A serine proteinase PmClipSP2 contributes to prophenoloxidase system and plays a protective role in shrimp defense by scavenging lipopolysaccharide

Serine proteinases (SPs) participate in various biological processes and play vital role in immunity. In this study, we investigated the function of PmClipSP2 from shrimp Penaeus monodon in defense against bacterial infection. PmClipSP2 was identified as a clip-domain SP and its mRNA increased in response to infection with Vibrio harveyi. PmClipSP2-knockdown shrimp displayed a significantly reduced phenoloxidase (PO) activity and increased susceptibility to V. harveyi infection. Injection of LPS and/or β-1,3-glucan induced a dose-dependent mortality and a significant decrease in the number of total hemocytes, with clear morphological changes in the hemocyte surface, of the PmClipSP2-knockdown shrimp. Recombinant PmClipSP2 was shown to bind to LPS and β-1,3-glucan and to activate PO activity. These results reveal that PmClipSP2 acts as a pattern-recognition protein, binding to microbial polysaccharides and likely activating the proPO system, whilst it may play an essential role in the hemocyte homeostasis by scavenging LPS and neutralizing its toxicity.     

Innate immune receptor NOD2 promotes vascular inflammation and formation of lipid‐rich necrotic cores in hypercholesterolemic mice

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease associated with the activation of innate immune TLRs and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein (NOD)‐like receptor pathways. However, the function of most innate immune receptors in atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we show that NOD2 is a crucial innate immune receptor influencing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis severity. 10‐week stimulation with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the NOD2 cognate ligand, aggravated atherosclerosis, as indicated by the augmented lesion burden, increased vascular inflammation and enlarged lipid‐rich necrotic cores in Ldlr^?/? mice. Myeloid‐specific ablation of NOD2, but not its downstream kinase, receptor‐interacting serine/threonine‐protein kinase 2, restrained the expansion of the lipid‐rich necrotic core in Ldlr^?/? chimeric mice. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with MDP enhanced the uptake of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and impaired cholesterol efflux in concordance with upregulation of scavenger receptor A1/2 and downregulation of ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1. Ex vivo stimulation of human carotid plaques with MDP led to increased activation of inflammatory signaling pathways p38 MAPK and NF‐κB‐mediated release of proinflammatory cytokines. Altogether, this study suggests that NOD2 contributes to the expansion of the lipid‐rich necrotic core and promotes vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis.     

基于BP神经网络的手势动作表面肌电信号的模式识别

手势语言在日常生活中有着广泛的应用,本研究利用手势动作时从前臂4块肌肉上获取的4路表面肌电（SEMG）信号,经特征提取并采用BP神经网络,对8种手势动作模式进行了识别。鉴于BP网络具有较强的模式分类能力,而特征提取（幅度绝对值均值、AR模型系数、过零率）又利用了多路肌电信号的信息,实验结果取得了较高的识别正确率,表明所采用的方法是有效的。     

Regulation of Nod1 and Nod2 in First Trimester Trophoblast Cells

Problem:  The cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors, Nod1 and Nod2, are thought to be important for detecting intracellular bacteria. We have previously reported that first trimester trophoblast cells express Nod1 and Nod2, and that trophoblast Nod2 activation triggers an inflammatory response. The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of Nod1 stimulation, and to determine the regulation of Nod1 and Nod2, in the trophoblast.
Method of Study:  The effect of Nod1 activation on trophoblast cells was determined by analyzing the cytokine response following treatment with γ-D-glutamyl- meso -diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP). The regulation of Nod1 and Nod2 expression by trophoblast cells was evaluated by RT-PCR.
Results:  Treatment of trophoblast cells with iE-DAP significantly increased their production of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, Nod1 and Nod2 mRNA expression was upregulated following treatment of trophoblast cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and this was significantly reduced by the presence of a NFκB inhibitor and a TLR4-dominant negative (DN).
Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that LPS, through TLR4, increases trophoblast expression of Nod1 and Nod2 via the NFκB pathway; and that Nod1 is functional in the trophoblast. These findings suggest that extracellular recognition of bacterial LPS by TLR4 may prime the trophoblast in preparation for its cytoplasmic recognition of, and response to, bacterial peptides through the Nod proteins.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童视觉信息整合及视觉工作记忆能力的病例对照研究

