synergistic effect as the heterogeneous co-culture of myogenic and non-myogenic cells generated the highest peak force and expressed the most MMP-2 mRNA compared to isolated individual cell populations.     

DAPT对小鼠造血干细胞生物活性的影响

本研究探讨DAPT(N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L:-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycinet-butyl ester)对小鼠骨髓造血干细胞(HSC)细胞周期、凋亡、分化及扩增的影响及其可能的相关机制。运用实时定量PCR检测DAPT1μmol/L作用前后细胞周期相关基因p18、p21、p27、CDK1、CDK2、CDK4、CDK6 mRNA表达水平及凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、mcl-1、Bax、Bim、p53、Puma mRNA表达量的水平;用流式细胞术检测DAPT作用前后小鼠骨髓细胞Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+及CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的细胞周期及凋亡的变化;用单细胞培养检测DAPT作用前后单个HSC分化的变化;用长周期培养实验检测DAPT作用前后HSC扩增能力的变化。结果显示,Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞经DAPT处理5 d后,小鼠骨髓细胞中细胞周期相关基因CDK1、CDK2、CDK4、CDK6及p27的mRNA表达量较对照组明显升高(P<0.01-P<0.001),p18和p21表达量明显降低(P<0.01-P<0.001);凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、Bax、p53、Puma表达量较对照组明显升高(P<0.01-P<0.001),Bim表达量明显降低(P<0.001),Mcl-1的表达量无差异。加DAPT处理5 d后,小鼠骨髓细胞Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的细胞周期的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05),小鼠骨髓细胞CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的G0期的细胞减少,G1期的细胞明显增多(P<0.05),处于S、G2、M期的细胞数量的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05);小鼠骨髓细胞Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞和CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的细胞凋亡增多(P<0.05)。单细胞培养10 d实验显示,每板形成的克隆数、每孔平均细胞数的变化及DAPT对单个造血干细胞分化影响的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。DAPT处理3 d后,小鼠骨髓细胞中HSC的扩增能力下降。结论:DAPT可加速小鼠骨髓细胞CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的耗竭,促进小鼠骨髓细胞Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+及CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的凋亡,降低小鼠骨髓细胞中HSC的扩增能力,但对单个CD34-Lin-c-kit+Sca-1+表型细胞的增殖及分化无明显影响。     

Human Skeletal Muscle–derived CD133+ Cells Form Functional Satellite Cells After Intramuscular Transplantation in Immunodeficient Host Mice

Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for treatment of muscular dystrophies. In addition to muscle fiber formation, reconstitution of functional stem cell pool by donor cells is vital for long-term treatment. We show here that some CD133⁺ cells within human muscle are located underneath the basal lamina of muscle fibers, in the position of the muscle satellite cell. Cultured hCD133⁺ cells are heterogeneous and multipotent, capable of forming myotubes and reserve satellite cells in vitro. They contribute to extensive muscle regeneration and satellite cell formation following intramuscular transplantation into irradiated and cryodamaged tibialis anterior muscles of immunodeficient Rag2-/γ chain-/C5-mice. Some donor-derived satellite cells expressed the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD, indicating that they were activated. In addition, when transplanted host muscles were reinjured, there was significantly more newly-regenerated muscle fibers of donor origin in treated than in control, nonreinjured muscles, indicating that hCD133⁺ cells had given rise to functional muscle stem cells, which were able to activate in response to injury and contribute to a further round of muscle regeneration. Our findings provide new evidence for the location and characterization of hCD133⁺ cells, and highlight that these cells are highly suitable for future clinical application.     

Characterization of human myoblast differentiation for tissue-engineering purposes by quantitative gene expression analysis

Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle is an encouraging possibility for the treatment of muscle loss through the creation of functional muscle tissue in vitro from human stem cells. Currently, the preferred stem cells are primary, non-immunogenic satellite cells ( = myoblasts). The objective of this study was to determine the expression patterns of myogenic markers within the human satellite cell population during their differentiation into multinucleated myotubes for an accurate characterization of stem cell behaviour. Satellite cells were incubated (for 1, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days) with a culture medium containing either a low [ = differentiation medium (DM)] or high [ = growth medium (GM)] concentration of growth factors. Furthermore, we performed a quantitative gene expression analysis of well-defined differentiation makers: myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myogenin (MYOG), skeletal muscle αactin1 (ACTA1), embryonic (MYH3), perinatal (MYH8) and adult skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH1). Additionally, the fusion indices of forming myotubes of MYH1, MYH8 and ACTA1 were calculated. We show that satellite cells incubated with DM expressed multiple characteriztic features of mature skeletal muscles, verified by time-dependent upregulation of MYOG, MYH1, MYH3, MYH8 and ACTA1. However, satellite cells incubated with GM did not reveal all morphological aspects of muscle differentiation. Immunocytochemical investigations with antibodies directed against the differentiation markers showed correlations between the gene expression and differentiation. Our data provide information about time-dependent gene expression of differentiation markers in human satellite cells, which can be used for maturation analyses in skeletal muscle tissue-engineering applications.     

