N-（5-硝基吲唑-3-甲酰）酪氨酸钠的制备、乏氧增敏与体内分布研究

目的：在硝基吲唑母核上引入酪氨酸并成盐,制备N-（5-硝基吲唑-3-甲酰）酪氨酸钠并考察其乏氧增敏活性和体内分布情况。方法用缩合剂法合成N-（5-硝基吲唑-3-甲酰）酪氨酸钠,通过小鼠移植瘤模型评价其乏氧增敏活性,通过放射性碘标记法考察其在荷瘤小鼠体内的分布情况。结果合成了目标化合物并对结构进行了确证。移植瘤模型增敏实验表明其对H22移植瘤具有一定的乏氧增敏活性,平均放射增敏比为1．5。体内分布实验中其在肿瘤部位与脑和肌肉部位的分布比值均大于5,表明其具有较好的体内分布特性。结论 N-（5-硝基吲唑-3-甲酰）酪氨酸钠具有良好的乏氧增敏活性和体内分布特性,具有进一步开发价值。     

谷胱甘肽在沙纳唑对人宫颈癌细胞放射增敏效应中的作用

目的：研究沙纳唑对人宫颈癌细胞（HeLa）的放射增敏作用及其与谷胱甘肽的关系。方法：用通氮法造成培养细胞乏氧模型,给药和^60Coγ照射后用集落形成的方法观察HeLa细胞存活率,由单靶多击模型拟合后测出放射增敏比来评价增敏效果;用四氧嘧啶紫外分光光度法检测谷胱甘肽含量以探讨增敏作用机制。结果：SER大于1．4,谷胱甘肽含量随照射剂量和药物浓度的增加而降低,尤以乏氧时更为明显。结论：沙纳唑具有明显的放射增敏作用,沙纳唑复合^60Coγ照射使肿瘤谷胱甘肽含量明显降低可能是其放射增敏作用的机制之一。     

Stattic对乏氧食管癌细胞放射增敏作用机制的研究

目的 观察Stattic对乏氧人食管癌ECA109细胞的体外放射增敏作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法 应用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法（MTT）检测Stattic对食管癌ECA109细胞的毒性,细胞克隆形成法确定1.0 μmol Stattic对ECA细胞放疗敏感性的影响,流式细胞法检测细胞的凋亡率,γ-H2AX免疫荧光染色法检测不同时间点下ECA109细胞中双键断裂情况,Western blot检测Stattic照射前后STAT3、pSTAT3、HIF-1α、VEGF蛋白的表达。结果 Stattic对ECA109细胞具有毒性,24 h IC₅₀为5.499 μmol/L,克隆形成实验通过单击多靶模型拟合细胞的存活曲线,计算出1.0 μmol/L Stattic的放射增敏比SER_Do分别为1.20（常氧）和1.28（乏氧）,γ-H2AX荧光染色提示Stattic能增加双键断裂情况,尤其是在照射之后0.5 h最为明显。照射联合给药组的乏氧细胞凋亡率较单独乏氧照射组的细胞凋亡增加（t=7.33,P < 0.05）,Western blot显示乏氧食管癌细胞株pSTAT3、乏氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）蛋白的表达升高,Stattic作用24 h表达显著下调。结论 Stattic对乏氧人食管癌细胞株ECA109细胞的毒性呈剂量依赖性,放射增敏作用明显,随药物剂量的增加而增强,其机制可能与抑制pSTAT3、HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达有关。     

