单发和多发脑静脉血栓形成的临床特征分析

目的 探讨单发和多发脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)患者的临床特征和短期预后. 方法 总结分析136例CVT患者的血栓部位及受累静脉窦/静脉数目,依受累颅内静脉窦/静脉数目将患者分为单发CVT组和多发CVT组,采用单变量分析比较2组患者的临床特点及预后. 结果 单发CVT组44例,多发CVT组92例(其中累及2个部位45例,3个部位35例,4个部位9例,5个部位3例).最常受累的静脉窦/静脉为横窦/乙状窦(86.8%),其后依次为上矢状窦(58.1%)、直窦(18.4%)、大脑深静脉系统(7.4%)和皮层静脉系统(2.9%).单变量分析显示单发CVT组患者平均发病年龄大于多发CVT组,但短期预后好于多发CVT组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多发CVT组患者出现颅内实质病变及合并颅外静脉血栓的几率高于单发CVT组,同时治疗前颅内压≥300mm H2O的患者比例高于单发CVT组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 CVT中以多发CVT所占比例较高,最容易受累的部位为横窦/乙状窦和上矢状窦.与单发CVT相比,多发CVT患者颅内压较高,多合并颅外静脉血栓,出现静脉性脑梗死和脑出血的几率较高,临床病情重,预后相对较差.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（9例临床报道）

目的:探讨脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床特点与影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析本院9例CVT的临床及影像学资料。结果:①临床表现:头痛(77%)、癫样抽搐(66%)、局灶性神经功能缺失(66%)、视乳头水肿(44%)、不同程度意识障碍(22%)。②影像学资料及治疗转归:1例头颅CT示弥漫性脑水肿,蛛网膜下隙出血合并多发出血性脑梗死,因颅内压持续增高,予外科手术行去骨板减压术,见大脑表面浅静脉怒张呈绳索状并多数点片状出血灶。8例行头颅MRI和MRV,显示直接征像8例、间接征像6例。其中2例同时行DSA,均显示多个静脉和静脉窦充盈缺损。静脉血栓部位:上矢状窦合并浅静脉血栓1例,上矢状窦合并侧窦及多处静脉受累7例,直窦血栓1例。7例行肝素抗凝等对症治疗、1例行血管内局部溶栓、1例行矢状窦手术取栓并抗凝治疗。症状缓解至痊愈7例,病死2例。结论:首诊时诊断不明确,可先作头颅CT,排除颅内非CVT性病变,临床已拟诊CVT时,应首选MRI+MRV,进行综合判断是目前诊断和随访CVT的最好方法,婴幼儿CVT常表现为癫发作起病,提示CVT是婴幼儿重要的未被识别的性发作原因之一。     

6例脑静脉血栓形成误诊原因分析

脑静脉血栓形成（cerebral　venous thrombosis,CVT）是发生在颅内静脉系统包括静脉窦、大脑深静脉、大脑浅静脉的一种少见、特殊的血栓栓塞性疾病,临床表现各异,常易误诊及漏诊,临床误诊率50％[1]。我院收治6例,现将误诊原因分析如下。     

23例颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床表现及影像学诊断

目的 研究颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVT）的临床特征及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析23例CVT患的临床资料及影像学特点，包括发病原因，临床表现，血栓部位，及颅脑CT和磁共振成像（MRI／MRA），数字减影血管造影（DSA）的异常表现。结果 妊娠及产褥期是CVT的最主要的危险因素。大多数病人表现有头痛，呕吐，视乳头水肿颅内高压征，近半数以上病人伴有意识障碍，偏瘫，癫痫发作，颅神经损害，脑膜刺激征等。少数病例CT可呈条索征或空三角征。上矢状窦MRI特征表现为T1，T2加权像窦内高信号，DSA可见受累的一处或多处静脉窦显影不良，静脉循环时间延长。结论 CVT临床表现多样，颅脑CT无特异性，MRI／MRA，DSA可帮助早期确诊并确定病变部位，多静脉窦或静脉血栓应引起注意。     

脑静脉血栓形成诊断和治疗的临床分析

[关键词]脑静脉血栓形成溶栓治疗脑静脉血栓形成(cerebralvenousthrombosis,CVT)是发生在颅内静脉系统包括静脉窦、大脑深、浅静脉一种少见的血栓栓塞性疾病,临床表现多样,易误诊。现对我们救治的22例CVT患者报道如下,并对实施过静脉窦接触溶栓的资料进行分析和文献回顾。1资料1.1一般资料:从南京卒中注册数据库1809例病例中,查询符合CVT诊断的共22例,为2002年9月至2005年3月的住院患者,其中男13例,女9例,年龄16～60岁,平均37.2岁,经MR、磁共振静脉血管成像(magneticresonancevenography,MRV)或数字减影血管造影(digitalsubtractionan…     

