老年骨质疏松症患者疾病知识认知水平和自我效能水平的现状及其相关性

目的了解老年骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者疾病知识认知水平和自我效能的水平现状,并分析两者之间的相关性,以期为指导患者规避严重后果的发生提供依据。方法 2013年5月至2014年3月,便利抽样法选取苏州市某三级甲等医院OP患者70例为研究对象。采用OP知识问卷(osteoporosis knowledge tests,OKT)和OP自我效能量表(osteoporosis self-efficacy scale,OSES)对其进行调查,并探讨两者关系。结果 OKT总均分为(10.16±5.65)分,总体得分不及格;OSES总均分为(6.34±2.41)分,总体处于中等水平;经Spearman相关分析,除钙效能和钙知识得分间无显著相关性(r=0.152,P0.05)外,总自我效能及其他各维度与知识得分均呈显著正相关(0r0.5,P0.05)。结论老年OP患者疾病知识掌握欠缺,自我效能水平不高,医护人员需要通过提高患者的认知水平,进而提高自我效能水平,促进患者的健康行为,减少严重后果的发生。     

Evaluation of diet quality and its associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine contribution of meal frequency, self-efficacy for healthy eating, and availability of healthy foods towards diet quality of adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

This study was conducted among 373 adolescents aged from 13 to 16 years old. Diet quality of the respondents was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index for Malaysians. Meal frequency, self-efficacy for healthy eating, and availability of healthy foods were assessed through the Eating Behaviours Questionnaire (EBQ), self-efficacy for healthy eating scale, and availability of healthy foods scale, respectively.

RESULTS

The majority of the respondents (80.7%) were at risk of poor diet quality. Males (mean = 34.2 ± 8.2%) had poorer diet quality than females (mean = 39.9 ± 9.0%) (t = -5.941, P < 0.05). Malay respondents (mean = 36.9 ± 8.7%) had poorer diet quality than Indian respondents (mean = 41.3 ± 10.0%) (F = 2.762, P < 0.05). Age (r = 0.123, P < 0.05), self-efficacy for healthy eating (r = 0.129, P < 0.05), and availability of healthy foods (r = 0.159, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the diet quality of the respondents. However, meal frequency was not correlated with the diet quality of the respondents. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that being a male, being a Malay, low self-efficacy for healthy eating, and low availability of healthy foods contributed significantly towards poor diet quality among respondents.

CONCLUSIONS

In short, sex, ethnicity, self-efficacy for healthy eating, and availability of healthy foods were associated with diet quality among adolescents. Health practitioners should take into consideration of differences in sex and ethnicity during implementation of nutrition-related intervention programs. Self-efficacy for healthy eating and availability of healthy foods should be included as important components in improving diet quality of adolescents.     

Nutrition knowledge,outcome expectations,self-efficacy,and eating behaviors by calcium intake level in Korean female college students

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Calcium is important but deficient in diets of young adult women. This study aimed to examine if cognitive factors and eating behaviors differ according to calcium intake based on the Social Cognitive Theory.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Subjects were female college students in Seoul, Korea. Three hundred students completed the questionnaire regarding calcium intake, nutrition knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy and eating behaviors. Data on 240 students were analyzed using t-test or χ²-test. Subjects were categorized into two groups, high calcium intake (HC, ≥ 650 mg/day) and low calcium intake (LC, < 650 mg/day), according to recommended intakes of calcium for women aged 19-29 years.