青蒿琥酯对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏作用

目的 探讨青蒿琥酯对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏作用。方法 应用⁶⁰Co γ射线照射细胞,吸收剂量率为0.635 Gy/min,照射剂量为0、1、2、4和6 Gy。采用MTT法检测青蒿琥酯对HeLa细胞的抑制作用,确定青蒿琥酯的最适实验作用浓度。克隆形成法检测青蒿琥酯对HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响;采用"多靶单击数学模型"拟合HeLa细胞的剂量-存活曲线,得出平均致死剂量、准阈剂量及放射增敏比,评价其增敏效果。用流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞凋亡率,进一步检测青蒿琥酯对HeLa细胞的放射增敏性。结果 青蒿琥酯对HeLa细胞的抑制作用随药物浓度的增加而增加,单纯照射1、2、4和6 Gy细胞的克隆形成率分别为91.67%、82.02%、58.60%和25.01%,加入青蒿琥酯后,相同照射剂量下克隆形成率分别降低为74.93%、60.53%、22.38%和5.05%;单纯照射组与药物+照射组的平均致死剂量(D₀)分别为2.95和2.07 Gy,准阈剂量(D_q)分别为2.01和1.24 Gy,放射增敏比(SER)为1.43。单纯2和6 Gy照射组细胞凋亡率分别是12.26%和40.08%,加入青蒿琥酯后,相同照射剂量下细胞凋亡率分别上升至22.71%和59.92%。结论 青蒿琥酯对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的抑制作用成药物浓度依赖性;青蒿琥酯对HeLa细胞具有一定的放射增敏作用。     

咖啡酸苯一酯对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏作用

目的 探讨咖啡酸苯一酯(CAPE)对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏作用。方法 将宫颈癌HeLa细胞经不同浓度的CAPE作用24 h,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)法检测细胞抑制效应与CAPE浓度的关系。将HeLa细胞设对照组和药物组,两组均经⁶⁰Coγ射线照射0、2、4、6和8 Gy,计数细胞克隆;另将HeLa细胞设对照组、CAPE组、单纯照射组、照射+CAPE组,流式细胞检测技术分析CAPE对细胞周期的影响。结果 CAPE对HeLa细胞的抑制率呈剂量依赖性增加(F=126.49~3654.88,P<0.01);细胞经⁶⁰Coγ射线照射后,HeLa细胞克隆存活率随着照射剂量的增加而降低(F=174.42~9422.81,P<0.01);相同剂量下,药物组的HeLa细胞克隆存活率低于对照组(F=120.14~251.91,P<0.01);药物组和对照组HeLa细胞的平均致死剂量(D₀)为1.45和1.82 Gy、准阈剂量(D_q)为1.89和3.21 Gy, 药物组较小,放射增敏比(SER)为1.26>1;与对照组相比, CAPE组及单纯照射组G₂/M期的细胞比例升高(P<0.01),而在照射+CAPE组则降低(P<0.01)。结论CAPE通过对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞G₂/M期的阻滞及可能抑制细胞亚致死性损伤修复能力,发挥放射增敏作用。     

二氢青蒿素对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞放射增敏作用的研究

目的 探讨二氢青蒿素对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏作用。方法 用MTT法检测其对HeLa细胞生长的抑制效应;克隆形成法检测放射敏感性;应用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及细胞凋亡的变化。结果 二氢青蒿素对HeLa细胞有明显的抑制作用,其效应呈时间和剂量依赖性。20 μmol/L二氢青蒿素对HeLa细胞的放射增敏比(SER)为1.47。二氢青蒿素能够去除X线导致的HeLa细胞G₂期阻滞,与单纯6 Gy照射组相比,药物+照射组G₂期阻滞由73.58%降至48.31%。二氢青蒿素能增强X线诱导的细胞凋亡,与单纯2、4、6 Gy照射组相比,药物+照射组凋亡率分别由29.46%、48.04%、70.21%升至45.79%、66.36%、79.58%。结论 二氢青蒿素对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞具有放射增敏作用,机制可能与二氢青蒿素去除照射引起的G₂期阻滞有关。     

3-硝基三氮唑类衍生物体外放射增敏作用的生物学评价

探讨３－硝基三氮唑衍生物的放射增敏作用，并对其生物学效应作出评价。方法本文用克隆形成法研究了２２个３－硝基－１，２，４－三氮唑衍生物的体外放射增敏活性和乏氧、富氧细胞毒性。结果两个化合物的活性胜过ＭＩＳＯ，有三个化合物与ＭＩＳＯ和ＳＲ－２５０８相当，其余的其活性均较低。３－硝基三唑衍生物也像２－硝基咪唑类那样，其放射增敏活性与电子亲和性（用半波还原电位Ｅ１／２表示）有关。亲和性越大，即Ｅ１／２值越偏正，增敏活性越强。环核Ｎ１位和５位上取代基的结构和性质影响着化合物的Ｅ１／２、分配系数ｐ和细胞毒性。结论３－硝基三唑衍生物对乏氧和富氧（空气）细胞的毒性差别是很有限的，所以它们不是有效的乏氧调节细胞毒剂。但某些的放射增敏作用是值得深入研究的。     

