盐酸埃他卡林对自发性高血压大鼠血浆生化指标及炎症相关因子的影响

目的观察盐酸埃他卡林(Ipt)对自发性高血压大鼠血浆生化指标及炎症相关因子的影响。方法SHR大鼠在2月龄进入实验,体重200～250g,雌雄不限,随机分为6组:SHR对照组5只,WKY对照组5只,Ipt 3个剂量1、3、9mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)治疗组各6只,苯那普利(Ben)6mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)治疗组6只。灌胃给药每天1次,8wk后处死动物,检测血浆Glu,Tcho,TG,LDL-c,HDL-c, BUN,Cr,UA,Ins,hs-CRP,IL-6,TNF-α等指标。结果SHR大鼠对照组较WKY大鼠对照组,血浆BUN,Cr,UA显著增高(P＜0．05),血糖、血脂无显著差异(P＞0．05),经Ipt 1、3、9mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)及Ben 6mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)治疗后,血浆BUN,Cr,UA降至正常;SHR大鼠与WKY大鼠对照组比较,血浆Ins、hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6显著增高,Ipt 3、9mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量治疗后,较SHR对照组大鼠均显著降低(P＜0．05),1mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量及Ben治疗后,无明显改变(P＞0．05)。结论盐酸埃他卡林及苯那普利均能有效地改善肾功能,盐酸埃他卡林3、9mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量治疗后能降低血浆Ins、TNF-α、IL-6、hs-CRP等炎症相关因子。     

呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻风险预测模型的构建及验证

目的 通过分析呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻的危险因素,建立并验证呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻风险的列线图模型。 方法 纳入2019年1月—9月于北京市某三级甲等医院呼吸科病房住院使用抗生素治疗的患者291例并收集临床资料。应用Logistic回归模型分析呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻的独立危险因素。应用R软件构建预测呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻风险的列线图模型,并进行验证。 结果 Logistic回归分析显示,大便潜血[OR=4.517,95%CI（1.440~14.163）]、体重指数[OR=0.834,95%CI（0.735~0.947）]、血红蛋白浓度[OR=0.970,95%CI（0.946~0.994）]、院前使用抗生素[OR=2.957,95%CI（1.076~8.130）]及使用抗生素种类[OR=2.148,95%CI（1.146~4.026）]是呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。对列线图模型进行验证,ROC曲线显示该模型预测呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻的风险曲线下面积为0.779;校准曲线为斜率接近于1的直线,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验（ χ²=1.413,P=0.994）均显示该模型能够较准确地预测呼吸科住院患者抗生素药物相关腹泻的风险。结论 该研究基于大便潜血、院前使用抗生素、体重指数、血红蛋白浓度、使用抗生素种类数这5项抗生素药物相关腹泻发生的独立危险因素,构建的列线图模型具有良好的区分度与准确度,可为临床个体化预测抗生素药物相关腹泻发生风险提供参考。     

预防ICU患者大便失禁性皮炎的循证实践

目的 总结预防ICU患者大便失禁性皮炎的循证证据,并评价其临床应用效果。 方法 应用循证护理的方法系统检索2010年1月—2019年9月国内外相关临床实践指南、专家共识和系统评价。评价并汇总最佳证据,制订审查条目进行基线审查,并基于审查结果分析促进与障碍因素。于2020年5月—9月将证据应用于临床,比较循证实践前后ICU患者失禁性皮炎发生率、护士对失禁性皮炎相关知识的认知水平以及对审查条目的执行率。 结果 最终纳入8篇文献,包括临床实践指南3篇、专家共识2篇、系统评价3篇,在风险评估和预防策略2方面总结了11条最佳证据。循证实践后,ICU患者失禁性皮炎发生率为19.10%,低于循证实践前（40.48%）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;护士对失禁性皮炎相关知识问卷的得分为（42.35±5.77）分,高于循证实践前（35.65±5.07）分,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。护士对审查条目2、4、5、6的执行率由循证实践前的0、0、66.67%、22.62%上升至100%、84.27%、97.75%、76.40%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 将预防ICU患者大便失禁性皮炎的最佳证据应用于临床,可降低失禁性皮炎发生率,提高护士对失禁性皮炎相关知识的认知水平以及执行依从性。     

High molecular weight complex analysis of Epstein–Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP-1): Structural insights into LMP-1's homo-oligomerization and lipid raft association

LMP-1 is a constitutively active Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor analog encoded by Epstein–Barr virus. LMP-1 activation correlates with oligomerization and raft localization, but direct evidence of LMP-1 oligomers is limited. We report that LMP-1 forms multiple high molecular weight native LMP-1 complexes when analyzed by BN-PAGE, the largest of which are enriched in detergent resistant membranes. The largest of these high molecular weight complexes are not formed by purified LMP-1 or by loss of function LMP-1 mutants. Consistent with these results we find a dimeric form of LMP-1 that can be stabilized by disulfide crosslinking. We identify cysteine 238 in the C-terminus of LMP-1 as the crosslinked cysteine. Disulfide crosslinking occurs post-lysis but the dimer can be crosslinked in intact cells with membrane permeable crosslinkers. LMP-1/C238A retains wild type LMP-1 NF-κB activity. LMP-1's TRAF binding, raft association and oligomerization are associated with the dimeric form of LMP-1. Our results suggest the possibility that the observed dimeric species results from inter-oligomeric crosslinking of LMP-1 molecules in adjacent core LMP-1 oligomers.     