RESULTS

The LC group constituted 77.9% of total subjects. Nutrition knowledge was not different according to calcium intake. Three out of 12 outcome expectations items were significantly different between the HC and LC groups. Subjects in the HC group agreed more strongly with the practical benefits of consuming calcium-rich foods, including ''taste'' (P < 0.01) and ''going well with other snacks'' (P < 0.05), compared to those in the LC group. Negative expectations of ''indigestion'' were stronger in the LC group than HC group (P < 0.001). Among self-efficacy items, perceived ability of ''eating dairy foods for snacks'' (P < 0.001), ''eating dairy foods every day'' (P < 0.01), and ''eating calcium-rich side dishes at meals'' (P < 0.05) differed significantly between the HC and LC groups. Eating behaviors including more frequent consumption of dairy foods, fruits or fruit juice (P < 0.001), anchovy, seaweeds, green vegetables, protein-rich foods (P < 0.05), and less frequent consumption of sweets or soft drinks (P < 0.01) were significantly related to calcium intake.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that outcome expectations, self-efficacy in consuming calcium-rich foods, and eating behaviors are important in explaining calcium intake. Nutrition education needs to address practical benefits, reduce negative expectations of calcium-rich foods, increase self-efficacy, and modify eating behaviors contributing to calcium intake.     

Public self-awareness and withdrawal from social interactions

Women high and low in social self-efficacy participated in a social interaction either under conditions of heightened public self-awareness or in a control condition. The self-awareness manipulation increased self-focused attention and self-evaluation, but only among low-efficacy subjects. Low-efficacy subjects withdrew from the interaction more quickly than did high-efficacy subjects, but only when self-awareness was heightened. Both groups of low-efficacy subjects believed their partners would not like them, and the partners did indeed like these subjects less than the high-efficacy women. These results suggest that low-efficacy women are distinguished by a number of cognitive factors, even in the absence of self-directed attention. Faced with social scrutiny, these individuals engage in a perservative self-evaluation process, which ultimately leads to social withdrawal. The results are interpreted from the perspective of Ingram's (1990) interaction model of self-directed attention.This research was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.     

Preliminary reliability and validity testing of a Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Family Caregivers

Objectives: To develop and test preliminary reliability and validity of a Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Family Caregivers (SEQCFC).

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 196 family caregivers (CGs) of people with dementia (CGs) was conducted to determine the factor structure of a SEQCFC of people with dementia. Following factor analyses, preliminary testing was performed, including internal consistency, 4-week test-retest reliability, and construct and convergent validity.

Results: Factor analyses with direct oblimin rotation were performed. Eight items were removed and five subscales (self-efficacy for gathering information about treatment, symptoms and health care; obtaining support; responding to behaviour disturbances; managing household, personal and medical care; and managing distress associated with caregiving) were identified. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale and for each subscale were all over 0.80. The 4-week test-retest reliabilities for the whole scale and for each subscale ranged from 0.64 to 0.85. The convergent validity was acceptable.

Conclusions: Evidence for the preliminary testing of the SEQCFC was encouraging. A future follow-up study using confirmatory factor analysis with a new sample from different recruitment centres in Shanghai will be conducted. Future psychometric property testings of the questionnaire will be required for CGs from other regions of mainland China.     

Maternal self-efficacy,postpartum depression,and their relationship with functional status in Iranian mothers

ABSTRACT

Readiness to care for family, infant, and self are important during the postpartum period. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships of self-efficacy and postpartum depressive symptoms with functional status in randomly sampled Iranian mothers (n = 437). The study was cross-sectional and conducted in 2015. The mean (SD) of the total functional status score was 2.3 (0.2) out of a possible score of 1–4. The maximum and minimum scores in infant care were 4.0 and 2.2 and, in social and community activity, levels were 3.5 and 1.0, respectively. Significant inverse correlations were observed between postpartum depressive symptoms and total scores for functional status, self-care, and levels of social and community activity. A significant positive relationship was observed between self-efficacy and functional status and all of its subscales. In the multivariate linear regression model, postpartum depressive symptoms, nulliparity, and low income were significantly negatively related with functional status; maternal self-efficacy, having a spouse aged 26–35 years, high school diploma, lower educational level, and the spouse’s job (shopkeeper) were significantly positively correlated with functional status. Early diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms and promotion of maternal self-efficacy may improve overall functional status of mothers in the postpartum.     

