胃肠耐受性监测对急性脑血管病患者治疗转归的影响

目的探讨胃肠耐受性监测对急性脑血管病患者治疗转归的影响。方法将170例急性脑血管病患者随机分为观察组(90例)及对照组(80例),两组均常规予控制颅内压、营养神经、调整血糖血压、改善脑循环、防治并发症治疗,按急性脑血管病常规护理,密切监测生命体征、意识、瞳孔,观察组增加胃肠耐受性监测。观察比较两组并发症的发生率及住院时间。结果观察组并发症的发生率为18%,显著低于对照组42%(P<0.05);观察组住院时间(23.99±6.15)d比对照组(27.25±6.54)d明显缩短(t=3.35,P<0.05)。结论急性脑血管病患者,在常规护理同时,还应进行胃肠耐受性监测,及早改善胃肠功能,降低并发症的发生率,使患者获得更好的治疗转归,缩短住院时间。     

择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长原因分析及对策

目的规范择期手术患儿术前禁食、禁饮的时间和方法。方法采用面对面访谈的方法，按照自行设计的调查表，询问200例择期手术患儿家长患儿实际禁食禁饮的起止时间；患儿是否出现禁食禁饮所致的不良反应，如口渴、饥饿、哭闹、脱水等，家长的焦虑程度。结果医嘱要求患儿术前禁食4～8h，禁饮4h。择期手术患儿术前实际禁食、禁饮的时间普遍过长，〈6个月患儿平均禁食8．11h、禁饮8．02h；～12个月的患儿平均禁食9．81h、禁饮9．38h；～3岁患儿平均禁食10．98h、禁饮10．21h；～7岁患儿平均禁食15．12h、禁饮14．12h。〈6个月的婴儿及新生儿均出现口渴、饥饿、哭闹等不良反应，6例有轻度脱水表现；～12个月患儿有64．0％出现口渴、饥饿、哭闹等不良反应，2例有轻度脱水表现；～3岁患儿有44．0％出现哭闹，60．0％诉饥饿口渴，2例有轻度脱水表现；～7岁患儿有12．0％出现哭闹，36．0％诉口渴，48．0％诉饥饿，没有患儿出现脱水表现。对家长的焦虑评价中，45．0％的家长〉4分。结论目前择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长。择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长的原因与以下几方面有关：医护人员及患儿家长认识上存有误区；医护人员工作流程不规范，工作不够细致；对家属宣教欠缺，家长配合欠佳。为避免择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长造成患儿不适及出现不良反应，需要医护人员更新观念，规范工作流程，加强宣教，加强医患合作。     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy response is associated with shorter duration of atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly associated with heart failure. The benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on atrial remodeling has been demonstrated. However, biventricular pacing did not reduce the global incidence of AF. We evaluated the relationship between CRT response and AF duration. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 96 patients (59 +/- 15 years; 78% male) who underwent CRT. All patients had class III-IV New York Heart Association (NYHA) symptoms despite maximal medical therapy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 35%, QRS >130 ms, and sinus rhythm before implantation. CRT response in patients who survived at six months of follow-up was defined as: (1) no hospitalization for heart failure and (2) improvement of one or more grades in the NYHA classification. RESULTS: CRT responders (n = 54) and non-responders (n = 42) had similar baseline characteristics, including the incidence of persistent AF within six months before implantation. Six months after implantation, when compared to baseline, CRT responders exhibited a significant decrease in left atrial size (47.5 +/- 7.1 mm vs 44.6 +/- 7.7 mm, P < 0.01) and in the incidence of persistent AF (17% vs 2%, P = 0.02). At six months, CRT responders demonstrated shorter mean AF duration (7.5 +/- 43.3 hours vs 48.8 +/- 129.0 hours, P = 0.03) and lower incidence of persistent AF (2% vs 19%, P = 0.004) compared to nonresponders. CONCLUSION: CRT response is associated with a reversal of atrial remodeling and a shorter AF duration.     