聚乙二醇和核酸适配体AS1411修饰的金纳米粒子对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的 研究聚乙二醇(PEG)和核酸适配体AS1411修饰的金纳米粒子(AuNPs)对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞辐射敏感性的影响。方法 用PEG和PEG-AS1411分别修饰经柠檬酸钠还原法制备的AuNPs,制备纳米粒子AuNPs@PEG和AuNPs@PEG-AS1411。分别用CCK-8法和克隆形成法检测纳米粒子的细胞毒性。用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)检测HeLa细胞对纳米粒子的吸收量。用克隆形成法检测纳米粒子联合X射线照射对HeLa细胞存活率的影响。结果 CCK-8实验结果显示,AuNPs@PEG和AuNPs@PEG-AS1411对HeLa细胞的毒性很小(P>0.05),而克隆形成实验结果则显示,10 d后HeLa细胞的存活率明显降低(t=4.38~11.60,P<0.05)。用AS1411修饰AuNPs,可以增加细胞对AuNPs的吸收。AuNPs@PEG和AuNPs@PEG-AS1411对HeLa细胞均具有辐射增敏作用(F=7.90、48.23,P<0.05),Au浓度为10 mg/ L时,其增敏比分别为1.12和1.20。结论 AuNPs@PEG和AuNPs@PEG-AS1411对HeLa细胞的急性细胞毒性较小,但具有长期毒性。用AS1411修饰PEG化的AuNPs,可以增强AuNPs的放射增敏作用。     

氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏研究

目的 探讨氯碘羟喹(CQ)联合锌离子(zinc)对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞系的放射增敏作用。方法 将细胞分为对照组、药物组、单纯照射组、药物+照射组。CCK-8法检测不同浓度氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞的毒性作用;集落形成实验检测氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响,依据单击多靶模型拟合剂量-生存曲线,并计算放射增敏参数;流式细胞仪检测HeLa细胞周期与凋亡率;单荧光素酶报告基因法检测核转录因子NF-κB的活性。结果 氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞的生长抑制作用呈浓度依赖性(F=188.00,P<0.01)。单纯照射组和药物+照射组的平均致死剂量(D₀)分别为3.16和2.04 Gy,放射增敏比(SER)为1.55。药物+照射组较单纯照射组相比,G₂期阻滞降低(t=10.39,P<0.05),24 h凋亡率增加(t=5.64,P<0.01),药物+照射组NF-κB活性降低(t=21.42,P<0.05)。与对照组比较,药物组NF-κB活性降低(t=12.48,P<0.05),单纯照射组NF-κB活性升高(t=6.23,P<0.05)。结论 氯碘羟喹和锌离子二者联合使用可增加HeLa细胞的放射敏感性,其机制可能与药物去除X射线诱导的G₂期阻滞,增加射线诱导的细胞凋亡,以及抑制细胞NF-κB活性有关。     

盐酸小檗碱对乏氧食管癌细胞的放射增敏作用

目的 研究盐酸小檗碱对乏氧食管癌细胞的放射增敏作用。方法 通过MTT法检测盐酸小檗碱对食管癌ECA-109细胞生长的抑制;克隆集落形成实验观察盐酸小檗碱的放射增敏作用;通过免疫荧光实验观察HIF-1的表达情况;流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡情况;Western blot检测细胞内HIF-1表达;γ-H2AX焦点形成检测DNA分子损伤情况。结果 盐酸小檗碱抑制食管癌ECA-109细胞的生长,并且有明显的时间和剂量依赖性;通过单击多靶模型拟合曲线,可见低浓度盐酸小檗碱预处理24 h,相比于照射组,可以增加乏氧ECA-109细胞的辐射敏感性(t=3.69,P<0.05),辐射增敏指数为1.42;与照射组相比,盐酸小檗碱+照射组中的细胞凋亡率明显增加(t=4.74,P<0.05);盐酸小檗碱作用于乏氧食管癌细胞,可以使乏氧相关蛋白HIF-1的表达降低,并且呈现明显的量效关系;相对于照射组,盐酸小檗碱+照射组能够增加DNA双链断裂数目(DSB)。结论 盐酸小檗碱能够提高食管癌细胞的放射敏感性,与其增加食管癌细胞的凋亡率和降低乏氧食管癌ECA-109细胞内HIF-1的表达有关。     