Regulation of blood services in Africa

Blood and blood products save lives and are a part of the WHO Essential Medicines List. Access to safe and quality-assured blood and blood products are essential for health systems strengthening and it is a global concern. Their use is associated with infectious and immunologic risks. At global level, many resolutions have been adopted by the World Health Assembly that urged Member States to ensure regulatory control of access to quality-assured blood and blood products along the entire transfusion chain. The WHO has also developed an action framework to advance universal access to blood. As part of the implementation of these resolutions and guidelines, the WHO Regional Office for Africa and some partners provided support to countries in the region to strengthen their capacity to establish an effective blood regulatory system through organization of regional training workshops on blood regulation, benchmarking of blood regulatory systems, internship at Paul Ehrlich Institut and establishment of the African Blood Regulators Forum. The current status of blood regulation reveals that there are weak transfusion legislation and blood regulatory systems in most African countries, since many national blood transfusion services still rely on self-regulation. However, the national regulatory authorities have reached the maturity level 3 in two countries (Ghana and Tanzania), but only the experience from Ghana has been described in this paper. Like in other low- and middle-income countries, the regulatory systems for associated substances and medical devices including IVDs are not well established in the African region. Misunderstanding by different stakeholders, lack of legislation that provides legal basis, weak capacity and insufficiency of resources are main challenges facing countries to establish an effective national blood regulatory system. To address these challenges, strong advocacy with governments and collaboration with partners are needed to strengthen national blood regulatory systems.     

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与冠心病的相关性研究进展

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（Lp-PLA2）是由炎性细胞产生并与低密度脂蛋白（LDL）结合,可水解氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）而产生炎症介质促进动脉粥样硬化。Lp-PLA2编码基因PLA2G7的单核苷酸多态性与冠心病之间存在明显相关性。Lp-PLA2作为新型的炎症标记物,与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展密切相关,作为冠心病的一个独立危险因素逐渐被关注,Lp-PLA2可能成为治疗冠心病的新靶点。本文就Lp-PLA2与冠心病的相关性研究新进展进行综述。     

Factors associated with polypharmacy in nursing home residents

The prevalence of polypharmacy is very high in the nursing home setting. In this comprehensive review, we describe the many demographic, functional status, chronic disease, and healthcare financing factors associated with polypharmacy in nursing home patients. Recognition of the factors associated with polypharmacy is the first step for practitioners. A quality improvement intervention study previously conducted by the authors of this paper demonstrated that polypharmacy can be reduced in the nursing setting as a result of systematic review of medications by physicians.     

医务人员艾滋病 梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播防治知识知晓率及其影响因素

目的了解重大公共卫生服务专项经费支持开展预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴传播(Inte-grated prevention of mother-to-child transmission,IPMTCT)项目地区的医务人员,对母婴传播防治相关知识的知晓状况及其影响因素,为明确下一步项目工作中人员能力建设及支持重点提供参考依据。方法于2011年9-10月,对2省4个项目县(市、区)所有承担IPMTCT工作的医务人员进行问卷调查。结果734名医务人员IPMTCT综合知识知晓率为48.9%(359/734)。88.1%(647/734)的医务人员近1年接受过相关培训。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,调整地域和年龄因素后,有预防艾滋病母婴传播工作(Prevention of mother-to-child transmission,PMTCT)基础的项目地区,医务人员的IPMTCT综合知识知晓率高于无PMTCT工作基础的地区的医务人员[比值比(Odds ratio,OR)=5.810,95%可信区间(Confidence interval,CI)=4.037～8.362];近1年接受过相关培训的医务人员知识知晓率高于未接受过培训的医务人员(OR=3.014,95%CI=1.674～5.426);乡镇级医务人员相关知识水平低于县级及以上医务人员(OR=0.335,95%CI=0.226～0.496);相对于临床人员,保健、检验等专业人员相关知识水平低(OR=0.413,95%CI=0.256～0.668;OR=0.274,95%CI=0.154～0.487)。结论医务人员IPMTCT综合知识水平普遍较低,乡镇医务人员和从事保健、检验工作的医务人员相关知识更为薄弱,有PMTCT工作基础的地区和近期接受过相关培训的医务人员,IPMTCT综合知识水平高。应进一步加强培训,尤其重视对乡镇医务人员、保健人员和检验人员的培训。加大对没有PMTCT工作基础的地区的培训支持。     

广西壮族自治区2005-2021年新报告男男性行为人群HIV感染者晚发现及影响因素分析

目的分析广西壮族自治区(广西)防治艾滋病攻坚工程开展前后MSM HIV感染者(MSM感染者)的晚发现变化趋势及其影响因素, 从中寻找现阶段需要优先干预的人群。方法从中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病防治基本信息系统中选取2005-2021年广西新报告的MSM感染者作为研究对象。采用Joinpoint 4.9.1.0软件对晚发现病例和非晚发现病例进行时间趋势检验, 运用logistic回归分析各阶段晚发现的影响因素。结果 2005-2021年广西新报告MSM感染者共5 764例, 晚发现比例为28.45%(1 640例)。以2015年为界, 晚发现比例呈先急速下降后趋于稳定的趋势, 平均年度变化百分比=-6.90%(P<0.001), 2010年后常住人口、职业为农民工和样本来源于就诊医疗等因素在攻坚工程开展前后对晚发现的影响效应变化较大, 现阶段晚发现的影响因素有年龄、常住人口、职业为农民工和学生。结论攻坚工程前后广西新报告MSM感染者的晚发现比例下降趋势明显, 但晚发现仍不容忽视, 需针对常住人口、农民工和学生人群开展精准防控。