呼吸机辅助通气全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物的临床应用*

目的评价呼吸机辅助通气全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜在儿童取支气管异物中的应用价值。方法 13例支气管异物儿童,在全身麻醉呼吸机辅助通气下,经纤维支气管镜取异物,进行回顾性分析。结果 13例支气管异物儿童均1次手术取出成功,手术过程血氧饱和度均维持在90%以上,术后均在2 h内成功撤掉呼吸机。结论对于细小或软性支气管异物,呼吸机辅助通气全麻下,应用纤维支气管镜取异物手术安全、有效。     

纤维支气管镜诊治小儿支气管异物体会

目的 总结纤维支气管镜在支气管异物中的诊治价值.方法 对纤维支气管镜诊治108例儿童支气管异物的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 该组108例,呼吸道吸入异物73例,43例由纤支镜成功取出;21例经纤支镜确诊后由硬支气管镜取出;9例由纤支镜合并硬支气管镜取出;内生性异物35例,全部由纤支镜成功取出.结论 纤维支气管不仅可以诊断支气管异物,结合其他工具也还可有效治疗呼吸道异物.     

喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物的临床应用

目的评估全麻经喉罩行纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物的安全性及效果。方法回顾性分析6年间该院在喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物57例。结果 57例气管支气管异物均1次手术取出成功,全部病例经皮血氧饱和度、心率等生命体征平稳,有5例钳取肉芽组织出现少量出血,未出现喉水肿、喉痉挛和心跳呼吸骤停等并发症。结论喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物手术安全有效,值得推广。     

硬质支气管镜下治疗儿童气管支气管异物150例

目的探寻儿童气管．支气管异物的临床表现，总结硬质支气管镜及潜窥镜在儿童气管及支气管异物取出术中的应用技巧。方法回顾性分析全身麻醉下应用硬质支气管镜诊疗150例气管及支气管异物患儿的临床资料。结果在硬性支气管镜下一次性取出气管及支气管异物146例，4例因异物停留于肺段，在潜窥镜的直视下成功取出。结论全身麻醉下硬质支气管镜取异物具有快速、安全、创伤小的特点，潜窥镜可以弥补其不足，术中要求做到轻柔、仔细、稳妥、迅速。     

纤维支气管镜和电子气管镜在成人不典型支气管异物诊治中的应用价值

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜和电子气管镜在成人不典型支气管异物诊治中的作用，提高成人支气管异物的诊治水平。方法：利用纤维支气管镜或电子支气管镜进行检查并镜下取异物。结果：本组19例支气管异物经气管镜检查发现，同时镜下取出异物16例，取异物成功率84％，3例因异物钳夹困难，由外科手术取出。结论：纤维支气管镜或电子支气管镜对不典型支气管异物确诊率高，操作简单，取异物成功率高，值得临床推广应用。     

经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳在儿童隐匿性支气管异物取出术围术期护理中的应用

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出儿童隐匿性支气管异物的疗效及其围术期护理措施。方法选择该院2013年1月～2016年12月儿童隐匿性支气管异物经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出术病例24例,进行术前的心理、患儿及物品准备,术中体位配合、监护、钳取配合、并发症观察,术后监护与健康宣教等护理。结果所有患儿均成功取出异物,术中配合术者尝试使用篮形异物钳操作次数为（2．32±1．44）次,用时为（69．60±43．06）s,术后未发生严重并发症。术后呼吸科专科门诊随诊随访率为91．67％（22／24）,首次复诊时间平均（9．74±5．10）d,复查胸部影像均有改善。结论经纤维支气管镜篮形异物钳取出术配合围术期精心护理是成功取出儿童隐匿性支气管异物的可靠方案。     

纤维支气管镜治疗成人支气管异物6例体会

目的:探讨成人支气管异物的诊治经验。方法:对6例支气管异物的诊断与取出病例进行回顾性分析。结果:纤维支气管镜成功取出花生仁、瓜子皮、鸡骨、项链坠等异物。结论:支气管异物救治成功的关键是早期诊断、早期治疗,纤维支气管镜疗效明确,无后遗症。     

纤维支气管镜钳取成人支气管异物的体会

气道内异物临床上并非罕见,多发生于儿童,但成人吸入(西瓜籽、图钉类)异物就不多见了.国内外均有推荐应用纤维支气管镜作为取出支气管异物的一线方法.我院自2005年8月～2008年10月应用纤维支气管镜钳取成人支气管异物6例.现报告如下:     

纤维支气管镜诊治成人支气管异物16例分析

目的：探讨成人支气管异物的诊断与治疗的体会,以提高纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）对异物的诊治价值。方法：分析16例成人支气管异物的临床特点、胸部X线和CT表现、支气管镜下特征以及钳取成功方法。结果：16例患者中,有明确异物误吸史7例,CT检查仅2例显示支气管异物,其余均误诊。所有患者经纤支镜检查明确为支气管异物,15例异物经纤支镜成功取出,1例钳取失败,转外科手术治疗。结论：成人支气管异物应予重视,纤支镜是诊治支气管异物的主要手段。     

经纤维支气管镜钳取小儿支气管异物的术中配合及体会

目的总结经纤维支气管镜钳取小儿支气管异物的术中配合。方法对经纤维支气管镜钳取小儿支气管异物35例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果该组35例小儿支气管异物经纤维支气管镜成功取出33例。结论通过严密的气道管理、娴熟的操作技术与默契配合、体位改变,从而进一步缩短手术时间,降低手术风险,提高手术成功率,减少并发症。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.