Effects of Individualized Bone Density Feedback and Educational Interventions on Osteoporosis Knowledge and Self-Efficacy: A 12-Yr Prospective Study

This is 12-yr follow-up of a randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of bone density feedback and osteoporosis education on osteoporosis knowledge and self-efficacy. We examined the effects of feedback of bone density-defined fracture risk (high [T-score <0] vs normal [T-score ≥0] risk) and 2 different educational interventions (the group-based Osteoporosis Prevention and Self-Management Course [OPSMC] vs an osteoporosis leaflet) on osteoporosis knowledge and self-efficacy in women aged 25–44. Seventy-four percent (N = 347) of 470 participants at baseline participated at 12 yr. Overall, the scores were higher for osteoporosis knowledge but lower for self-efficacy at 12 yr. However, neither intervention had an effect on the change in knowledge (T-score, β = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.3 to 1.1; OPSMC, β = 0.2, 95% CI = −0.5 to 0.9) or self-efficacy (T-score, β = −1.1, 95% CI = −2.5 to 0.4; OPSMC, β = −0.2, 95% CI = −1.6 to 1.3). Women in households with an unemployed main financial provider had a decrease in knowledge at 12 yr compared with those in households with an employed main financial provider in whom knowledge increased (β = −1.95, 95% CI = −3.40 to −0.50), but there were no other predictors of change identified for knowledge or self-efficacy. In conclusion, beneficial effects of both OPSMC and feedback of high fracture risk on osteoporosis knowledge seen previously at 2 yr were not sustained after 12 yr although overall knowledge was still significantly higher than at baseline. Neither intervention improved osteoporosis self-efficacy. More frequent osteoporosis education and bone density feedback may be required to maintain knowledge, and other approaches to improve self-efficacy are necessary.     

Psychological Constructs of Activity Readiness in High Functioning Elderly

Abstract

This study examined the relationship of activity readiness with self efficacy, perceived behavioral control, exercise attitudes, self-rated health, and selected demographic variables among high functioning, independent-living elderly. Four hundred seventy-one subjects, ranging in age from 62 to 93 years, were drawn from a popular retirement area and data were gathered through a self-report survey instrument. Subjects residing at no exercising readiness stages held negative self-efficacy, behavioral control, and attitudinal beliefs whereas regular exercisers held positive beliefs toward these constructs. Perceived behavioral control was most indicative of active lifestyle attainment, suggesting intervention strategies designed to initiate and maintain activity in the high functioning elderly focus on control belief cognitions.     

Improving Understanding of the Quitting Process: Psychological Predictors of Quit Attempts Versus Smoking Cessation Maintenance among College Students

This study examined motivation, positive and negative outcome expectations of quitting, and self-efficacy as predictors of quit attempts and cessation maintenance in a smoking cessation intervention for college students (N = 303). Psychological measures assessed at baseline were used to predict smoking behavior outcomes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression analysis revealed that motivation and self-efficacy were strong, differential predictors of quit attempts and cessation maintenance, respectively. This study extends the previous findings regarding psychological predictors of quitting processes to college students, and suggests the need for interventions tailored according to phases of quitting processes.     

Consumption of Cigarettes,Alcohol, and Marijuana Among New York City Residents Six Months After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks

This study investigated the relationship between three personal resources (self-mastery, optimism, and abstinence self-efficacy) and ways of coping among recovering substance abusers (n=52) residing in Oxford Houses. Although residents' scores on optimism and abstinence self-efficacy were significantly correlated in a positive direction, residents' self-mastery scores were significantly and negatively related to both optimism and abstinence self-efficacy scores. However, residents reported using significantly more emotion-focused than problem-focused coping even though there was a significant positive relationship between emotion-focused coping and self-mastery. These paradoxical findings might be due to communal living and 12-step philosophy that is antithetical to a sense of control, which may have facilitated residents' emotional regulation to stress. Furthermore, significant relationships between coping strategies and personal resources imply that active coping strategies are instrumental in recovering substance abusers' use of optimism and abstinence self-efficacy, whereas passive coping strategies are involved with self-mastery. In addition, African American residents reported using significantly more wishful thinking coping, suggesting ethnicity might be an important aspect of the coping process. Overall, findings suggest that optimism and abstinence self-efficacy are effective personal resources for recovering substance abusers in 12-step programs.     

晋京两地护理学硕士研究生择业效能感比较研究

目的：了解晋京应届、非应届护理研究生择业效能感情况,探讨不同年龄、年级、城市学生间的差异。方法：运用“择业效能感问卷”,结合深度访谈法。结果：应届生、非应届生年龄比较结果均有统计学差异（P〉0.05）;应届生年级和城市两因素存在交互效应（P〈0.01）;非应届生不同年级、城市学生择业效能比较结果均有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。     

Testing the Senior Exercise Self-efficacy Project (SESEP) for use with urban dwelling minority older adults