外源性FGF9对体外肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞作用的实验研究

目的观察外源性成纤维细胞生长因子9（fibroblast growth factor 9,FGF9）对体外大鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞（ATⅡ细胞）生长的影响。方法体外原代分离、纯化、培养成年大鼠ATⅡ细胞,锥虫（台盼）蓝拒染法测定细胞活力,透射电镜鉴定细胞,碱性磷酸酶（AKP）染色法确定细胞纯度。实验组分别用10,30,50 ng/ml FGF9和200μg/ml肝素处理细胞24 h,对照组为未经药物处理的ATⅡ细胞。选择30 ng/ml FGF9浓度后,再通过噻唑蓝检测法（MTT法）分别检测24,48,72和96 h的细胞存活率。结果原代培养ATⅡ细胞的产量约为2×107个/鼠,细胞活力〉90%,电镜下观察到ATⅡ细胞典型细胞结构——板层小体,细胞纯度〉90%。采用30和50 ng/ml浓度FGF9刺激细胞24 h,ATⅡ细胞存活率明显增高（P〈0.01）。采用30 ng/ml FGF9刺激ATⅡ细胞不同时间（24,48,72和96 h）发现,24,48,72和96 h细胞存活率均明显高于对照组（P均〈0.01）。结论利用弹性蛋白酶消化分离和大鼠IgG免疫黏附纯化,可获得高产量、高纯度及高活力的原代ATⅡ细胞。FGF9以浓度和时间依赖的方式促进ATⅡ细胞增殖。     

Fullerenes as a new class of radioprotectors

Purpose : To evaluate the radioprotective activity of C 3, a regioisomer of water-soluble carboxyfullerene and a potent free radical scavenger, on both normal and tumour cells. Materials and methods : The murine committed bone-marrow stem cells for both granulocytes and monocytes (GM-CFC) were used to represent normal cells. For tumour cells, murine Ehrlich ascites tumour cells grown in regular tissue culture (EAT-T) and in the peritoneal cavity of CD1 mice (EAT-PC) and human HeLa cells were used. Cells were preexposed to varying concentrations (1-100 μ g/ml) of C 3 at 37°C for 30min before they were irradiated. Clonogenic assays were used to determine survival. The protection factor (PF), defined as the ratio of survival with and without C 3, was then determined. Results : C 3 protected GM-CFC in a concentration-dependent manner up to 50 μ g/ml, and no additional protection was seen at 100 μ g/ml. The PF was 1.77 when bone-marrow cells were pre-exposed to 50 μ g/ml of C 3 before they were irradiated with 2 Gy. The value of PF increased to 2.38 when 4 Gy was used. In sharp contrast, C 3 exerted less radioprotective effect on tumour cells. The PF values were 1.07, 1.43 and 1.07 for EAT-T, EAT-PC, and HeLa cells, respectively, when 2 Gy was given in the presence of 50 μ g/ml of C3. These values increased to 1.40, 1.75 and 1.27, respectively, when 4 Gy was given. The dose-modifying factors at 10% survival were 1.37 and 1.15 for GM-CFC and EAT-PC, respectively. Conclusion : C 3 exhibits a radioprotective effect on a class of normal haemopoietic progenitor cells. It also protects tumour cells, but to a lesser degree. It appears that C 3 and other watersoluble fullerenes have a potential to be a new class of cytoprotectors.     

The roles of TGF-β3 and peroxynitrite in removal of hyper-radiosensitivity by priming irradiation

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the mechanisms inducing and maintaining the permanent elimination of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) in cells given a dose of 0.3 Gy at low dose-rate (LDR) (0.3 Gy/h).

