异甘草酸镁单剂量与多剂量静脉滴注的药动学(英文)

目的:研究10名健康志愿者按单剂量和多剂量静脉滴注异甘草酸镁100mg后的药动学特性。方法:多剂量给药方案为每日1次,连续9d。采用高效液相色谱法测定异甘草酸镁的血药浓度。色谱条件包括:HypersilODS2色谱柱(5μm,300mm×4.6mm),流动相为0.23mol·L-1磷酸盐 缓冲液(pH=7.4)∶乙腈=79∶21,柱温40°C,流速 为1.0mL·min-1,紫外检测波长为250nm。数据 用3P87软件处理,按二室模型拟合并求算药动学参 数。结果:单剂量给药后的药动学参数分别为:cmax=(29±3)mg·L-1;t12α=(1.72±0.27)h; t12β=(23±3)h;AUC0～72(以梯形法计算)=(448±75)mg·L-1·h-1。多剂量给药达稳态后的药动 参数分别为:cssmin=(13±3)mg·L-1;cssmax=(43± 6)mg·L-1;cav=(21±4)mg·L-1;t12α=(1.6± 0.4)h;t12β(24±4)h;AUCss0～τ=(513± 108)mg·L-1·h-1。结论:该药在人体内的分布和 消除速度不随连续给药而变化。     

复方法莫替丁咀嚼片的人体药动学

目的研究复方法莫替丁咀嚼片人体药动学.方法12名健康志愿者在空腹及餐后条件下分别单次口服给药.LC/MS/MS方法测定血浆中法莫替丁的浓度,采用DAS ver 1.0药动学程序进行数据处理,计算药动学参数.结果在空腹和餐后条件下,Tmax分别为(1.7±0.4)和(3.2±1.0)h;Cmax分别为(83.9±28.6),(67.6±21.2)μg·L-1;AUC0-14分别为(469.2±141.9),(408.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2ka分别为(0.5±0.3),(0.9±0.4)h;t1/2α分别为(2.2±1.6),(1.9±1.9)h;t1/2α分别为(3.8±1.1),(3.8±2.3)h;Vd分别为(3.5±2.2),(3.3±3.7)L;CLp分别为(0.6±0.2),(0.50±0.3)L·h-1.结论复方法莫替丁咀嚼片中的法莫替丁在人体内的动力学过程符合二房室模型.食物对复方制剂中法莫替丁的药动学特性有一定影响.餐后给药,法莫替丁的吸收速度减慢,吸收程度也有所降低,而其分布、消除基本无变化.     

感咳双清胶囊中黄芩苷在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学研究

目的:研究感咳双清胶囊中黄芩苷在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学。方法:8名健康志愿者单次口服1.8g感咳双清胶囊,采用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果:口服1.8g感咳双清胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2z=(3.304±0.614)h;tmax=(8.0±0.0)h;Cmax=(2.214±0.363)mg·L-1,AUC(0～24)=(18.914±4.064)mg·h·L-1;AUC(0～∞)=(19.291±4.110)mg·h·L-1。其动力学过程符合二室模型。结论:黄芩苷在体内吸收和消除较慢,达tmax所需时间长。     

盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药在Beagle犬体内的药动学

目的研究盐酸小檗碱胶囊单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内的药动学。方法 6条Beagle犬按150 mg单次和多次口服盐酸小檗碱胶囊,多次给药每天1次,共7 d。采用UPLC-MS/MS色谱法测定犬血浆中盐酸小檗碱的浓度。用DAS 2.0药动学软件处理血药浓度数据。用SPSS统计软件对所得的药动学数据进行显著性差异分析。结果单次给药后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.85±10.54)h,ρmax为(4.18±2.59)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(110.04±70.22)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(121.51±74.19)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 593.57±745.01)L.h-1,V为(44 509.1±34 995.4)L,tmax为(20.42±22.98)h;多次给药达稳态后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.53±9.99)h,ρmax为(9.92±7.01)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(164.51±119.70)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(172.34±125.03)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 280.19±709.95)L.h-1,V为(33 655.7±27 632.2)L,tmax为(6.08±4.90)h。结论盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内血药浓度均较低,盐酸小檗碱多次给药在Beagle犬体内无明显蓄积现象。     

两种剂量盐酸地尔硫Chuo缓释胶囊在健康人体药动学及参数相关性

目的研究盐酸地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊在人体内药动学特性及其两种不同剂量的药动学参数变化规律。方法健康志愿者12名,随机分组,单剂量口服60,120mg盐酸地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间的血药浓度,经3P87程序拟合,求算药动学参数。结果60、120mg地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学参数为Ka(2.2±2.1),(1.6±1.2)h-1;K(0.045±0.0078),(0.054±0.015)h-1;T1/2Ka(0.60±0.36),(0.7±0.4)h;T1/2K(15.8±2.7),(13.9±4.4)h;V(33.2±11.9),(29.8±11.8)L.kg-1;Cl(1.4±0.37),(1.5±0.5)L.h.kg-1;Tmax(4.8±0.9),(4.6±1.0)h;Cmax(28.9±10.8),(65.6±24.8)ng.ml-1;AUC(751.2±211.1),(1487.4±533.1)μg.h.     