不同浓度异丙酚对离体兔心肌动作电位的影响

目的:观察不同浓度异丙酚对家兔心肌细胞动作电位时程的影响.方法:成年家兔24只,制备Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,K-H液灌注10 min后随机均分为对照组(C组)、低浓度异丙酚组(LP组)及高浓度异丙酚组(HP组),C组继续灌注K-H液60 min,LP和HP组分别灌注含4mg/L与8 mg/L异丙酚的K-H液60 min;记录3组家兔平衡灌注10 min (T0)、继续灌注5 min (T1)、30 min (T2)、60 min (T3)时右心室前壁三层心肌动作电位,计算单相动作电位复极20％、50％、90％的时程(MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90).结果:与T0比较,LP组和HP组T1～ T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);与T1比较,两组T2～T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);与T2比较,两组T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05);同一时点与C组和LP组比较,HP组T1～T3时MAPD20、MAPD50、MAPD90延长(P＜0.05).结论:丙泊酚灌注时间延长和高浓度丙泊酚灌注,可延长心肌细胞动作电位的复极过程,这可能是临床使用丙泊酚导致心律失常的机制之一.     

Factors influencing waiting times for diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children and adults

AimsTo identify the main factors predicting delays in diagnosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at three stages in the diagnostic process: wait for first appointment; assessment duration, and total wait for diagnosis.MethodData were gathered from 150 case notes (80 child and 70 adult cases) from 16 diagnosing services across Scotland.ResultsHaving more information pre-assessment was associated with a reduced duration of the diagnostic process for children. This relationship was partially mediated by a reduction in the number of contacts required for diagnosis. In adults, having more factors associated with ASD (increased risk) reduced the wait time from referral to first appointment, but increased the overall duration of the diagnostic process. The latter relationship was partially mediated by an increase in the number of contacts required for diagnosis.ConclusionWithin children's services, increasing the amount of relevant information available pre-assessment is likely to reduce total duration of the assessment process by reducing number of contacts required. Having a high risk of ASD as an adult appears to result in being seen more quickly following referral, but also to increase the number of contacts needed and assessment duration. As a result, it increases and total duration overall.     

经脉排刺治疗阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降的临床研究

目的:观察经脉排刺法对阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者的临床疗效,并探讨其作用机制。方法:阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者96例,随机分为针刺组与西药组,每组48例。针刺组排刺任脉、肾经、脾经、膀胱经,月经周期的第10天开始针刺,10d为一疗程,共治疗6个疗程;西药组予以口服克龄蒙(戊酸雌二醇片/雌二醇环丙孕酮片)治疗,月经周期第5天开始口服,21d为一疗程,共治疗6个疗程。观察治疗前、治疗6个月、治疗结束后6个月的两组中医临床症状积分及月经情况,检测血清促卵泡生成素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、促黄体生成素(LH)。结果:针刺组总有效率为87.5%(42/48),西药组为89.6%(43/48),两组间总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后临床症状积分较治疗前均有明显降低(P0.05);治疗结束后6个月,针刺组较治疗前和西药组明显下降(P0.05)。两组血清FSH、LH及E2治疗后较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),治疗结束后6个月,针刺组较治疗前和西药组明显下降(P0.05)。两组治疗后月经周期均较治疗前明显缩短,月经天数明显延长(P0.05),治疗结束6个月后针刺组月经周期较治疗前及西药组明显缩短,月经天数明显延长(P0.05)。结论:运用经脉排刺治疗阴阳两虚型卵巢储备功能下降患者取得较好的疗效,其机制可能是通过调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的功能,改善卵巢功能,降低血清FSH、LH以及E2的水平,改善临床症状,调整月经周期,且远期疗效稳定。     

To What Extent do Sleep Quality and Duration Mediate the Effect of Perceived Discrimination on Health? Evidence from Philadelphia

Little research investigates whether sleep mediates the adverse effect of perceived discrimination on health and even less is known about whether sleep quality and sleep duration mediate the relationships in the same fashion. We applied a recently developed mediation analysis approach to a survey administered in 2008 in Philadelphia, PA, that includes 9042 adults. Health was measured with self-rated health, stress, and mental illness. Perceived discrimination was operationalized with self-reported discriminatory experience in two social contexts, namely health care system and housing market. Sleep quality and duration were measured with a five-point Likert scale and the self-reported sleep time at night, respectively. After controlling for one’s demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics, the mediation analysis quantified how much sleep quality and duration can account for the effect of perceived discrimination on these health outcomes. The key findings are: (a) sleep quality and duration accounted for approximately 15 to 25 % of the adverse effect of perceived discrimination. (b) Sleep quality is more important than sleep duration in mediating the relationship between perceived discrimination and health. (c) The proportion of the effect mediated by sleep differs by the social context where perceived discrimination occurred. It was confirmed that sleep mediates the relationship between perceived discrimination and health and the interventions to improve sleep, particularly sleep quality, should help to attenuate the effect of perceived discrimination on health.     