Materials and methods: Two human HRS-positive cell lines (T-47D, T98G) were used. The effects of pretreatments with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) neutralizers, TGF-β3 or peroxynitrite scavenger on HRS were investigated using the colony assay. Cytoplasmic levels of TGF-β3 were measured using post-embedding immunogold electron microscopic analysis.

Results: TGF-β3 neutralizer inhibited the removal of HRS by LDR irradiation. Adding 0.001 ng/ml TGF-β3 to cells removed HRS in T98G cells while 0.01 ng/ml additionally induced resistance to higher doses. Cytoplasmic levels of TGF-β3 were higher in LDR-primed cells than in unirradiated cells. The presence of the peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid inhibited the effect of LDR irradiation. Furthermore, the permanent elimination of HRS in LDR-primed cells was reversed by treatment with uric acid. The removal of HRS by medium from hypoxic cells was inhibited by adding TGF-β3 neutralizer to the medium before transfer or by adding hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inhibitor chetomin to the cell medium during hypoxia.

Conclusions: TGF-β3 is involved in the regulation of cellular responses to small doses of acute irradiation. TGF-β3 activation seems to be induced by low dose-rate irradiation by a mechanism involving inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and peroxynitrite, or during cycling hypoxia by a mechanism most likely involving HIF-1. The study suggests methods to turn resistance to doses in the HRS-range on (by TGF-β3) or off (by TGF-β3 neutralizer or by peroxynitrite inhibition).     

芦荟多糖对高原重度创伤失血性休克大鼠的治疗效果

目的：探讨芦荟多糖（AP）对高原重度创伤失血性休克大鼠的治疗效果。方法：初进高原30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组：乳酸林格氏液组（LR,10只）;芦荟多糖组（AP50,AP100各10只）。实验中持续监测平均动脉血压（MAP）,并在放血前（T0）、休克1 h（T3）、复苏1 h末（T5）、2 h末（T7）测动脉血气,记录大鼠生存时间和4 h生存率。结果：AP可显著提升重度创伤失血性休克大鼠MAP,改善动脉血气指标,明显延长动物存活时间。结论：AP有较好的治疗高原重度创伤失血性休克的作用,且AP 100μg/ml是相对较好的剂量。     

Effect of Doxorubicin on Cell Survival and Micronuclei Formation in HeLa Cells Exposed to Different Doses of Gamma-Radiation

PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to obtain an insight into the combined effects of doxorubicin with radiation on the cell survival and micronuclei induction in HeLa cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HeLa S3 cells were allowed to grow till they reached plateau phase, inoculated with 10 micrograms/ml doxorubicin hydrochloride and then exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 Gy gamma-radiation. Clonogenicity of cells was measured using the colony forming assay, micronuclei formation using the micronucleus assay. RESULTS: The treatment of HeLa cells with doxorubicin (adriamycin) for 2 hours before exposure to different doses of gamma-radiation resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decline in the cell survival and cell proliferation when compared to the PBS + irradiation group. Conversely, the frequency of micronuclei increased in a dose-related manner in both the PBS + irradiation and doxorubicin + irradiation groups. The pretreatment of HeLa cells with doxorubicin before irradiation to various doses of gamma-rays resulted in a significant elevation in the frequency of micronuclei when compared with the concurrent PBS + irradiation group. The dose-response relationship for both PBS + irradiation and doxorubicin + irradiation groups was linear. The correlation between cell survival and micronuclei induction was also determined for PBS or doxorubicin + irradiation group, where the clonogenicity of cells declined with the increase in micronuclei formation. The correlation between cell survival and micronuclei induction was linear quadratic for both PBS + irradiation and doxorubicin + irradiation groups. CONCLUSION: From our study it can be concluded that combination treatment with doxorubicin and radiation increased the genotoxic effect of the either treatment given alone.     

