院内获得性感染及中医药防治研究进展

<正>随着激素、免疫抑制剂、广谱抗菌药物在临床医疗中的广泛应用,医院感染率逐年上升,据美国一项调查显示,在任一时间段内,每20名住院患者中就有1名会发生医源性感染[1]。2002年,我国医院感染现患率接近5.22%,例次感染率高达5.58%[2],初步预计每年发生约500万例[3]。高发的院内感染导致一系列严重的后果,我国每年由医院感染引起的直接经济损失预计超过500亿     

低浓度唑来膦酸对成骨细胞和破骨细胞影响的体外实验

目的：观察低浓度(10-6 mol/L)唑来膦酸(zoledronate acid,ZA)对体外大鼠破骨细胞及成骨细胞的影响。方法体外分别培养大鼠来源的成骨细胞和破骨细胞,将两种细胞各分为两组：空白对照组及低浓度(10-6 mol/L)ZA组。应用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色、图像分析计算骨吸收陷窝面积,检测破骨细胞形态及骨吸收情况。碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)染色、四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法了解成骨细胞的形态及增殖情况。结果培养1周后破骨细胞具有典型的形态特征,并在骨片上形成了吸收陷窝;ZA组与对照组相比,破骨细胞数量及生成吸收陷窝的数目和面积减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。成骨细胞有典型的梭形、ALP染色阳性特征,培养至第7天ZA组成骨细胞光吸收值(3.37±0.11)高于对照组(2.87±0.12),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论低浓度(10-6 mol/L)的ZA能够抑制破骨细胞的增殖和活性,促进成骨细胞的增殖,选择恰当给药方式和剂量能够在抑制破骨的同时促进成骨。     

中药口护对呼吸机治疗时痰培养检出情况的影响研究

目的通过寒热辨证,探讨中药口护对呼吸机治疗时痰培养检出情况的影响。方法采用随机对照方法将141例呼吸机相关肺炎患者分为对照组65例和试验组76例。试验组根据辨证情况给予中药汤剂口腔护理,其中热证取金银花、苦参、黄芩各30 g,寒证取苦参、蛇床子、干姜、甘草各30 g,均浓煎200 m L,每日2次。对照组给予生理盐水口腔护理。比较2组口腔护理前后有创呼吸机、无创呼吸机的痰培养阳性情况。结果试验组在有创呼吸机和无创呼吸机治疗时痰培养阳性检出率分别为38.46%、36.00%,明显低于对照组的100%、100%,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=31.179,29.568;P0.01)。结论中药口护可降低痰培养的检出率,从而预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

生物反应器中的力学刺激促进组织工程软骨再生

BACKGROUND: Cartilage tissue engineering has been widely used to achieve cartilage regeneration in vitro and repair cartilage defects. Tissue-engineered cartilage mainly consists of chondrocytes, cartilage scaffold and in vitro environment. OBJECTIVE: To mimic the environment of articular cartilage development in vivo, in order to increase the bionic features of tissue-engineered cartilage scaffold and effectiveness of cartilage repair. METHODS: Knee joint chondrocytes were isolated from New Zealand white rabbits, 2 months old, and expanded in vitro. The chondrocytes at passage 2 were seeded onto a scaffold of articular cartilage extracellular matrix in the concentration of 1×106/L to prepare cell-scaffold composites. Cell-scaffold composites were cultivated in an Instron bioreactor with mechanical compression (1 Hz, 3 hours per day, 10% compression) as experimental group for 7, 14, 24, 28 days or cultured statically for 1 day as control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Morphological observations demonstrated that the thickness, elastic modulus and maximum load of the composite in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, which were positively related to time (P < 0.05). Histological staining showed the proliferation of chondrocytes, formation of cartilage lacuna and synthesis of proteoglycan in the experimental group through hematoxylin-eosin staining and safranin-O staining, which were increased gradually with mechanical stimulation time. These results were consistent with the findings of proteoglycan kit. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that mRNA expressions of collagen type I and collagen type II were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). The experimental group showed the highest mRNA expression of collagen type I and collagen type II at 21 and 28 days of mechanical stimulation, respectively (P < 0.05). With the mechanical stimulation of bioreactor, the cell-scaffold composite can produce more extracellular matrix, such as collagen and proteoglycan, strengthen the mechanical properties to be more coincident with the in vivo environment of cartilage development, and increase the bionic features. With the progress of tissue engineering, the clinical bioregeneration of damaged cartilage will be achieved.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

