MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时对神经根变异的探查

目的：观察显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术（microendoscopic discectomy，MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症时神经根变异情况，防止出现术中神经根损伤。方法：回顾分析自1999年10月至2003年12月应用MED治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者724例，其中男452例，女272例。对术中发现存在腰骶神经根变异患者的临床特点及术中所见进行统计分析。结果：724例腰椎间盘突出症患者有37例神经根变异，发生率为5.1％。与术前的临床表现吻合，全部神经根变异患者均在MED下完成手术，无一例出现神经根损伤。结论：仔细探查及分离突出髓核周围神经根发出情况．确定有无神经根变异是防止MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时发生神经根损伤的重要环节之一。     

椎管扩大成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄

目的：探讨椎管扩大成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄的效果。方法：椎板减压后复位，用棘突或髂骨植于一侧开槽处扩大椎管，并进行椎板及关节突关节植骨，对54例随访病人的手术前后临床表现及X线和CT进行比较。结果：随访6—39个月，临床优良率为81．1％。随访X线片显示椎板明显后移，CT测量与术前对比显示椎管内径扩大明显。结论：椎管扩大成形术操作简单，效果满意，术后并发症少，是治疗腰椎管狭窄的又一选择。     

腰椎穿刺术后头痛与卧床时间的关系

目的探讨腰椎穿刺术后平卧时间30min、2h对头痛的影响。方法对794例具有腰椎穿刺术适应证而无禁忌证并排除有关因素的患者，随机分为30min组、2h组。分别观察术后头痛发生率。结果30min组头痛发生率为（8／460）1．74％，2h组为（7／334）2.10％，两组组间比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论本研究说明腰穿后卧床时间长短（30min～2h），对腰穿后头痛的发生率无影响，可缩短至30min，没有必要卧床2h，更没有必要卧床4～6h。     

Detailed pathological changes of human lumbar facet joints L1–L5 in elderly individuals

Facet joints play an important role in intervertebral load transmission and are crucial for rotational kinematics. Clinically, the role of facet joints as a possible source of low back pain is seen as controversial and at present is not sufficiently investigated. In this study, human lumbar facet (zygapopyhysial) joints from donors with advanced age were analyzed macroscopically, for degenerative changes. The aim was to determine the extent and morphology of degenerative changes in these joints. Lumbar facet joints (L1–L5) of 32 donors were studied (mean age 80.1±11.2 years). Joint capsules were carefully removed and joint surfaces (5 zones) examined using magnifying glasses and probes. In the result, the majority of facet joints showed cartilage defects of varying extent. Defects were located mostly at the margins of the articular surface, the central zone being relatively well preserved. Defect localization was different between superior (most cartilage defects in superior zone) and inferior (most defects inferiorly) facets. Further, defects were more severe caudal (level of L5) and in older persons. Osteophytes were present in up to 30%, located mostly at the latero-dorsal enthesis of the joint capsule on the superior facet. In conclusion, most margins of the articular facets are subject to degenerative changes in the lumbar spine of elderly persons, the topographical pattern being different in superior and inferior facets. This observation can be explained by the segmental motion patterns during extension/flexion movements of the facets. Sometimes, due to the marginal extension, it is obvious that not all changes can be assessed by CT or MRI.     

腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变的特点及再手术治疗的术式与疗效.方法：回顾性分析2002年1月至2004年12月间收治的10例因腰椎管狭窄症或腰椎滑脱症曾行后路减压、植骨及椎弓根内固定术,术后12～132个月（平均41.6个月）出现新的腰腿痛症状的病例.对所有患者进行影像学检查,与术前资料比较,并行手术治疗.结果：X线片显示融合的上方（1个节段7例,2个节段1例）或下方（1个节段2例）邻近节段出现了退变,首次术前及术后上述邻近节段均未见退变征象.8例MRI显示邻近节段出现了新的椎管狭窄,且有明显的神经压迫.采用后路术式,将减压及固定融合范围向邻近退变节段延伸.经7～36个月平均12.1个月的随访,优良率80%.结论：腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变是术后症状复发的原因之一,应仔细鉴别症状复发的原因.对于有明显神经压迫者,再手术治疗仍可取得较好的疗效.     

