左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉的术前诊断与治疗

目的 探讨左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉(anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery,ALCAPA)的术前诊断,手术治疗和疗效.方法 对山西省儿童医院2010年6月至2014年3月收治的9例ALCAPA患儿的术前诊断及手术方式进行总结.结果 本组患儿共9例,男3例,女6例,年龄4个月～4岁6个月,平均(1.14±1.33)岁;体重5.6～18.0 kg,平均(8.06±3.99)kg.术前行心脏彩超、心脏增强CT检查,明确诊断,其中有1例患儿行心脏造影检查.9例患儿中合并二尖瓣轻度反流2例,二尖瓣轻-中度反流5例,中-重度反流2例.心电图表现:9例患儿在导联Ⅰ、AVL及V4-6有不同程度的异常Q波,ST段改变或T波倒置.胸部X线检查示心影明显增大,心胸比例0.56～0.73,平均0.61 ±0.05,左心缘饱满隆起,向左下方突起,心脏彩超示左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉,左心室明显扩大,心肌收缩力减弱,射血分数低于50％,8例患儿左心室舒张末径均＞35 mm,1例患儿合并心尖部室壁瘤.1例患儿行心脏彩超及CT检查后怀疑ALCAPA,后经造影检查明确诊断.6例患儿术前行放射性核素心肌显像检查,均伴有不同程度的心尖、前壁、侧壁心肌梗死,部分心肌存活.本组患儿均在全身麻醉体外循环下行左冠状动脉移植术,7例患儿加做二尖瓣成形术.全组患儿早期死亡1例,死亡原因为严重低心排综合征,余均治愈出院.其中,围术期合并低心排综合征2例,肺炎3例,室上性心动过速1例.术后随访3个月～2年,超声心动图检查提示冠状动脉血流通畅,射血分数较术前提高,二尖瓣反流减轻.患儿生长发育良好,无心力衰竭表现,心功能恢复良好.结论 超声心动图对ALCAPA的诊断有重要价值,心脏增强CT及造影检查可确诊,术前核素心肌显像对存活心肌的判定、手术及预后有重要意义.冠状动脉移植术是最理想的手术方法.     

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery: First familial cases in Asia

Congenital coronary artery abnormalities may cause sudden death, particularly in athletes. Two siblings, aged 10 and 9 years, respectively, were diagnosed with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery on multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT). The right coronary artery arose from the left coronary cusp, and was wedged between the aorta and pulmonary artery. This was also noted on cardiac ultrasonography (UCG), but in general this might not be seen on electrocardiography at rest. Although the surgical indications are unclear in the case of unproven ischemia, early recognition of the condition may reduce risk of the cardiac events during exercise. The majority of proximal coronary artery anomalies can be screened for on UCG, and confirmed on MDCT, which yields more precise clinical details and is less invasive than angiography. This is the first report of familial cases of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery in Asia.     

中药小包装饮片的历史源流及其调剂规范化操作的思考

目的传承历代中药调剂操作经验,规范现代中药小包装饮片调剂操作技术。方法通过查阅历代古籍和现代文献,系统整理和分析中药饮片小包装的历史渊源、使用利弊、包装选择、使用现状及调剂规程等五方面情况,回顾小包装饮片的发展历程,总结调剂操作经验,编排现代调剂操作规程。结果中药小包装饮片调剂具有独特的优势,"审、摆、看、对、拿、掂、分、核、包、发"的"十字口诀"是其主要操作要点。结论中药小包装饮片调剂"十字口诀"易记、易懂、易操作,提高临床调剂质量、规范调剂技能具有指导意义。     

Implementation of a metastatic malignancy of unknown primary origin service led by a palliative physician

Background: Cancer of unknown primary is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the United Kingdom. National guidance in 2010 recommended the establishment of a dedicated unknown primary team to facilitate targeted investigation and symptom control. A service development project was undertaken to identify those affected by malignancy of unknown origin and institute a pathway for coordinating their care led by a palliative physician.

