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1.
《Vaccine》2022,40(40):5828-5834
BackgroundTyphoid fever is a common disease in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent and Africa. The available typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) have been found to be highly immunogenic in infants and children less than 2 years of age. Many countries are planning to adopt TCV in their routine EPI programs around 9 months of age when measles containing vaccines are given. Therefore, Vi-DT TCV was tested in 9–15 months aged healthy infants in Nepal to demonstrate non-interference with a measles containing vaccine.MethodsThis was a randomized, open label, phase III study to assess the immune non-interference, safety, and reactogenicity of Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine when given concomitantly with measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. A total of 360 participants aged 9–15 months were enrolled and randomized equally into Vi-DT + MMR (180 participants) or MMR alone (180 participants) group and were evaluated for immunogenicity and safety 28 days post vaccination.ResultsUsing the immunogenicity set, difference between proportions (95% CI) of the Vi-DT + MMR group vs MMR alone group were ?2.73% (-8.85, 3.38), ?3.19% (-11.25, 4.88) and 2.91% (-3.36, 9.18) for sero-positivity rate of anti-measles, anti-mumps and anti- rubella, respectively. Only the lower bound of the range in difference of the proportions for sero-positivity rate of anti-mumps did not satisfy the non-inferiority criteria as it was above the ?10% limit, which may not be of clinical significance. These results were confirmed in the per protocol set. There were no safety concerns reported from the study and both Vi-DT + MMR and MMR alone groups were comparable in terms of solicited and unsolicited adverse events .ConclusionsResults indicated that there is non-interference of MMR vaccine with Vi-DT and Vi-DT conjugate vaccine could be considered as an addition to the EPI schedule among children at risk of contracting typhoid.  相似文献   
2.
目的 分析2011—2020年湖南省伤寒、副伤寒流行特征和菌株耐药情况,为做好伤寒、副伤寒防控工作提供依据。方法 收集2011—2020年湖南省伤寒、副伤寒监测数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析三间分布特征,对各市州分离上送的67株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌采用梅里埃VITEK2 Compact 全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析。结果 10年间湖南省共报告伤寒、副伤寒病例9 888例,死亡0例,年均发病率1.47/10万。发病人群以农民、散居儿童、学生为主,5—9月为高发季节,主要集中在湘南和湘西地区。2011—2020年湖南省共报告4起伤寒、副伤寒暴发疫情,暴发场所均为学校,传播途径均为水型传播。67株伤寒、副伤寒菌对头孢他啶、氨曲南和厄他培南100%敏感;对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和复方新诺明敏感率为98.5%;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感率为97.0%;对头孢唑林、头孢替坦、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和妥布霉素敏感性较低(<10%)。55.3%菌株对三类及以上抗生素耐药,发现1株同时对8种抗生素耐药。结论 湖南省伤寒、副伤寒发病呈持续低发状态,局部地区存在暴发。菌株多重耐药现象严重,应加强疫情及耐药监测。  相似文献   
3.
《Vaccine》2021,39(40):5858-5865
BackgroundEnteric fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality among children in South Asia. Rising antimicrobial resistance presents an additional challenge. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines (TCV) are recommended by the World Health Organization for use among people 6 months to 45 years old living in endemic settings. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of TCV against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in Lyari Town, Karachi, Pakistan. This peri-urban town was one of the worst affected by the outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid that started in November 2016.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted following a mass immunization campaign with TCV at three key hospitals in Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan. Children aged 6 months to 15 years presenting with culture-confirmed S. Typhi were enrolled as cases. For each case, at least 1 age-matched hospital control and two age-matched community controls were enrolled. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsOf 82 typhoid fever patients enrolled from August 2019 through December 2019, 8 (9·8%) had received vaccine for typhoid. Of the 164 community controls and 82 hospital controls enrolled, 38 (23·2%) community controls and 27 (32·9%) hospital controls were vaccinated for typhoid. The age and sex-adjusted vaccine effectiveness was found to be 72% (95% CI: 34% − 88%). The consumption of meals prepared outside home more than once per month (adjusted odds ratio: 3·72, 95% CI: 1·55- 8·94; p-value: 0·003) was associated with the development of culture-confirmed typhoid.ConclusionA single dose of TCV is effective against culture confirmed typhoid among children aged 6 months to 15 years old in an XDR typhoid outbreak setting of a peri-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan.  相似文献   
4.
目的:基于"甘能缓"理论,对张仲景《伤寒杂病论》中应用"和百药"药对的配伍规律。方法:选取符合"甘能缓"理论的张仲景"和百药"药对标准的经方建立数据库,采用频数分析、网络图链接关系、关联规则等方法探讨张仲景的"和百药"药对的用药及配伍规律。结果:在166方中,有122味药物,其中最常用甘草进行药对配伍。数据挖掘得出与甘草高频配伍的有毒药为半夏、附子、苦杏仁,解毒关联规则13条、强链接2组,得到药对"甘草-附子""蜂蜜-乌头"等;缓和药性关联规则24条、强链接11组,得到药对"甘草-石膏-麻黄""甘草-桂枝"等。结论:"和百药"药物可通过药对配伍缓和药物毒性、缓和药物寒热之性、缓和药力、缓留药效、缓和药物滋味。  相似文献   
5.
