α地中海贫血HKαα／--SEA基因型家系分析

目的：研究巢式 PCR 结合家系分析的方法对罕见α地中海贫血（α地贫）的诊断价值。方法对先证者及12名家系成员,采用血常规分析、红细胞脆性及血红蛋白电泳进行地贫筛查;采用 PCR-反向斑点杂交（ PCR-reverse dot blot , RDB ）技术诊断非缺失α地贫点突变和17种β地贫基因点突变;采用跨越断裂点聚合酶链反应（ Gap-PCR ）进行缺失型α地贫基因型分析;采用巢式 PCR 检测 HKαα基因型;绘制α地贫基因遗传图谱。结果12例家系成员中,4例 MCV、MCH、红细胞脆性低于正常参考值,8例血液学指标均无异常;12例血红蛋白电泳均正常;12例家系成员中--SEA／αα和αα／αα基因型各2例, HKαα／αα基因型6例, HKαα／--SEA基因型2例;均无17种常见β地贫和3种常见非缺失α地贫。结论巢式PCR 结合家系分析方法是发现罕见地贫基因型并减少HKαα地贫的漏诊误诊的重要方法。     

亲缘群体单体型推断的研究进展

随着高通量的基因分型技术的出现,越来越多的单核苷酸多态性( single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)可被检测。基因组研究中,单体型分析已被运用到SNP位点与复杂性状的关联分析中。现有的单体型推断方法包括基于非亲缘群体的方法,DNA pool样本方法和系谱资料方法。不过家庭及亲缘数据可为单体型推断提供很重要的信息,利用这些信息进行单体型推断会增加准确性。如今对亲缘群体单体型推断的算法和软件已有很多报道。该文的目的是回顾这些算法、软件以及它们的优缺点和适用的群体类型,同时探讨仍然存在的问题和面临的挑战。     

六个佩梅病家系的蛋白脂蛋白1基因突变分析与产前诊断

目的 对6个佩梅病(Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease,PMD)家系进行蛋白脂蛋白1(proteolipid protein 1,PLP1)基因突变分析,明确基因突变类型,并进行遗传咨询和产前诊断.方法 研究对象为2006年7月至2011年11月期间,在北京大学第一医院儿科就诊的6例佩梅病先证者及其家系.采集外周血提取基因组DNA,应用多重连接依赖的探针扩增(multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification,MLPA)技术检测PLP1重复突变;应用DNA直接测序技术检测PLP1点突变,确定基因突变类型,明确基因诊断.对女性PLP1突变携带者所妊娠的胎儿进行产前诊断,通过绒毛活检或羊膜腔穿刺采集标本,提取胎儿的基因组DNA进行PLP1突变分析.结果 先证者1、2、3、4为PLP1重复突变,4例先证者的母亲和先证者1的姨母均为PLP1重复突变携带者;先证者5和6为PLP1点突变,基因突变的位点分别为c.96C＞G(p.F32L)和c.623G＞T(p.G208V),其母亲均为相应位点基因突变的携带者.7例女性PLP1突变携带者均再次妊娠,共9例胎儿接受了产前诊断,发现PLP1重复突变与点突变患儿各1例(均为男性),PLP1重复突变携带者1例(女性),PLP1野生型6例(男性3例、女性3例).1例男性PLP1野生型胎儿存在X染色体部分交换. 结论 对佩梅病患儿及其家系成员进行PLP1突变分析,可明确基因诊断,检出家系中的女性PLP1突变携带者,提供准确的遗传咨询并进一步实施产前诊断,对于预防患儿出生具有重要意义.     