Method: In order to describe the patient population and illness trajectory and to assess the effect of the new pathway on the clinical outcomes we used a retrospective and prospective comparative case notes survey to identify the pre- and post-pathway population. This took place in secondary care. Inclusion criteria were patients with metastatic disease with no known primary; exclusion criteria were where the site of metastasis was so suggestive of a primary that it would be managed as per that disease process. 88 patients were included.Results: Mean age was 72.5 years. The mean survival time from presentation was 81.8 days. There was no difference pre or during pathway implementation in age, performance status or survival time. There was no reduction in the numbers referred for tumour directed therapy. There was a non-statistically significant reduction in the number who died in hospital during the pathway implementation.

Conclusions: This study suggests having a metastatic malignancy of unknown primary origin service led by a palliative physician does not reduce the number referred for tumour directed therapy. It also adds evidence of the poor prognosis and thus the need for early palliative care input.     

基于稳定同位素指纹的春三七主根产地判别研究

研究建立春三七主根产地判别技术,为三七地理标志产品保护和溯源提供理论依据。采集广西百色片区、云南文山片区、云南新拓展片区三七主产县三年生春三七样品共44份,利用元素分析-稳定同位素质谱仪测定了其稳定性碳、氮、氢、氧同位素比率,结合Duncan多重比较分析、Fisher判别分析和逐步判别分析建立3个片区三年生春三七主根产地判别模型。3个三七产区地理气候环境具有明显的差异,从广西百色-云南文山-云南新拓展片区,经度、年均温、年降水逐渐降低,海拔、纬度呈增加的趋势。多重比较分析结果表明,3个片区春三七主根δ¹³C,δ¹⁵N,δ²H,δ¹⁸O有显著或极显著差异。Fisher判别分析和逐步判别分析结果表明,基于4种稳定同位素比率的产地判别模型,对3个产地春三七主根正确判别率分别80.05%,76.47%,90.91%,平均为84.09%。利用稳定同位素指纹特征结合化学计量学方法可以实现对春三七主根原料及产品的产地判别。     

白涩症源流浅析

本文通过对历史相关古籍文献的整理研究,梳理白涩症发展沿革,探讨历代医家对其病因病机及治疗方法的认识,以期为白涩症的研究提供理论基础,并为临床治疗开拓思路。中医对白涩症的相关记载,最早可追溯至晋代《针灸甲乙经》中有关目涩的论述,其对于自觉眼部干涩不适的症状有了初步的认识。“白涩症”之名首见于《证治准绳》,后沿用至今。其基本病因病机主要归责于津液亏少,眼目不得濡养,外感邪气、脏腑内伤、情志失常、饮食劳倦等因素均可致病,内治法治疗主要分为祛邪、泻实、补虚三个方面,外治法包括点眼法及针灸疗法,临床上当审察病因,随证治之。现代医学对该病的治疗主要以缓解症状为主,寻找有效的中医治疗手段在现代临床应用中意义重大。     

桃仁的本草考证

对中药的本草考证,是推动经典名方开发与上市的前期工作。查阅现代文献发现,近年对桃仁的研究大多集中在药理成分、药代动力学、医案等方面,鲜有从古籍文献出发对桃仁的基原、炮制、性味归经及功效主治等方面进行研究。经考证发现,桃仁的常用名有"桃仁""桃核仁",产地较广;从品种而言,桃仁的植物来源古今变化不大,清代以前,桃仁的植物来源为山桃或毛桃的种子,近代以来桃或山桃的种子成为主流,不同著作关于桃仁植物来源的拉丁学名有所不同,笔者认为桃Amygdalus persica,山桃A. davidiana拉丁学名较为合理。桃仁行血,宜连皮、尖,生用;桃仁润燥,宜去皮、尖,炒黄。桃核承气汤和桃红四物汤原方中桃仁的炮制方法应当皆为"去皮、尖,炒黄",身痛逐瘀汤中桃仁的炮制方法则应为"连皮、尖,生用"。桃仁主治闭经、瘕邪、小虫、胸痹、咳喘、便秘等多个病证,血虚者、血燥者、孕妇等群体慎用或勿用。现代临床应用仅是对古籍记载的部分继承,提示桃仁还有许多功效可供考证研究,值得进一步深入挖掘以扩大临床应用。古籍关于桃仁的性味归经、品质评定与现代《中华人民共和国药典》内容较一致。因桃仁外观与杏仁相似,尤以粉碎后难以区分,需耗费大量时间和财力予以鉴别,建议医疗机构采购桃仁时尽量采购未经粉碎的桃仁,药房根据临床需求再进行加工炮制。     