MHC-Ⅱ基因反义RNA导入脐血CD34^＋细胞抑制HLA-DR抗原的表达

将HLA-DRBI基因cDNA片段反向插入逆转录病毒质粒pZIP-neo SV(x)BamHI位点中,构建了HLA-DRB1基因的逆转录病毒反义RNA重组表达载体,用脂质体法导入PA317细胞。用免疫磁珠法分离、富集脐血CD34~ 细胞。将培养的病毒上清感染脐血CD34~ 细胞,筛选获得抗性克隆和进行CFU-GM的培养。用RT-PCR法从经G418选择产生的抗性克隆已证实有反义RNA目的基因的表达。流式细胞仪(FACS)检测转染的脐血细胞中HLA-DR抗原阳性率为28％(对照组为45％),其抑制率为38.2％。结果表明导入脐血细胞的MHC-Ⅱ类基因反义RNA重组体可降低其HLA-DR抗原的表达。本实验结果为用反义核酸技术在临床脐血移植中防止移植物抗宿主反应提供了新方法。     

Gene therapy and tissue engineering based on muscle-derived stem cells

Skeletal muscle represents a convenient source of stem cells for cell-based tissue and genetic engineering. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) exhibit both multipotentiality and self-renewal capabilities, and are considered to be distinct from the well-studied satellite cell, another type of muscle stem cell that is capable of self-renewal and myogenic lineage differentiation. The MDSC appears to have less restricted differentiation capabilities as compared with the satellite cell, and may be a precursor of the satellite cell. This review considers the evidence for the existence of MDSCs as well as their origin. We will discuss recent investigations highlighting the potential of stem cell transplantation for the treatment of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle injuries and disease. We will highlight challenges in bridging the gap between understanding basic stem cell biology and clinical utilization for cell therapy.     

A frameshift polymorphism in P2X5 elicits an allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte response associated with remission of chronic myeloid leukemia

Minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs) constitute the targets of the graft-versus-leukemia response after HLA-identical allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Here, we have used genetic linkage analysis to identify a novel mHAg, designated lymphoid-restricted histocompatibility antigen-1 (LRH-1), which is encoded by the P2X5 gene and elicited an allogeneic CTL response in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia after donor lymphocyte infusion. We demonstrate that immunogenicity for LRH-1 is due to differential protein expression in recipient and donor cells as a consequence of a homozygous frameshift polymorphism in the donor. Tetramer analysis showed that emergence of LRH-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow correlated with complete remission of chronic myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, the restricted expression of LRH-1 in hematopoietic cells including leukemic CD34+ progenitor cells provides evidence of a role for LRH-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in selective graft-versus-leukemia reactivity in the absence of severe graft-versus-host disease. These findings illustrate that the P2X5-encoded mHAg LRH-1 could be an attractive target for specific immunotherapy to treat hematological malignancies recurring after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.     

乳鼠肌源性干细胞向许旺样细胞的诱导分化

背景：有证据显示,肌源性干细胞能够促进肌纤维的再生,增强再生肌组织的功能,并具有分化为神经外膜组织细胞和具有许旺细胞表型细胞的潜能。目的：分析许旺细胞条件培液诱导小鼠乳鼠源肌源性干细胞向许旺细胞的分化,探讨其作为神经组织工程的种子细胞的可行性。方法：取C57BL/6乳鼠四肢骨骼肌,采用改良的Preplate技术纯化培养肌源性干细胞,利用抗体Desmin和Sca-1对纯化后的细胞进行免疫细胞化学鉴定。采用许旺细胞条件培液诱导其向许旺细胞分化,并行许旺细胞特异性抗体S100β、P75NTR免疫细胞化学鉴定。结果与结论：从小鼠骨骼肌中分离得到肌源性干细胞,能在体外稳定增殖传代,Desmin和Sca-1免疫细胞化学染色阳性。肌源性干细胞经体外诱导分化后部分细胞S100β、P75NTR染色阳性。说明应用改良的Preplate方法,可从新生小鼠骨骼肌中分离得到肌源性干细胞;采用许旺细胞条件培液能将其诱导分化为许旺样细胞,有可能成为神经组织工程神经较理想的许旺细胞替代物。     

Overexpression of Sonic Hedgehog in the Lung Mimics the Effect of Lung Injury and Compensatory Lung Growth on Pulmonary Sca-1 and CD34 Positive Cells

Cells localized in the bronchioalveolar duct junction of the murine lung have been identified as potential bronchioalveolar stem cells. Based on the surface marker expression, two main phenotypes have been proposed: Sca-1⁺, CD34⁺, CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ and Sca-1^low, CD34⁻ CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells. An increase in the number of Sca-1⁺, CD34⁺ CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells and activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway was observed following unilateral pneumonectomy and naphthalene-induced airway injury. Overexpression of Shh in the respiratory tract also resulted in an increase of this cell population. Syngeneic transplantation of β-galactosidase-expressing bone marrow cells demonstrated that the increase of Sca-1⁺, CD34⁺, CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells in the lung was a result of local proliferation. Intratracheal administration of purified Shh-stimulated Sca-1⁺, CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells coexpressing CD34 to syngeneic mice following pneumonectomy resulted in engraftment of these cells predominantly in the airways for up to 3 months, whereas Sca-1⁻, CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells did not engraft. This study suggests that local Sca-1⁺, CD34⁺, CD45⁻, Pecam⁻ cells are stimulated during compensatory lung growth, following airway injury and overexpression of Shh and have some potential to engraft in the airways, without showing clonal properties in vivo.