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童视觉信息整合能力及视觉工作记忆能力,进一步揭示其脑认知功能.方法 采用1∶1病例对照研究方法选取45例5～14岁ADHD儿童及对照组进行空间轮廓整合能力、空间位置噪声、时序记忆、模式记忆测试.结果 ADHD儿童空间轮廓整合能力左右眼成绩分别为[(1.62±0.81)分,(1.69±0.87)分],低于对照儿童左右眼成绩[分别为(2.02±1.10)分,(1.98±0.81)分],差异有显著性(P＜0.05).空间位置噪声左右眼成绩[分别为(1.98±0.89)分,(2.20±1.10)分]低于对照儿童左右眼成绩[分别为(2.20±0.97)分,(2.30±0.83)分],差异无显著性(P＞0.05).时序记忆及模式记忆的完成能力[分别为(1.89±1.30)分,(1.18±0.44)分]低于对照组儿童[分别为(2.98±1.25)分,(1.44±0.66)分],差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 ADHD儿童存在视觉知觉、视觉信息整合能力方面的缺陷,ADHD儿童存在视觉工作记忆处理能力缺陷、存在执行功能障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To find out the brain function characters of visual information integration and visual working memory with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Methods 1∶ 1 case-control study was used on the study. 45 ADHD children who met DSM-IV criteria were recruited as case group,45 normal children from primary school were chosen as control group. Two groups children received the test of contour-integration,positional noise, temporal order memory, pattern memory. Results The ADHD double eyes' contour integration ( ( 1.62 ± 0. 81 ), ( 1.69 ± 0.87 ) ) were significantly lower than the control group' ( (2.02 ± 1.10), ( 1.98 ±0.81 )). There was no significant difference of double eyes' positional noise between case group( (1.98 ±0.89 ), ( 2.20 ± 1.10 ) ) and the control group ( ( 2.20 ± 0. 97 ), ( 2.30 ± 0. 83 ) ). The temporal order memory,pattern memory ( ( 1.89 ± 1.30), ( 1.18 ± 0.44) ) showed significantly lower in case group(P＜ 0.05 ) than that in control group ( ( 2.98 ± 1.25 ), ( 1. 44 ± 0. 66) ). Conclusion Results indicate that children with ADHD have deficiency in visual perception and the ability of visual information integration, and have significantly deficiency in visual working memory and executive-function.     

Pattern recognition receptors and coordinated cellular pathways involved in tuberculosis immunopathogenesis: Emerging concepts and perspectives

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Besides Toll Like Receptors, C-type Lectin Receptors and Nod Like Receptors are now being recognized for their involvement in inducing immune response against M. tuberculosis infection. Although, a functional redundancy of the PRRs has also been reported in many studies, emerging evidences support the notion that a cooperative and coordinated response generated by these receptors is critical to sustain the full immune control of M. tuberculosis infection. Many of the PRRs are now found to be involved in various cellular host defenses, such as inflammasome activation, phagosome biogenesis, endosomal trafficking, and antigen processing pathways that are all very critical for an effective immune response against M. tuberculosis. In support, polymorphism in several of these receptors has also been found associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. Nonetheless, increasing evidences also show that in order to enhance its intracellular survival, M. tuberculosis has also evolved multiple strategies to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated immune responses. In light of these findings, this review analyzes the interaction of bacterial and host factors at the intersections of PRR signaling pathways that could provide integrative insights for the development of better vaccines and therapeutics for tuberculosis.     

Impact of spatio-temporal recurrence pattern on overall survival for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia – A comparison with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BackgroundResections for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN) have increased dramatically during the last decade. Recurrence pattern and impact of adjuvant chemotherapy for solid pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is well known, but not for invasive IPMN (inv-IPMN).ObjectivesTo elucidate the impact of spatio-temporal recurrence pattern and adjuvant chemotherapy on overall survival for inv-IPMN compared with PDAC.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single-center observational study of consecutive patients ≥18 years of age who underwent resection for inv-IPMN or PDAC at Karolinska University Hospital, between 2009 and 2018. Different initial recurrence sites and time frames as well as predictors for death were assessed with multivariable Cox and logistic regressions. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier model and log rank test.ResultsOf 396 resected patients, 92 were inv-IPMN and 304 PDAC. Both recurrence rate and death rate within three-years were lower for inv-IPMN compared to PDAC (p = 0.006 and p = 0.007 respectively). Across the whole cohort, the most common recurrence patterns were multi-site (25%), single-site liver (21%) and single-site locoregional (10%) recurrence. The most prominent predictors for death in multivariable Cox regression, especially if occurred within the first year, were multi-site (HR 17.0), single-site peritoneal (HR 13.6) and single-site liver (HR 13.1) recurrence. These predictors were less common in inv-IPMN compared to PDAC (p = 0.007). The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy was similar in the two groups.ConclusionResected inv-IPMN exhibits a less aggressive recurrence pattern than PDAC that translates into a more favorable overall survival.     