经典名方中茯苓的本草考证

通过查阅历代本草、医籍等古代资料,结合中国知网、万方等数据库收录的现代文献,对《古代经典名方目录（第一批）》中方剂涉及的茯苓药材的基原、产地与品质、采收期、加工炮制方法、栽培技术等方面进行全面梳理与考证,为包含茯苓药材的经典名方品种开发与研究提供参考。经考证可知,古代茯苓入药的基原应为多孔菌科茯苓Poria cocos的干燥菌核。其产地在我国分布广泛,主产于安徽、湖北、河南、云南,以云南所产品质较佳,安徽、湖北产量较大。茯苓古今品质评价结论基本一致,均以块大、质重、皮薄多皱、断面白色细腻者为佳。采收期多为阴历八月,初加工经历古代阴干到现代“发汗”后阴干的演变;茯苓从古至今炮制方法主要为切制,可将其加工成“茯苓块”和“茯苓片”。栽培技术经历了“野生茯苓-活体松根接种-段木接种”的演化过程,目前茯苓主要以人工段木栽培为主,技术方法成熟、产量丰富,可以满足经典名方的研发需求。     

整合医学在感染性疾病学科发展中的应用

感染性疾病学由传染病学演变而来,部分感染性疾病具有传染性;感染性疾病具有发病率高,致病微生物和寄生虫种类多,全身各个系统、器官、组织可单个或多个被感染侵犯并产生免疫反应以及病情复杂等特点;感染性疾病已成为全球性的医疗问题和影响社会稳定的公共卫生问题。要解决感染性疾病的临床防治问题,应用生物医学模式将思路局限于某一系统、器官、组织显然不利于感染性疾病的科学诊治;必须在生物-社会-心理医学模式指导下,应用整体整合医学(HIM)的方法开展临床诊疗。本文以中国感染性疾病科需要重点关注的4组疾病即感染性疾病、急性发热、长期不明原因发热(FUO)和肝硬化性心肌病(CCM)诊治为例,阐述HIM在感染性疾病科应用的必要性和科学性。     

Cobalt hip prosthesis intoxication mimicking an autoimmune disease

Cobalt-containing hip prosthesis may cause systemic toxicity due to the release of cobalt from metal-on-metal (MoM) joint arthroplasty into the bloodstream. High cobalt blood levels can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, mimicking other disorders, especially autoimmune, hematologic, and infectious diseases. Our purpose is to describe a clinical case of cobalt hip prosthesis intoxication mimicking an autoimmune disease, with systemic inflammation signs, arthro-myalgias unrelated to overt synovitis, and multiple autoantibody positivity. A 69-years-old woman presented with a 1-year history of right coxalgia, recurrent fever, arthro-myalgias, mediastinal and right iliac reactive lymphadenopathy. She underwent hip replacement surgery seven years earlier. The physical examination was unremarkable except for right hip pain. Laboratory tests showed markedly increased inflammatory indices and microbiological tests were all negative. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of right hip yielded limpid fluid with negative cultures. Increased cobalt levels in plasma and urine showed metal intoxication. Magnetic resonance imaging with metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS) confirmed a periprosthetic mass as usually seen in reaction to metal debris. Prosthesis substitution was performed with a resolution of the clinical picture and normalization of cobalt levels.