Health and Poverty: Global Health Problems and Solutions

Poor outcomes from behavioral treatments of severe obesity have led to a dependence on invasive medical interventions, including surgery for morbidly obese individuals. Improved methods to self-regulate eating will be required to reduce obesity. The use of self-regulation methods for completing physical activity may carry over to increased self-regulation for eating through improved feelings of competence (self-efficacy) and mood. The study recruited women (Mean_age = 43 years) with morbid obesity (Mean_BMI = 44 kg/m²) to participate in 26 weeks of cognitive-behavioral support of physical activity paired with either nutrition education (n = 51) or cognitive-behavioral nutrition (n = 51) methods. Data collected were from 2011 and 2012. Significant improvements in self-regulation for physical activity, self-regulation for eating, overall mood, and self-efficacy for eating, with greater improvement in self-regulation for eating, were observed in the cognitive-behavioral nutrition group. Changes in mood and self-efficacy for eating significantly mediated the relationship between changes in self-regulation for physical activity and self-regulation for eating. When subscales of overall mood and self-efficacy were entered into separate regression equations as mediators, the only significant mediators were vigor, and controlling eating when socially pressured and when increased cues to overeat were present.     

积极人格与大学生心理素质的关系

目的:研究大学生希望、乐观、自我效能感与主观幸福感、心身症状的关系。方法:采用成人性情希望量表(ADHS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、生活取向测验修订版(LOT-R)、牛津幸福量表修订版(ROHS)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对2578名在校大学生进行调查和测量。结果:(1)大学生主观幸福感和SCL-90总均分及每一个因子都负相关,特别是和抑郁因子负相关最高。(2)路径思维、动力思维、希望、自我效能和乐观与主观幸福感呈正相关;与SCL-90总均分及每一个因子都呈负相关。(3)以路径思维、动力思维、希望、自我效能和乐观为自变量,以主观幸福感和症状自评量表总均分为因变量,分别进行逐步回归分析,结果希望、乐观、自我效能都进入方程,三个因素分别对主观幸福感和心身症状的解释率为42.1%和7.1%。结论:无论单独考虑(相关分析)还是综合考虑(回归分析),希望、乐观和自我效能这三种积极人格都与主观幸福感呈正相关而与心身症状呈负相关。     

园艺疗法对慢性精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢指标及自我效能的影响

目的 探讨园艺疗法在慢性精神分裂症患者中的应用效果。方法 选择本院2018年11月至2019年11月收治的慢性精神分裂症患者50例,按随机数字表法将其分为两组,各25例。两组均接受常规药物治疗,对照组给予常规院内活动干预,在此基础上,观察组实施园艺疗法干预,比较两组社会适应能力[住院精神病人康复疗效判定量表(IPROS)]及一般自我效能感量表(GSES)评分。结果 干预12周后,观察组IPROS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=11.367,P＜0.001);干预12周后,观察组GSES评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.729,P=0.009)。结论 对慢性精神分裂症患者应用园艺疗法,可有效提高自我效能,改善社会适应能力。     

Psychometric properties of coping and self-efficacy scales related to substance use in a sample of Iranian adolescents

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of self-efficacy and coping skill scales (CSE) which are relevant to substance use in Iranian adolescents. Method: The method included a forward–backward translation with face and content validity in the first step and the psychometric properties were evaluated in the second step. The study used reliability and construct validity in a cross-sectional survey, in three steps, including: item analysis, explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses in 720 adolescents, aged from 14 to 18 years old in Isfahan. Findings: In the first step, three items were excluded because of low CVI and one item was deleted due to low CITC. EFA in the cross-sectional study showed appropriate loading items and revealed an 18-item scale with four factors including: refusal self-efficacy, decision making, assertiveness and communication skills. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis represented an acceptable fitness (CMIN/DF?=?3.6, NFI?=?0.90, TLI?=?0.92, CFI?=?0.93, PNFI?=?0.76, RMSEA?=?0.06). Internal consistency was found from 0.68 to 0.89 for the four subscales. Conclusion: Overall, the results of these studies indicate that the Persian version of coping and self-efficacy appears to be a psychometrically robust instrument and could significantly predict substance use behaviour in Iranian adolescents.