低颅压综合征合并颅内静脉血栓2例并文献回顾分析

目的总结分析低颅压综合征(SIH)合并颅内静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床表现,诊断和治疗方法。方法报道2例低颅压综合征合并颅内静脉血栓形成,并回顾文献报道15例同类病例,分析其临床特征、影像学表现、治疗和病理生理机制。结果17例患者均以亚急性起病,其中14例患者表现为体位性头痛。常见的伴随症状有恶心、呕吐、复视、耳鸣等。所有患者的影像学检查都存在SIH和CVT的表现,头部核磁共振(MRI)加静脉成像(MRV)是诊断颅内静脉血栓形成的主要手段。结论低颅压综合征是颅内静脉血栓形成的危险因素之一,了解两者内在的病理生理联系和临床特征有利于对该病的早期诊断和及时治疗。     

脑静脉血栓形成39例分析

脑静脉血栓形成(Cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT)是指发生在脑皮层静脉、脑深部静脉和(或)颅内静脉窦部位的血栓,由于部位不一,程度各异,其临床表现远不如动脉血栓形成相对具有定位表现,又因发病率较低,常造成诊断上的困难,虽因其特殊的病理机制使抗凝溶栓治疗顾虑较多,但     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成误诊原因分析

目的 研究颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVT)的临床特征、影像学表现,分析其误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析8例CVT患者的临床资料及影像学特点,包括发病原因、临床表现、血栓部位及颅脑CT和磁共振成像(MRI/MRA)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)的异常表现.结果 CVT的病因各不相同,多与高凝状态有关.大多数患者表现有头痛、呕吐、视盘水肿、颅内高压征,伴或不伴意识降碍、视力下降、瘫痪及精神障碍.CT扫描可见静脉窦下降部分及窦汇有高密度影,易被误诊为SAH.CVT的好发部位多见于上矢状窦,MRI特征表现为T1、T2加权像窦内高信号.DSA可见受累的一处或多处静脉窦显影不良、静脉循环时间延长.结论 CVT临床表现多样,颅脑CT无特异性,MRI/MRA,DSA可帮助早期确诊及病变部位,并尽早给以低分子肝素、尿激酶治疗,提高了静脉窦血栓的再通率,增加了该病的临床疗效.     

高血压脑出血微创颅内血肿清除术死亡因素分析

目的探讨颅内血肿微创清除术治疗高血压脑出血死亡相关因素。方法通过对微创治疗脑出血死亡29例进行回顾性分析。结果29例死亡的病例中,11例死于脑疝形成,8例死于再出血,4例死于肺部感染,4例死于多器官功能衰竭,2例死于消化道出血。结论微创清除术治疗高血压性脑出血死亡相关因素:脑疝形成、出血量及部位、再出血、意识状态、感染、脑水肿、多器官功能衰竭、消化道出血及年龄。     

磁敏感加权成像及T_2*梯度回波序列在颅内静脉血栓形成中的应用

目的分析大脑静脉系统血栓形成(cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT)的临床及影像学特点,主要是磁敏感加权成像及T_2*梯度回波序列。方法收集我院11例大脑静脉系统血栓形成病例(6例皮质静脉血栓,4例静脉窦血栓,1例皮质静脉合并静脉窦血栓),分析其病因及影像学特点。结果 11例CVT女3例,男8例,平均年龄(40±21)岁。头部CT及MRI示不同脑叶出血性梗死、窦汇高密度、横窦束带征、静脉窦高信号等。MRV和全脑血管造影术(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)示静脉窦血栓形成,皮质静脉血栓或横窦乙状窦先天发育不良。头部MRI的SWI和T_2*序列示静脉窦血栓或皮质静脉区血栓,2例未发现异常。6例SWI和T_2*序列显示静脉血栓一致。2例SWI和T_2*序列阴性病例通过MRV或DSA诊断。结论 CVT是颅内静脉系统的血栓栓塞性疾病,多见于中青年,头部MRI的SWI像和T_2*序列对于皮质静脉血栓诊断非常重要,对于静脉窦血栓形成病例有很大帮助。T_2*和SWI序列可作为颅内静脉血栓形成的常规检查。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.