ABSTRACT Objectives: To test the feasibility and effectiveness of the Senior Exercise Self-efficacy Project (SESEP).
Design: A feasibility study using a randomized control trial.
Sample: The total sample included 166 persons, with a mean age of 73 years ( SD =8.2 years), the majority of whom were female (81%), African American (72%), unmarried (86%), had at least a high school education (64%), and were retired (77%). There were 100 participants in the intervention group and 66 in the comparison group.
Methods: The SESEP was a combined physical activity and efficacy-enhancing intervention for community-dwelling minority older adults. The primary outcomes included self-efficacy, outcome expectations, exercise, and overall physical activity, and the secondary outcomes were mental and physical health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, pain, fear of falling, mobility, and chair rise time. Data were collected at baseline and following the 12-week intervention.
Results: There were statistically significant improvements in outcome expectations ( p =.02), time spent in exercise ( p =.04), and depressive symptoms ( p =.02). Overall, there was a 77% rate of participation in classes.
Conclusion: Although there was good participation in the SESEP among minority older adults, the primary outcomes were only minimally supported and there was even less support for the secondary outcomes.     

Cognitive mechanisms in claustrophobia: An examination of reiss and McNally's expectancy model and Bandura's self-efficacy theory

This paper reports on two studies that examined predictions derived from Reiss and McNally's (1985) expectancy model of fear behavior and Bandura's (1988) self-efficacy theory. In Study 1 of 138 participants displaying marked claustrophobic fears, scales were developed to measure Suffocation Concerns, Entrapment Concerns, and Coping Self-Efficacy. In Study 2 of 202 participants displaying marked claustrophobic fears, confirmatory factor and reliability analyses showed that these scales reliably tapped relatively discrete constructs. Predictions derived from the Reiss and McNally expectancy model and Bandura's self-efficacy theory were examined using behavioral, subjective, and physiological measures taken during a claustrophobic Behavioral Approach Test (BAT). Coping Self-Efficacy accounted for unique variance in subjective fear and heart-rate reactivity, but did not produce significantly better classification of participants' behavior beyond the expectancy model variable set. The expectancy model variable set meaningfully predicted behavioral approach, with the interaction between Expected Anxiety and Anxiety Sensitivity adding significantly to the classification beyond all other variables. These findings suggest that the expectancy model and self-efficacy theory provide meaningful and nonredundant accounts of phobic reactions.     

一般自我效能在本科大专护生生命意义感与亲社会行为间的中介效应

目的 探讨一般自我效能感在本科大专护生生命意义感与亲社会行为之间的中介作用,为建立健全护理培养机制提供可靠的依据。方法 随机整群抽样法选取2019年3—8月全国不同行政区5所高校共1 449名本科大专护生为调查对象,采用生命意义感量表、一般自我效能感量表及亲社会行为量表进行调查,应用SPSS 22.0分析生命意义感、一般自我效能感与亲社会行为之间的相关性,采用AMOS 23.0分析一般自我效能感在生命意义感与亲社会行为间的中介效应。结果 本组本科大专护生生命意义感、一般自我效能感及亲社会行为总分依次为（65.02±11.93）分、（24.62±5.67）分、（95.48±16.13）分。本科大专护生生命意义感、一般自我效能与亲社会行为均呈正相关（P<0.01）。一般自我效能感在生命意义感和亲社会行为间起部分中介作用（β=0.16,P<0.05）。结论 本组本科大专护生生命意义感及亲社会行为处于中上等水平,一般自我效能处于中等水平。本科大专护生生命意义感可以通过一般自我效能间接影响护生亲社会行为。相关护理教育者可以有意识培养和提升本科大专护生对生命意义的体验和感知,提高其亲社会行为能力,促进以人为本的护理服务良性健康的发展。     

结核患者社会支持状况及其对自我效能的影响

目的:了解结核患者自我效能感与社会支持的现状并分析其相关性。方法:采用一般资料问卷、慢性病自我效能量表(Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale,SECD6)和肖水源研发的社会支持量表(Social Sating Rating Scale,SSRS)对154名结核患者进行问卷调查,并对二者进行Pearson相关性分析。结果:本组结核患者的自我效能总分为36.41±13.97,其中症状管理得分为24.40±9.84,疾病共性管理得分为12.01±5.48,社会支持总分为36.86±8.74,其中客观支持得分为7.73±2.57,主观支持得分为21.97±6.63,利用度得分为7.16±1.98。Pearson相关分析结果显示:结核病患者社会支持与自我效能感总分呈正相关(r=0.565,P<0.001)。结论:结核患者的自我效能和社会支持均处于中等水平,社会支持与自我效能呈密切相关。建议护理人员采取知识宣教、患者互助、医患交流、亲属陪护等多方面的干预措施,以增加患者的自我效能。     

个体化护理干预对慢性丙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗期间自我效能的影响

目的探讨个体化护理干预对慢性丙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗期间自我效能的影响。方法将121例接受抗病毒治疗的慢性丙型肝炎患者分为对照组59例和干预组62例,对照组抗病毒治疗采取常规健康教育指导,干预组抗病毒治疗中采用一对一健康教育与电话随访服务。分别在干预前、干预后4周、12周、24周时评价两组患者自我效能。结果干预组患者自我效能总分及各维度得分在治疗4周、12周、24周时均高于对照组(P0.01或P0.05)。结论个体化护理干预能有效提高慢性丙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗期间的自我效能水平,帮助患者顺利完成抗病毒治疗。