光敏剂叶酸-卟啉对宫颈癌HeLa细胞的靶向性和光动力活性

目的评价光敏剂卟啉Ⅰ对宫颈癌HeLa细胞的肿瘤靶向性和光动力活性。方法采用荧光测定法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察宫颈癌HeLa细胞对卟啉Ⅰ的吞噬作用;采用MTT试验观察卟啉Ⅰ在有或无光照条件下对人正常肝L-02细胞、肺腺癌A549细胞和宫颈癌HeLa细胞的生长抑制作用。结果孵育24 h后HeLa细胞对卟啉Ⅰ的吞噬量是前体卟啉A的35倍,且这种吞噬作用可被过量叶酸的加入明显抑制;卟啉Ⅰ对HeLa细胞呈现出很低的暗毒性和明显的光毒性,光照下在卟啉Ⅰ浓度为5.0×10-5mol/L时,HeLa细胞的生长抑制率达到84.6%;并且这种光毒性具有明显的叶酸受体阳性细胞选择性,在相同条件下,对正常L-02肝细胞和叶酸受体阴性A549细胞无光毒性。结论卟啉结构中引入叶酸单体后,由于叶酸受体的介导作用明显改善了该光敏剂的肿瘤靶向性和光动力活性。     

不同粒径的石墨烯量子点在PC12细胞中的成像效应及细胞毒性

 目的 探究不同粒径的石墨烯量子点(graphene quantum dots,GQDs)在PC12细胞中的细胞成像效应及细胞毒性。方法 通过动态光散射法(DLS)对GQDs的水合粒径和zeta电位进行表征,采用CCK-8试剂盒检测GQDs对PC12细胞的毒理效应,使用激光共聚焦显微镜比较不同粒径的GQDs在PC12细胞中的荧光成像效应。结果 GQDs对PC12细胞的毒性效应是呈尺寸依赖性的,15 nm的GQDs比50 nm GQDs对PC12细胞的细胞毒性低,500 μg/ml的15 nm GQDs孵育48 h后,细胞活力仍保持在80%以上。对15 nm的GQDs更容易被PC12细胞摄取,80%以上的细胞能成功显影,表现优异的细胞成像效应。结论 GQDs细胞毒性低,细胞成像效果好,是一种适合神经系统成像的纳米材料。     

125I粒子组织间永久种植致大鼠坐骨神经早期损伤的病理学观察

目的 探讨¹²⁵I粒子持续性低剂量率照射下肿瘤细胞的凋亡和周期改变。方法 采用CL187人结肠癌细胞系体外培养,分为空白对照组、⁶⁰Co单次高剂量率照射组、¹²⁵I低剂量率照射组。单次高剂量率组以2 Gy/min给予细胞1、2、4、6、8和10 Gy的照射,低剂量率组以2.77cGy/h的初始剂量率给予相同剂量照射,照射后24 h根据肿瘤细胞死亡率和14 d克隆形成率评价不同照射方式对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果。同时,用放射性¹²⁵I粒子以2.77 cGy/h的剂量率,给予细胞2、5和10 Gy的照射,应用流式细胞术测量其凋亡和细胞周期的变化。结果 低剂量率组照射后细胞死亡率在1 Gy时低于⁶⁰Co单次高剂量率组,随着剂量的上升,2 Gy后,超过单次高剂量率组,但整体上¹²⁵I粒子照射后细胞死亡率高于⁶⁰Co组(P=0.011)。¹²⁵I持续性低剂量率照射组的克隆增殖率明显低于⁶⁰Co单次高剂量率组(P=0.0021)。低剂量率照射下,2 Gy时仅能引起G₂/M期阻滞和凋亡,5 Gy时达到峰值,10 Gy时细胞周期阻滞和凋亡的比率依然很高,但相对于5 Gy有所下降;同时G₂/M期阻滞和凋亡变化呈现出相同的趋势。结论 在相同剂量条件下,¹²⁵I粒子持续照射低剂量率照射比⁶⁰Co单次高剂量照射对CL187肿瘤细胞具有更强的杀伤效应;G₂/M期阻滞引起的凋亡是低剂量率照射杀伤肿瘤细胞的主要机制。     