目的 优化层析-比色法,并对该方法进行分析方法验证;比较优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法,评价两方法测定伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小的适用性。方法 优化比色法O-乙酰基标准曲线浓度范围,对该方法进行准确度、重复性、中间精密度、线性和耐用性的验证;应用优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法检测多批次伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小,对结果进行统计学分析。结果 优化层析-比色法准确度回收率均为100%;样品的重复性相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)分别为2.4%和0.0%,中间精密度RSD均为3.4%,连续5次测定标准曲线,决定系数均大于0.999 0,耐用性RSD为4.6%。优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法在检测伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小时,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.372,P>0.05)。结论  优化的比色法具有良好的准确度、重复性、中间精密度、线性和耐用性,两种方法均可用于检测伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小。  相似文献   
6.
[目的]总结《黄帝内经》《伤寒杂病论》中有关酒之论述,以明酒之医理,指导临床实践。[方法]通过分析《黄帝内经》中酒之来源、酒本具之性能、上古之时酒疗之法,以及分析《伤寒杂病论》中以酒煎药、以酒炮制、以酒送服之相关功用,并附此二书中酒之禁忌,因酒致病之医案,来阐明酒之害。[结果]酒源于五谷,乃水谷之精,熟谷之液,其性剽悍滑利,为悍热之气,从卫气先行皮肤,先充络脉,令络脉满而经脉虚,可先谷而出,壮人气,同时酒客禁甘、醉者禁刺。且酒广为之用,既能内服醪酒、外敷、外搽、药熨,又能煎煮、炮制、送服中药,可行气活血通脉、温阳散寒助药力,然过饮可招致临床病变。[结论]酒能治病,亦能致病,故人们切勿妄饮伤身而致病,医者临床上对酒当合理运用,指导临床。  相似文献   
7.
目的分析烟台市5起伤寒病原学特征及分子流行病学关联。方法2018年自烟台市5例伤寒确诊病例样本和流行病调查样本分离获得6株伤寒沙门菌菌株,病例发病时间自2018年5月26日至7月24日,分别分布于烟台牟平区水道镇、烟台蓬莱区登州街道、烟台龙口东莱街道、烟台牟平区文化街道、烟台芝罘区福莱山街道。采用常规细菌分离方法和XbaⅠ/BlnⅠ双酶切脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术对伤寒杆菌进行溯源分析,同时开展viaB毒力基因检测和27种临床常用抗生素敏感试验对伤寒杆菌进行病原学研究。结果6株伤寒杆菌经PFGE-XbaⅠ和PFGE-BlnⅠ电泳分为4个PFGE模式,其中3株菌同源性100%;1株多耐药菌(外籍患者),1株单耐药菌(外省滞留史患者),1株完全敏感菌,同一PFGE模式的3株菌药敏表型一致,除对氨基糖甙类和喹诺酮类部分抗生素中介外,对其他抗生素均敏感;除外籍患者标本分离株viaB基因阴性外,其他菌viaB基因均阳性。结论烟台寒杆菌对临床常用抗生素敏感性良好,仍需重视伤寒散发病例发生和伤寒输入感染。  相似文献   
8.
《Vaccine》2022,40(31):4199-4210
BackgroundZimbabwe suffers from regular outbreaks of typhoid fever (TF), worse since 2017. Most cases were in Harare and a vaccination campaign with Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) was conducted in March 2019. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was assessed against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in children six months to 15 years and in individuals six months to 45 years in Harare.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted in three urban suburbs of Harare targeted by the TCV vaccination campaign. Suspected TF cases were enrolled prospectively in four health facilities and were matched to facility (1:1) and community (1:5) controls.FindingsOf 504 suspected cases from July 2019 to March 2020, 148 laboratory-confirmed TF cases and 153 controls confirmed-negative were identified. One hundred and five (47 aged six months to 15 years) cases were age, sex, and residence matched with 105 facility-based controls while 96 cases were matched 1:5 by age, sex, and immediate-neighbour with 229 community controls.The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 75% (95%CI: 1–94, p = 0.049) compared to facility controls, and 84% (95%CI: 57–94, p < 0.001) compared to community controls in individuals six months to 15 years. The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 46% (95%CI: 26–77, p = 0.153) compared to facility controls, and 67% (95%CI: 35–83, p = 0.002) compared to community controls six months to 45 years old.InterpretationThis study confirms that one vaccine dose of TCV is effective to control TF in children between six months and 15 years old in an African setting.  相似文献   
9.
《感症宝筏》原名《伤寒指掌》,为清代医家吴贞所著,何廉臣重订,体现了清代中后期寒温思想的融合。该稿本为何廉臣出版该书时手校之底本,由其子抄录,内有多处校对、抄录笔迹及校改痕迹。从该稿本的抄写和体例、稿本与通行本之对比、该稿本中的修改符号等几个方面进行论述,探讨其学术与文物价值。  相似文献   
10.
探讨《伤寒论》179条作为阳明病篇首条的意义。笔者认为这并不是成因和来源的阐述,而是阳明病实证的分类。按照阳热的多少,分为"脾约证"、"胃家实"、"胃中燥"三类。  相似文献   
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