Short Sleep Duration and Dietary Intake: Epidemiologic Evidence,Mechanisms, and Health Implications

Links between short sleep duration and obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease may be mediated through changes in dietary intake. This review provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies on the relations between habitual short sleep duration and dietary intake in adults from 16 cross-sectional studies. The studies have observed consistent associations between short sleep duration and higher total energy intake and higher total fat intake, and limited evidence for lower fruit intake, and lower quality diets. Evidence also suggests that short sleepers may have irregular eating behavior deviating from the traditional 3 meals/d to fewer main meals and more frequent, smaller, energy-dense, and highly palatable snacks at night. Although the impact of short sleep duration on dietary intake tends to be small, if chronic, it may contribute to an increased risk of obesity and related chronic disease. Mechanisms mediating the associations between sleep duration and dietary intake are likely to be multifactorial and include differences in the appetite-related hormones leptin and ghrelin, hedonic pathways, extended hours for intake, and altered time of intake. Taking into account these epidemiologic relations and the evidence for causal relations between sleep loss and metabolism and cardiovascular function, health promotion strategies should emphasize improved sleep as an additional factor in health and weight management. Moreover, future sleep interventions in controlled studies and sleep extension trials in chronic short sleepers are imperative for establishing whether there is a causal relation between short sleep duration and changes in dietary intake.     

Efficacy of sunitinib in patients with metastatic or unresectable renal cell carcinoma and renal insufficiency

AimThe aim of this retrospective, registry-based study was to analyse treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with sunitinib and renal insufficiency (RI).MethodsThe cohort included 790 patients treated with sunitinib between 2006 and 2013. At the start of sunitinib therapy 22, 234, and 534 patients had severe (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <30 ml/min/1.73 m²), moderate (GFR 30–60 ml/min/1.73 m²) or mild RI/normal renal function (GFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m²), respectively.ResultsFor the three groups defined above, median progression-free survival (PFS) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 5.3 months (0.1–18.5), 8.1 months (6.2–9.9) and 11.3 months (9.4–13.2) (p = 0.244), and median overall survival (OS) was 26.3 months (1.2–51.4), 21.2 months (13.2–29.1) and 26.3 months (22.6–29.9) (p = 0.443), respectively. The disease control rates were 45.5%, 56.4% and 59.2%, respectively (p = 0.374). No unexpected toxicity was reported in the patients with RI, but the treatment was more frequently discontinued because of adverse events and the duration of therapy was significantly shorter in these patients (p = 0.007).ConclusionsDuration of first-line targeted treatment for mRCC was significantly shorter for patients with RI, and may have translated into a trend to shorter PFS. These results highlight the need for optimal management of side-effects in patients with mRCC and RI.     

糖尿病病程对糖尿病下肢周围神经病变的影响

目的探讨糖尿病（DM）病程对糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）严重程度及下肢周围神经显微减压术疗效的影响,以及糖尿病周围神经病变早期诊断、早期手术的意义。方法以5年糖尿病痛程作为标准,将我科近年收治的1526例糖尿痛周围神经病患者分为短DM病程组和长DM病程组,按Dellon术式对卡压的神经进行下肢周围神经显微减压术。所有患者术前、术后1.5年进行神经高频超声、定量感觉检查（QST）、神经感觉传导速度（NCV）检测,并选取50例正常人群作为对照组检测相同指标。结果与对照组相比,DPN患者的NCV、冷感觉阈值较低,热感觉阈值、振动觉阈值及神经横断面积（CSA）较高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。患者术后各项指标明显改善,与术前相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。短DM病程DPN患者术前和术后各指标均优于长DM病程DPN患者,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。短DM病程DPN患者NCV阳性检测率为71．5％,QST阳性检测率为93．7％;长DM病程DPN患者NCV阳性检测率为90．3％,QST阳性检测率为95．3％。结论糖尿病痛程对DPN患者发病时的严重程度至关重要,同时也对DPN患者的手术疗效和预后产生影响。DPN的早期诊断、早期手术具有重要临床价值。