Analysis of the genotype and phenotye in 3 pedigrees with Stargardt disease北大核心CSCD

Objective: To analyze the relationship between genotype and phenotype in 3 pedigrees with Stargardt disease. Methods: Three pedigrees with Stargardt disease were included in Ningxia Eye Hospital from January 2017 to September 2017.The clinical features of patients and other family members were evaluated by ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and electroretinogram (ERG). The periphery blood sample of 5 ml from patients and 1 family member with normal phonotye in each family were collected. The next generation sequencing, PCR and direct sequencing were used to confirm the disease-causing mutation. The relationship between genotype and phenotype was analyzed. This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Ningxia Eye Hospital and informed consent was obtained from each subject. Results: In 3 Stargardt pedigrees, 2 pedigrees showed autosomal recessive inheritance, and 1 pedigree was pseudodominant inheritance. Five mutations on ABCA4 gene were detected and p. F2188S and p. Y345C were novel muations. All pedigrees carried two heterozygous mutation. The onset age of the patients were adolescence except just one patient who suffered at the age of 50 years old. The visual acuity was severely affected and the OCT indicated different degrees of macular atrophy. The results of the ocular fundus photography and the FFA were variable. Conclusions: The patients with stargardt disease often carry heterozygous mutation on ABCA4 gene and available characteristics, including early onset age, varying ocular fundus and severe visual impairment. Next generation sequencing technique shows the advantages of rapid and high efficiency in the diagnosis of Stargardt disease. Copyright © 2018 by the Chinese Medical Association.     

一个X-连锁隐性遗传视网膜色素变性家系的RPGR基因新突变

目的 研究X-连锁隐性遗传视网膜色素变性(RP)家系RPGR基因突变男性患者和女性携带者的临床表型.方法 家系调查研究.收集RP先证者及其家系资料,完善眼科检查,抽取现存77名家系成员和80名正常对照者外周静脉血,提取DNA,进行聚合酶链反应(PCR),扩增RPGR基因外显子ORF15,扩增产物纯化后直接测序.结果 RP家系中,8例RP患者均为男性,呈隔代传递,不存在男性至男性的传递,患者的母亲及女儿都是致病基因携带者而不发病,符合X-连锁隐性遗传方式.在8例男性RP患者和14例女性致病基因携带者的RPGR基因外显子ORF15+577_578位点发现一个AG缺失突变,引起阅读框架的改变,该基因缺失突变在家系中共分离.AG缺失突变导致男性患者典型的RP改变,但发病时间和进展程度不一.携带有杂合型基因突变的14例女性携带者最具特征性的临床表型是中高度近视眼(-5.00～-22.00 D).结论 该RP家系患者由RPGR 基因外显子ORF15移码突变致g.ORF15+577_578delAG位点缺失.RPGR基因外显子ORF15的新突变可导致男性患者严重的RP表型,但女性致病基因携带者仅表现为中高度近视眼.(中华眼科杂志,2011,47:516-520)

Abstract：

Objective To screen the mutation in the RPGR gene in a large Chinese family with X-linked recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and to describe the phenotype in affected males and female carriers. Methods Ophthalmic examinations were performed in 77 family members of a RP pedigree to identify affected individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing were used for screening of mutations in RPGR gene exon ORF15. Results Mutation screening demonstrated a novel mutation, g.ORF15+577_ 578delAG, which caused an open reading frameshift and resulted in premature truncation of the RPGR protein. This mutation was detected in 8 affected male individuals and 14 obligate female carriers in this family and was found to segregate with the phenotype in this family. This mutation led to a severe RP phenotype in male affected individuals with some variability in the age of onset of night blindness and loss of visual acuity, but was recessive in female carriers without a RP phenotype. However the most striking phenotypic feature in female carriers in this pedigree was moderate to high myopia with refractive error ranging from -5.00 D to -22.00 D in 14 female carriers. Conclusions This novel mutation in RPGR ORF15 causes serious RP phenotype in males and no RP phenotype in female carriers. Moderate to high myopia was a particular feature for female carriers in this pedigree. Our finding expands the spectrum of RPGR mutations causing RP and phenotypic spectrum of the disease in Chinese family, which is useful for further genetic consultation and genetic diagnosis.     

