移植肝胆道并发症与正常胆道的超声造影增强特点比较

目的 探讨肝移植后缺血性胆道病变(ITBL)区别于正常胆道及其他胆道并发症的超声造影表现.方法 选择正常健康者18例;无并发症移植肝18例;移植肝胆道并发症36例分为2组:①非ITBL组12例,包括3例胆管吻合口狭窄、4例胆管炎、1例胆泥和4例急性排异反应;②ITBL组24例.进行肝门部胆管超声造影(CEUS)检查.2名超声医生共同分析CEUS图像,记录胆管壁、肝动脉和肝实质增强时间及不同时期增强水平,总结各组肝门部胆管壁CEUS增强特点.结果 ①增强时间:除11例ITBL和1例非ITBL并发症患者胆管壁始终无增强外,其余胆管壁的开始增强时间均早于肝实质.②增强水平:动脉期,正常健康者、无并发症移植肝、非ITBL组胆管壁主要表现为等或高增强,两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);ITBL与上述三组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),主要表现为无或低增强.结论 动脉期胆管壁无或低增强是肝移植后ITBL区别于正常健康者、无并发症移植肝、非ITBL的主要特点,这或许可以成为诊断ITBL的CEUS诊断指标.     

肝移植缺血性胆道病变的超声造影研究

目的 探讨实时超声造影技术诊断肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变(ITBL)的临床应用价值.方法 25例经内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影或经皮肝穿刺胆道造影确诊,超声疑为胆道并发症的移植肝接受超声造影检查.以增厚最明显的肝门部胆管壁为观察目标,分析胆管壁增强特点.结果 胆管壁造影表现可分3类:①胆管壁无增强者6例,即胆管壁在动脉期、门脉期及延迟期均无增强;②胆管壁低增强水平者4例,即胆管壁在动脉期呈低增强,门脉期及延迟期持续低增强或消退为无增强;③胆管壁高增强水平者15例,即胆管壁在动脉期呈高或等增强,门脉期及延迟期消退为等或低增强.25例确诊病例中包括13例ITBL和12例非ITBL.ITBL组胆管壁无或低增强水平者10例(76.9%),高增强水平者3例(23.1%);非ITBL组均为高增强水平者,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.00).结论 超声造影检测胆管壁微循环灌注具有可行性,有可能为临床提供一种全新的从微血管层面诊断ITBL的影像学手段.     

肝移植后缺血性胆管炎超声造影到达时间成像分析的初步研究

目的探讨超声造影到达时间成像(P-MFI)在肝移植后缺血性胆管炎诊断中的应用价值。方法收集38例临床确诊的缺血性胆管炎(ITBL)病例,60例肝移植术后正常病例,12例健康对照组,分别对各组病例进行肝脏的超声造影检查,并对图像进行后处理,得到P-MFI图像。观察比较各组到达时间图像特征,2名医师对超声造影动态图像及到达时间成像进行诊断信心评分。结果健康对照组图像与肝移植术后正常组特征:肝动脉首先显影为红色,胆管壁与门静脉管壁紧随其后:颜色多为黄绿色或绿色,最后是门静脉与大部分肝实质显影为深蓝或紫色,胆管壁显示清晰。缺血性胆管炎组特征:肝动脉首先显影为红色,门静脉壁随后显影,为黄色或绿色,胆管壁随后显影为绿色(4例),见零星点状绿色显示(6例),颜色显示为稀疏深蓝或紫色(14例),胆管壁无颜色填充(14例),大部分病例胆管壁显影较晚,充填不完整。门静脉及肝实质显影,多为蓝色或蓝紫色。对于ITBL组,两位医师对超声造影与P-MFI的诊断评分均具有统计学差异(0.000,0.000);对照组中两位医师对超声造影与P-MFI的诊断评分均无统计学差异(0.050,0.083)。诊断ITBL敏感性,特异度及准确性由68.4%、100%、89.1%提高至89.5%、100%、96.4%(医师1),由57.9%、94.4%、97.2%提高至89.5%、97.2%、94.5%(医师2)。两位评价者一致性较高(Kappa=0.811)。结论超声造影到达时间成像技术融合时间参数,更直观、清晰的显示组织、病变的血流灌注情况,大大丰富了超声造影的临床应用范围、超声造影必将在临床发挥更大的作用。     