阿比朵尔胶囊在健康人体内的药动学(英文)

目的研究阿比朵尔胶囊在健康人体内的药动学。方法20名健康志愿者单剂量口服阿比朵尔胶囊200 mg后,血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以液相色谱紫外检测法测定血药浓度。用3P87统计软件进行数据处理。结果结果符合一级消除药动学的二室模型,阿比朵尔胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为:c_(max)一(418±s 241)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)(1.3±1.2)h,t_(1/2α)(1.9±2.3)h,t_(1/2β)(14±5)h,AUC_(0～t)(2633±1071)μg·h·L~(-1),Vc/F(0.7±0.6)L,CL(0.08±0.03)L·h~(-1)。结论阿比朵尔胶囊在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本试验可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

米诺环素注射剂的药动学

目的:研究健康志愿者静脉滴注米诺环素后的药动学特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法:8名健康志愿者分别静脉滴注米诺环素单剂量(200mg)、多剂量(100mg,bid×5d),于规定时间点取血,以高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算单剂量和多剂量给药后的药动学参数。结果:单剂量给药后的主要药动学参数分别为cmax=(5.4±s0.9)mg·L-1;tmax=2h;t1/2=(26±3)h;MRT=(36±5)h;AUC0~72=(94±24)mg·h·L-1;AUC0~∞=(109±29)mg·h·L-1。多剂量给药达稳态后的药动学参数分别为cmssax=(8.4±1.5)mg·L-1;cmssin=(1.0±0.4)mg·L-1;csavs=(2.1±0.6)mg·L-1;AUCss=(149±42)mg·h·L-1;DF=3.7±0.6。结论:受试制剂米诺环素注射剂在人体内的药动学特征与文献报道基本一致。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学研究

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)静脉滴注联合甲酰四氢叶酸钙解救方案治疗时甲氨蝶呤的药动学。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定16例ALL患儿使用甲氨蝶呤后不同时间点血清药物浓度,所得血药浓度-时间数据经DAS软件拟合,优化药动学房室模型,计算其药动学参数。结果大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的经时过程符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2α=(1.61±0.43)h,t1/2β=(11.05±3.54)h,V1=(18.552±5.902)L·m-2,Cl=(4.525±1.181)L.h-1.m-2,k10=(0.254±0.053)h-1,k12=(0.194±0.043)h-1,k21=(0.074±0.025)h-1,AUC(0-t)=(1064.0±258.6)μmol.h.L-1,AUC(0-∞)=(1433.6±485.2)μmol·h·L-1,tmax=24h,Cmax=(40.1±10.3)μmol·L-1。结论大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数有较明显的个体差异。     

咪达唑仑片在中国维吾尔族和汉族健康人体的药动学比较

目的研究健康维吾尔族和汉族志愿者单剂量口服咪达唑仑片的药动学。方法维吾尔族、汉族健康志愿者各10名,男、女各半,单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,用HPLC法测定咪达唑仑的血浆浓度,运用DAS 2.0程序以非室模型拟合药动学参数,并对药动学参数进行独立样本t检验和非参数Mann-Whitney U test检验,以判断药动学是否存在显著性的民族差异。结果单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,维吾尔族志愿者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(124.8±50.0)μg.L-1,tmax(0.8±0.5)h,t1/2z(1.9±0.7)h,MRT0-12 h(2.8±0.8)h,CL/F(0.9±0.4)L.h-1.kg-1,Vz/F(2.3±0.7)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(343.2±150.9)μg.h.L-1。汉族健康受试者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(103.1±26.4)μg.L-1,tmax(1.5±0.7)h,t1/2z(3.0±0.8)h,MRT0-12 h(3.6±0.4)h,CL/F(0.7±0.2)L.h-.1kg-1,Vz/F(2.7±0.8)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(368.8±103.4)μg.h.L-1。经检验,维吾尔族的tmax、t1/2z和MRT0-12 h比汉族的短,差异有显著性统计学意义,其余参数的民族差异无显著性统计学意义。两个民族的部分受试者的药-时曲线有双峰。结论单剂量口服咪达唑仑片后,汉族和维吾尔族健康志愿者的药动学存在较大的个体差异,且消除速率的民族差异有显著性统计学意义,临床应用时应注意个体化给药。     

注射用帕尼培南/倍他米隆的人体药动学研究

目的:考察注射用帕尼培南/倍他米隆在呼吸系统感染患者体内的药动学。方法:15名受试者静脉滴注注射用帕尼培南/倍他米隆(0.5g/0.5g)后,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定帕尼培南、倍他米隆的血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:帕尼培南、倍他米隆的平均药动学参数分别为t1/2α(0.30±0.20)、(0.10±0.05)h,t1/2β(1.4±0.3)、(0.61±0.20)h,AUC0～6.5h(42±8)、(20±5)mg·h·L-1,CLs(10.8±1.5)、(29.7±8.5)L·h-1,Vd(10.2±0.9)、(8.8±1.5)L。结论:帕尼培南/倍他米隆在呼吸系统感染患者体内的药动学及药效学评价可以指导临床应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.