反常性痤疮一家系nicastrin基因突变研究

目的 研究一家系2例汉族反常性痤疮患者γ分泌酶基因的突变.方法 提取家系中5名成员(2例患者、先证者父亲、2例目前未发病者)的外周血DNA,扩增nicastrin蛋白(NCSTN)、早老素(PSEN)1、早老素增强子(PSENEN)、前咽缺陷蛋白(APH1)基因所有外显子和侧翼序列进行测序,并以100例无关系健康人作为对照.同时比较先证者皮损与4个健康对照NCSTN基因mRNA表达差异.结果 检测到2例患者血样DNA存在NCSTN基因中第477位碱基发生C→A的杂合突变,即c.477C＞A,其余3名家系成员及健康对照未发现相应突变;查询美国国家生物技术信息中心网站单核苷酸多态性数据库也未发现此突变.另外,先证者皮损NCSTN mRNA水平较健康对照明显减少.结论 NCSTN基因新的无义突变c.477C＞A是该反常性痤疮家系的致病突变,并可能通过无义介导的mRNA降解途径导致该基因功能失活.     

基底细胞痣综合征中国一家系致病相关基因连锁及突变分析

目的 揭示基底细胞痣综合征中国一个家系发病的分子遗传基础，为家系中的年轻患者实行早期监测和治疗。方法 首先选择家系中先证者和其患病母亲及家系中一名健康人，提取外周血DNA，聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增PTCH基因编码氨基酸的23个外显子，对扩增产物进行DNA测序后；采用位于9q22．3-q31区的3个微卫星DNA标记对该家系行遗传连锁分析。结果 先证者患病母亲PTCH基因未发现突变；先证者（V4）14号外显子发生同义突变；连锁分析显示，在位点D9S283、D9S1690和D9S1677，Lod值＜-2（θ=0．00）。结论 排除了PTCH基因作为基底细胞痣综合征该家系致病基因的可能。     

一个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型聋家系的听力学及遗传学特征分析

目的 分析一个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型聋家系的听力学和遗传学特征.方法 对收集到的一个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型聋家系成员进行家系调查、听力学检测和全身体格检查,绘制家系图谱,整理、分析家系成员的听力学和遗传学特征;提取外周血DNA,对已知常见耳聋基因GJB2、GJB3、COCH、EYA4以及线粒体DNA全序列进行筛查.结果 该家系由5代53名成员组成,现存4代42人,耳聋患者11人;耳聋表型连续遗传,男女均可患病,符合常染色体显性遗传规律,均表现为对称性语后感音神经性聋(12～36岁之间发病),起初为高频听力下降,随着年龄的增长,逐渐累及中低频听力.已知常见致聋基因全编码序列突变检测分析无阳性发现.结论 该常染色体显性遗传非综合征型聋家系中耳聋者表现为对称性、迟发性、进行性、高频下降为主的语后感音神经性聋.     

Impact of chromosomal heteromorphisms on reproductive failure and analysis of 38 heteromorphic pedigrees in Northeast China

Purpose

To compare the frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms in reproductive failure and fertile control individuals in Northeast China, and investigate the impact on reproductive failure

Methods

1751 males and 1424 couples with reproductive failure (n = 4599) and 777 fertile control individuals in Northeast China were enrolled. Chromosome karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes with standard G-banding. Additionally, C-banding was performed with heterochromatin heteromorphisms, and NORs-banding with satellites/stalks variations. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adopted for the amplification using nine specific sequence tagged sites (STS) were used to detect Y-chromosome microdeletions with Y chromosome variations (Yqh±). At the same time, 38 heteromorphic probands’ family members were recalled for performing karyotype analysis and to be surveyed for their detailed reproductive history.

Results

The frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms in reproductive failure patients (2.74 %, 126/4599) was of no statistically significant difference as compared with fertile control individuals (2.06 %, 16/777) (P > 0.05). Eight cases of Y variation (Yqh±) probands with Y-chromosomal microdeletions were detected among 44 reproductive failure patients and 6 fertile control men. In the 38 recalled families, the probands of fathers or mothers, even some of their brothers or sisters, had the same heteromorphic karyotypes as probands’ despite that they didn’t have any adverse reproductive history.

Conclusions

There was no statistically significant difference in frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms between reproductive failure and fertile control individuals in Northeast China. Males with Y variations (Yqh±) should be ordered Y-chromosomal microdeletions detection. Through the analysis of 38 recalled families, we can also conclude that chromosomal heteromorphisms were not the impact factors for reproductive failure.