AZ31镁合金材料植入物在兔股骨髁内的降解：Micro-CT评价

BACKGROUND: Magnesium can be degraded voluntarily in vivo, so a second surgery is avoided. However, its alloys have not been widely used in the clinical orthopedics because there is a lack of accurate and reliable methods to assess its degradation in vivo. OBJECTIVE: To explore the degradation of micro-arc-oxidized AZ31 magnesium alloy in the femoral condyle of rabbits based on micro-CT images and relative data. METHODS: Forty micro-arc-oxidized AZ31 magnesium alloys were implanted into the right femoral condyle of 40 New Zealand rabbits. Then 10 right femoral condyles were removed at 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks after surgery, respectively, to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the degradation of AZ31 magnesium alloys by micro-CT images and relative data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The surface of AZ31 alloys was corroded progressively with dark color and distorted appearance at 5-20 weeks post implantation. Micro-CT images showed that in the first 5 weeks, the degradation was inactive, and at the 10th week, it turned active; at the 15th week, the corrosion pits were obviously increased in number, and the corrosion area and corrosion speed were enlarged and fastened, respectively. Up to the 20th week, the alloy surfaces were full of corrosion pits besides roughness and discontinuity. Relevant data analysis showed that the volume fraction of magnesium alloy was 98.6%, 97.1% and 86.4% at the 5th, 10th and 20th weeks after implantation, respectively, and it had a significant decrease from the 10th to 15th week and from the 15th to 20th week (P < 0.05). Within 15-20 weeks, the volume fraction of magnesium alloy was decreased by 6.5% that was the maximum volume reduction per unit cycle. With the progress of corrosion, the surface continuously became rough and vague, and its surface area was enlarged; the ratio of surface area to volume continuously increased, and there was a significant difference at 15 and 20 weeks (P < 0.05). Because of the increasing number of corrosion pits, the cross-sectional radius decreased, which was reflected by the trabecular thickness decreasing from 1.00 to 0.87 mm. From the view of the slope of curve, the trabecular thickness decreased most rapidly at 10-15 weeks. The mineral density of magnesium alloy continuously decreased from 649.302 to 356.445 mg/cm3 during the whole experiment period (P < 0.05). In addition, the micro-CT image density decreased from 679.710 to 644.947 mg/cm3, but there was no significant difference. To conclude, the degradation speed is peaked at 10-20 weeks after implantation, and the content of magnesium alloys decrease with degradation, but the magnesium density has no significant change. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

日本医学院校的汉方教育（一）概说

汉方医学,是源自中医学的日本传统医学。目前,日本开设汉方医学课程的高等院校有大约80所。北京中医药大学的五名同学,给所有这些学校发出了咨询函件,以了解其在培养目标、课程设置、教学计划及教材选用等方面的特点。并在梁嵘老师的指导下,对已获得的资料进行了分析,并进行了一些相关的思考。     

日本医学院校的汉方教育（三）——关东与东海地区

在日本中东部沿海地区,也有不少综合性大学和医学专科大学开设汉方课程。其中最具代表性的,是位于关东地区的筑波大学、北里大学、独协医科大学,和位于东海地区的东海大学。     

冠心病血瘀证患者外周血细胞微粒结合体水平的研究

目的探讨冠心病不稳定心绞痛(UA)患者外周血血小板微粒(PMP)与白细胞微粒(LMP)、内皮细胞微粒(EMP)、红细胞微粒(RMP)间形成的结合体与冠心病严重程度的关系。方法将冠心病患者分为血瘀证组和非血瘀证组。利用显微成像流式细胞术观察冠心病UA患者PMP与LMP、EMP、RMP间形成的结合体水平并观察其形态,检测结合体在冠心病UA血瘀证及非血瘀证患者外周血细胞中的差异。结果冠心病UA血瘀证患者PMP、LMP、EMP、RMP、PMP-EMP结合体、PMP-RMP结合体表达水平高于非血瘀证患者(P0.05),且与血瘀证呈正相关(P0.01)。结论 PMP、LMP、EMP、RMP、PMP-EMP结合体、PMP-RMP结合体参与了冠心病UA血瘀证的形成。     

应用随机双盲法评价补肾和脉方治疗老年单纯收缩期高血压的临床研究

目的探讨补肾和脉方联合规范化抗高血压药物治疗老年单纯收缩期高血压的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机双盲对照研究方法,将65例患者按照分层区组随机化分为试验组和对照组。试验组采用中药复方颗粒联合规范化抗高血压药物治疗,对照组采用安慰剂颗粒联合规范化抗高血压药物治疗。2组均治疗12周,研究分为导入期和随机化治疗期,观察疗效性指标。结果试验组降压有效率94．3％（33／35）,对照组87．5％（26／30）,组间比较差异无统计学意义（X^2=1．119,P〉0．05）。试验组降压达标率88．6％（31／35）,对照组80％（24／30）,组间比较差异有统计学意义（X^2=17．515,P〈0．01）。治疗前后脉压的降低幅度相比,2组间差异有统计学意义（t=3．248,P〈0．01）。结论补肾和脉方联合规范化抗高血压药物治疗可有效、平稳地控制老年单纯收缩期高血压患者的血压,改善其临床症状,具有良好的安全性和耐受性。