The value of a pantaloon cast test in surgical decision making for chronic low back pain patients: a systematic review of the literature supplemented with a prospective cohort study

The results of lumbar fusion in chronic low back pain (LBP) patients vary considerably, and there is a need for proper patient selection. Lumbosacral orthoses have been widely used to predict outcome, however, with little scientific support. The aim of the present study was to determine the value of a pantaloon cast test in selecting chronic LBP patients for lumbar fusion or conservative management. First, a systematic review of the literature was carried out in which two independent reviewers identified studies in Medline, Cochrane and Current Contents databases. Three papers met the selection criteria. In the only study with a control group, a significantly better outcome after fusion compared to conservative treatment was found in patients who reported significant pain relief while in a cast (i.e. a positive cast test). The results of lumbar fusion, however, were not significantly different for patients with a positive and those with a negative cast test. In addition to the review, a clinical cohort study of 257 LBP patients, who had been allocated to either lumbar fusion or conservative management by a temporary external transpedicular fixation trial, was performed. Prior to allocation, all had undergone a pantaloon cast test. Patients with no history of prior spine surgery and with a positive pantaloon cast test had a better outcome after lumbar fusion than those treated conservatively (P = 0.002, χ ² test). In patients with previous spine operations the outcomes were poor and the test was of no value. From the literature and the present patient cohort, it was concluded that only in chronic LBP patients without prior spine surgery, a pantaloon cast test with substantial pain relief suggests a favorable outcome of lumbar fusion compared to conservative management. The test has no value in patients who have had previous spine surgery.     

鼻咽癌颈静脉孔侵犯的影像学表现及临床分析

[目的]探讨鼻咽癌颈静脉孔侵犯的临床和影像学特征及临床意义。[方法]回顾性分析8例初治和4例复发鼻咽癌伴颈静脉孔侵犯者的临床表现、CT及MRI特征。[结果]12例中,5例表现为Ⅸ￣Ⅺ颅神经均麻痹的颈静脉孔综合征,7例仅表现为Ⅸ颅神经麻痹。12例,有10例合并舌下神经管受累,3例有一侧的胸锁乳突肌及斜方肌萎缩,2例有一侧舌肌萎缩。CT及MRI显示鼻咽癌颈静脉孔侵犯主要有3种途径,分别为:①鼻咽病变通过茎突后间隙直接蔓延(4例,包括1例茎突后间隙复发);②转移淋巴结直接侵犯(4例,其中2例为咽后淋巴结转移,2例为颈动脉鞘淋巴结复发);③颈静脉孔骨性结构直接破坏(4例,其中1例为单纯颈静脉孔复发)。[结论]鼻咽癌可通过直接蔓延、咽后和颈动脉鞘区转移淋巴结侵犯及骨质直接破坏侵犯颈静脉孔,临床上出现Ⅸ￣Ⅺ颅神经一支或多支均麻痹。CT和MRI,尤其是MRI对于病变的诊断、病变范围的确定和放射治疗计划的制定有非常大的作用。     

Sciatic Neuropathy: Case Report and Discussion of the Literature on Postoperative Sciatic Neuropathy and Sciatic Nerve Tumors

Sciatic nerve injury and dysfunction is not an uncommon cause of lower extremity symptoms in a musculoskeletal practice. We present the case of a man who presented with lower extremity weakness, pain, and cramps, and was initially diagnosed at an outside institution with bilateral S1 radiculopathies and recommended for spine surgery. He came to us for a second opinion. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed an isolated sciatic neuropathy and the patient was referred for imaging, which showed a sciatic nerve sheath tumor. Review of the literature on sciatic neuropathies shows that there can be many possible etiologies of sciatic nerve dysfunction, but that hip arthroplasty continues to be the leading risk factor. Sciatic nerve tumors are not commonly described in the literature and their definitive management remains unclear.     

经皮椎间盘摘出联合医用臭氧治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮髓核摘除术(PLD)联合医用臭氧注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果及可行性。方法临床与影像检查确诊为腰椎间盘突出25例,先行PLD,后行椎间盘内及椎旁注射臭氧。结果25例病人治疗后经一年随访,治愈21例,有效24例,无效1例,无一例并发症。结论PLD联合医用臭氧治疗腰椎间盘突出症,安全可靠,可改善治疗效果,减少不良反应,值得推广应用。     

人工骨椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的:探讨经椎弓根人工骨植入椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的方法和效果。方法:胸腰椎爆裂骨折12例,男8例,女4例;年龄28～61岁,平均47.5岁;受伤时间4～12d;术前Frankel分级:C级1例,D级3例,E级8例;受伤椎体:T112例,T122例,L15例,L23例;术前后突角11°～35°,平均24°;术前椎管占位率39%～85%,平均64.5%;术前伤椎椎体前缘高度平均为正常的47%。行后路切开复位短节段椎弓根钉内固定后,人工骨经伤椎椎弓根植入椎体成形术。结果:所有患者均获随访,时间3～19个月,平均13个月。脊柱后突角平均恢复20°,椎体高度平均恢复96%,椎管占位率平均恢复至7%。2例人工骨椎体内充填不足;无内固定松动、断裂、椎体高度变低及生理弧度丢失。神经功能恢复:1例术前Frankel分级C级及2例D级患者术后均恢复至E级。结论:经椎弓根人工骨植入椎体成形术重建了椎体高度,增加了脊椎前柱的抗压稳定性,使患者能早期活动,减少内固定物因应力过大造成的断钉、松动、椎体再压缩等并发症。