高压氧综合治疗对非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变患者的临床疗效

目的探讨高压氧综合治疗非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)患者的临床疗效。方法选取2017年1月至2019年1月郑州市第二人民医院收治的NAION患者110例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(55例)和高压氧组(55例)。对照组给予激素冲击、改善微循环、营养神经等常规治疗;高压氧组在对照组基础上给予高压氧治疗,舱压0.2 MPa(2.0 ATA),每日1次,10次为1个疗程,共治疗30 d。观察并分析2组患者治疗前后的视力、视野平均敏感度(mean sensitivity, MS)、视野平均缺损(mean defect, MD)、图形视觉诱发电位(pattern visual evoked potential, PVEP)振幅、潜伏期,评定治疗有效率。观察高压氧综合治疗对NAION患者血清人软骨糖蛋白-39 (又称几丁质酶-3样蛋白-1,chtinase-3-like-1 protein, YKL-40)的影响。结果 2组患者治疗前的视力、视野MS、视野MD、PVEP振幅、潜伏期比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高压氧组治疗后视野MD低于对照组及本组治疗前,视力和视野MS高于对照组及本组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高压氧组患者的PVEP振幅高于本组治疗前及对照组,潜伏期短于本组治疗前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗7 d时2组血清YKL-40达到峰值,高压氧组治疗3、7、15、30 d时均低于同时间点对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高压氧组患者的总有效率(83.63%)高于对照组(74.55%),组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高压氧综合治疗可以明显提高NAION患者的视力、视野MS,改善患者视野MD、PVEP振幅、潜伏期,减轻炎性反应,有利于提高临床疗效。     

The identification,characterization, and function of two TREMs genes in Chinese Yangzhou goose (Anas cygnoides)

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) is a cell-surface receptor primarily expressed on macrophages. Here, two novel TREM genes, AcTREM1 and AcTREM2, were identified from Anas cygnoides. AcTREM1 cDNA contained a putative signal peptide, two IG domains, and a transmembrane domain. The deduced AcTREM2 sequence also contained a signal peptide, an IG domain, and a transmembrane domain. qRT-PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence experiments showed that AcTREM1 and AcTREM2 were mainly expressed in the liver and spleen, and both genes and proteins were mainly distributed in cytoplasm. AcTREM1 expression in the liver and spleen was significantly upregulated following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge at an early stage of infection and then decreased at a later stage. Changes in AcTREM2 expression were reciprocal to those of AcTREM1 in the liver and spleen after LPS challenge. Our results indicate that AcTREM1 and AcTREM2 participate in the antibacterial immunity of A. cygnoides.     

固本通络电针法联合八脉交会穴针刺治疗气虚血瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效及对SOD、MDA、hs-CRP水平影响

目的:探讨固本通络电针法联合八脉交会穴针刺治疗气虚血瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效及对SOD、MDA和hs-CRP水平的影响。方法:选取我院收治的气虚血瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变患者60例,采用简单随机化原则分为两组,各30例。对照组给予八脉交会穴针刺治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予固本通络电针法治疗,对比治疗后的临床疗效、VAS评分、TCSS评分、神经传导速度及SOD、MDA和hs-CRP水平。结果:经过治疗后,治疗组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者VAS评分和TCSS评分较治疗前均明显降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低较多(P<0.05);两组患者MCV和SSCV较治疗前均显著升高(P<0.05),且治疗组升高较多(P<0.05);两组患者MDA、hs-CRP水平较治疗前显著降低,SOD水平显著升高(P<0.05),且治疗组改善程度较大(P<0.05)。结论:采用固本通络电针法联合八脉交会穴针刺治疗气虚血瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变具有较好的治疗效果,能改善SOD、MDA和hs-CRP水平,安全性较高,值得在临床上推广应用。