超声造影诊断肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的诊断价值.方法 对50例原位肝移植术后临床及超声怀疑肝动脉狭窄的受体行CEUS检查,以数字减影血管造影(DSA)、计算机断层成像血管造影(CTA)或临床+超声随访为参考标准.两名阅读者在不知道参考标准结果的情况下对CEUS图像进行评估,评估内容包括肝动脉狭窄程度(轻度,狭窄＜50%;中度,狭窄50%～75%;重度,狭窄＞75%)、狭窄类型(单发、多发)以及狭窄部位,中度和重度狭窄定义为有临床意义的肝动脉狭窄.结果 CTA或DSA诊断肝动脉狭窄39例,另8例经CTA证实为轻度或无狭窄,3例经临床+超声随访证实肝动脉无明显狭窄.CEUS诊断有临床意义的肝动脉狭窄38例(重度狭窄11例,中度狭窄27例),CEUS纠正彩色多普勒超声上的假阳性病例9例(9/50,18.0%),CEUS诊断肝动脉狭窄的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为90.0%、92.3%、81.8%、94.7%和75.0%.结论 CEUS是一种无创、准确诊断肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的方法,CEUS能准确评估肝动脉的狭窄程度、狭窄类型和狭窄部位,为临床处理提供重要参考信息.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的超声诊断

目的探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊断和治疗中的价值.方法 13例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症患者,以二维超声检查移植肝内外胆管及肝周情况,彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比.结果超声检出胆道梗阻者10例(其中2例行超声引导PTC);胆漏者3例(其中2例在超声引导下置管引流);有肝动脉血栓并发胆道梗阻者3例.结论超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治中有着重要应用价值.     

磁共振胆道水成像和钆贝葡胺增强胆道成像在肝移植后胆道并发症应用中的对比

背景:肝移植后胆管和血管方面的并发症是肝移植失败的主要原因,磁共振胆道成像常用来诊断胆道并发症.目的:对比钆贝葡胺增强胆道成像和磁共振胆道水成像对肝移植后胆管并发症的诊断价值.方法:80例肝移植后患者,均行钆贝葡胺增强后胆道成像和磁共振胆道水成像,对比其对肝移植后胆道显示及胆道并发症的诊断价值,所有诊断均经临床证实.结果与结论:80例患者,胆道水成像71例胆道显示良好,增强胆道成像59例胆道显示良好,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),胆道显示水成像优于增强胆道成像.胆道狭窄34例,胆道水成像准确诊断23例,增强胆道成像准确诊断30例,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),胆道狭窄诊断增强胆道成像优于水成像.提示磁共振胆道水成像和钆贝葡胺增强胆道成像诊断活体肝移植后并发症各有优缺点,联合应用效果更佳.     

超声造影联合超微血流成像鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变的临床价值

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)联合超微血管成像(SMI)在良恶性肝脏局灶性病变(FLL)鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法 选取我院经病理确诊的105例FLL患者,其中良性56例,恶性49例,均于术前行CEUS和SMI检查,分析CEUS、SMI及两者联合应用诊断良恶性FLL的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阳性预测值,分析其与病理结果的一致性;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析CEUS、SMI及两者联合应用鉴别FLL的诊断效能。结果 CEUS检查显示,良恶性FFL动脉期、门脉期、延迟期增强表现比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);SMI检查显示,良恶性FFL血管形态特征比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。CEUS诊断良恶性FLL的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阳性预测值分别为79.60%、80.40%、80.00%、78.00%、81.82%,与病理结果的一致性一般(Kappa=0.599,P<0.05);SMI诊断良恶性FLL的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阳性预测值分别为65.30%、66.10%、65.71%、62.75%、68.52%,与病...     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄的超声表现

目的 了解肝移植术后胆管狭窄的超声表现.方法 采用超声观察41例肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者肝内外胆管有无扩张及其内径、胆管壁厚度及其回声,并与46例肝移植术后无胆管并发症者比较.结果 胆管狭窄组的肝内胆管内径、胆管壁厚度、肝内胆管扩张和胆管壁回声增强的发生率均大于无胆管并发症组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肝移植术后出现肝内胆管扩张、胆管壁增厚及回声增强、胆管腔变细等征象,对于胆管狭窄的诊断有重要价值.     

肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影和增强CT增强特征的对比研究

目的:对比研究并总结肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影(CEUS)和增强CT(CECT)的增强特征.方法:回顾性分析经超声引导下穿刺活检病理证实的26例患者的30个肝内胆管细胞癌的CEUS和CECT图像,分别比较两种方法的增强时间、动脉期增强模式、增强特点及诊断符合率.增强时间观察始增时间与廓清时间.动脉期的增强模式为1～3级:1...     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.