双启动子杆状病毒介导131I肿瘤靶向治疗的实验研究

目的构建由人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）启动子调控的N1S基因以及由早期生长应答因子1（Egr1）启动子调控的人纤溶酶原Kringle5（K5）基因的双启动子重组杆状病毒载体,探讨同时靶向肿瘤细胞与血管内皮细胞的基因治疗模式的可行性。方法将hTERT启动子和N1S基因片段以及Egr1启动子和麟基因片段分别亚克隆至杆状病毒载体,经草地贪夜蛾卵巢细胞（Sf9）包装并扩增得到重组杆状病毒（Bac—hTERT-N1S—Egr1-K5）,同时将CMV启动子调控的重组杆状病毒（Bac—CMV-NIS—Egr1-K5）以及不含NIS基因或不含硒基因的重组杆状病毒（Bac—hTERT-O—Egrl-K5、Bac-hTERT-NIS—Egr1-0）作为对照组。采用荧光定量PCR及Westernblot分析NISmRNA和蛋白在人宫颈癌细胞HeLa中的靶向表达,以及131I辐射对K5mRNA和蛋白的表达调控。通过摄碘实验、NaClO4抑制实验以及细胞增殖抑制实验验证NIS蛋白的功能及由其介导的131I抑瘤作用。通过细胞凋亡实验评估K5蛋白对人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）的促凋亡作用。统计学检验采用方差分析。结果成功构建重组杆状病毒Bac—hTERT-NIS—Egr1-K5。荧光定量PCR及Westernblot显示肿瘤特异性启动子hTERT介导的NIS基因仅在HeLa细胞中有表达,而在正常肺纤维细胞MRC5中无表达。131I可以调控辐射敏感启动子Egr1下游您基因的转录和翻译。细胞摄碘实验显示Bac-hTERT-NIS—Egr1-K5感染的HeLa细胞摄碘增加了5．6倍,与未加NaClO4组比,其摄碘能被NaClO4显著抑制（F=199．296,P〈0．05）。131I对Bac—hTERT-NIS—Egr1-K5感染的HeLa细胞的抑制效果明显,细胞存活率仅为38．3％。Bac—hTERT-NIS—Egrl一K5感染的HUVEC细胞在131I照射下的凋亡率（30．8％）显著高于Bac．hTERT-NIS—Egr1-0组和未加病毒组（11．2％和10．9％,F=19．926、45．409,均P〈0．05）。结论重组杆状病毒Bac-hTERT-NIS—Egrl．K5可使NIS基因在肿瘤细胞?     

Theranostic Silver Chalcogenide Quantum Dots in Phototherapy

Nanoparticles entered the phototherapy arena as photosensitizers and as delivery vehicles of organic photosensitizers. Luminescent Ag-chalcogenide quantum dots trigger PTT at long wavelengths and offer image-guided phototherapy. These nanoparticles also effectively deliver organic photosensitizers such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and/or drugs to the target, hence provide PDT/PTT, Chemo/PTT, or even Chemo/PDT/PTT combination for effective killing of tumor cells.Nanoparticles entered the phototherapy arena as photosensitizers and as delivery vehicles of organic photosensitizers. 4-Aminolevulinic acid is now an FDA-approved pro-drug for PDT suffering from low bioavailability. Small theranostic nanoparticles that are already under heavy investigation for drug delivery and tracking offer the opportunity to improve ALA-bioavailability and delivery to targets, such as the tumor mass.Ag₂S quantum dots are luminescent in the NIR and highly biocompatible, hence are excellent for delivering ALA and providing image-guided PDT. We have loaded Ag₂S with ALA and tagged it with Cetuximab for improved and selective PDT of EGFR(+) colorectal cancer cells under 420 nm and 630 nm irradiation [1]. This enabled improved PDT with a significantly low ALA dose: 0.17 mM ALA-1 min – 640 nm irradiation caused more than 80% death in SW480 cell line after a short incubation. Further toxicity was obtained with additional 5FU conjugation to these QDs and almost all cells were killed at and above 0.35 mM ALA/15 μg mL⁻¹ 5FU doses, which is dramatically lower than IC50 of each component. Ag₂S QDs were also discovered as photosensitizers for PTT [3,4] and a combination of image-guided PTT and chemotherapy potential was investigated in cancer cells, using folic acid tagged Ag₂S QDs loaded with methotrexate [2]. This approach provided selective and near complete killing of FR(+) HeLa cells compared to HT29 and A549 cells via necrosis/late apoptosis after 10 min irradiation at 808 nm. IC₅₀ of MTX was reduced from 10 to 0.21 μg/mL.Lastly, in vivo examples of chemo/PTT combinations for the treatment of breast cancer will be shown.