桡骨远端B型骨折

目的：探讨桡骨远端B型骨折腕关节镜直视下复位后予Herbert螺钉固定治疗的临床疗效。方法：2013年6月至2015年7月,采用腕关节镜直视下手法复位及撬拨复位Herbert螺钉固定同时修复关节内软组织损伤的方法治疗桡骨远端患者28例,男15例,女13例;年龄17～69岁,平均45.3岁;病程为伤后4～7d。受伤后患者具有典型桡骨远端骨折体征,X线片及CT明确诊断,并确定不合并其余部位骨折及神经血管损伤,不合并严重内科疾病,无手术禁忌证。按AO/OTA分型：B1型8例,B2型7例,B3型13例。随访观察骨折愈合情况及腕关节功能恢复情况,并评定疗效。结果：全部患者无手术并发症发生,28例桡骨远端B型骨折术后均获随访,平均随访时间（12.1±1.4）个月,骨折全部愈合,测量掌倾角（15.2±3.4）°,尺偏角（20.4±6.4）°。根据Cooney腕关节评分量表评估疗效,优21例,良5例,可2例。术中关节镜检合并舟月韧带撕裂3例,合并月三角韧带撕裂1例,合并TFCC损伤16例。结论：腕关节镜辅助下复位Herbert螺钉固定治疗桡骨远端B型骨折可使关节面平整度最大程度恢复,应用Herbert螺钉固定创伤小,术后恢复时间短,减少骨折后创伤性关节炎的发病,同时可对骨折合并关节内韧带及软骨损伤一并修复恢复关节稳定性,降低腕关节慢性疼痛的发生率。     

Evaluation of patients with pathological fractures treated by standard trauma principles but neglecting the underlying malign bone disease

IntroductionThere are several studies in the literature about pathological fractures but almost no information about patients whose pathological fracture caused by a malignant lesion misdiagnosed and treated as a simple fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate patient and fracture characteristics, and outcomes in cases where fractures occurred in the presence of a malign pathology but were treated as simple fractures.Patients and MethodsCases of malign bone lesions between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a final diagnosis of malign bone lesion but whose pathological fractures were treated ignoring the underlying malign bone disease were included. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected from patient's medical records and analyzed.ResultsSix patients met the inclusion criteria. Three of the patients were female and the cohort mean age was 56.8 ± 21.8 years at the time of admission. Patient diagnoses were: renal cell carcinoma metastasis (n = 1); colon cancer metastasis (n = 1); chondrosarcoma (n = 2); osteosarcoma (n = 1); and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of bone (n = 1). In all cases surgical management differed from those that should have been applied if the pathological fracture had been identified. Furthermore, surgical management after definitive histological diagnosis were more aggressive compared to if the malignancy had been identified at first admission. All patients died after a mean follow-up of 16.67 ± 11.7 months and the complication rate was 100%.ConclusionWhen a pathological fracture is misdiagnosed and managed as a simple bone fracture, outcomes are extremely poor. In these situations, remedial surgery is more extensive, with increased complication rates and there is poor life expectancy.     

Risk factors for loss to follow up of pelvis and acetabular fractures

IntroductionPelvic and acetabular fracture incidence is increasing worldwide for more than four decades. There is currently no evidence examining risk factors for loss to follow up in patients with these injuries.MethodsPatients presenting with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures at our institution between 2015 and 2020 were included. Demographic, injury, treatment, and follow up information was included. Excluded patients were those who sustained a pathologic fracture, has a course of treatment prior to transfer to our centre, or expired prior to discharge.Results446 patients, 263 with a pelvic ring injury, 172 with an acetabular fracture, and 11 with combined injuries were identified. 271 (61%) of patients in our cohort followed up in Orthopaedic clinic (p = 0.016). With an odds ratio of 2.134, gunshot wound mechanism of injury was the largest risk factor for loss to follow up (p = 0.031) followed by male sex (OR= 1.859) and surgery with general trauma surgery (OR=1.841). The most protective risk factors for follow up with Orthopaedic surgery were operatively treated pelvic and acetabular fractures (OR=0.239) and Orthopaedic Surgery as the discharging service (OR=0.372).DiscussionNumerous risk factors exist for loss to follow up including male sex, ballistic mechanism, and discharging service. Investigation into interventions to improve follow up in these patients are warranted.     

Emergency readmissions following geriatric ground-level falls: How does frailty factor in?

BackgroundGround-level falls (GLFs) in older adults are increasing as life expectancy increases, and more patients are being discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for continuity of care. However, GLF patients are not a homogenous cohort, and the role of frailty remains to be assessed. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of frailty on the in-hospital and 30-day outcomes of GLF patients.Materials and MethodsThis is a cohort analysis from the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2017. Geriatric (age ≥65 years) trauma patients presenting following GLFs were identified and grouped based on their frailty status. The associations between frailty and 30-day mortality and emergency readmission were examined by multivariate regression analyses adjusting for patient demographics and injury characteristics.ResultsA total of 100,850 geriatric GLF patients were identified (frail: 41% vs. non-frail: 59%). Frail GLF patients were younger (81[74–87] vs. 83[76–89] years; p<0.001) and less severely injured–Injury Severity Score [ISS] (4[1–9] vs. 5[2–9]; p<0.001). Frail patients had a higher index mortality (2.9% vs. 1.9%; p<0.001) and higher 30-day readmissions (14.0% vs. 9.8%; p<0.001). Readmission mortality was also higher in the frail group (15.2% vs. 10.9%; p<0.001), with 75.2% of those patients readmitted from an SNF. On multivariate analysis, frailty was associated with 30-day mortality (OR 1.75; p<0.001) and 30-day readmission (OR 1.49; p<0.001).ConclusionFrail geriatric patients are at 75% higher odds of mortality and 49% higher odds of readmission following GLFs. Of those readmitted on an emergency basis, more than one in seven patients died, 75% of whom were readmitted from an SNF. This underscores the need for optimization plans that extend to the post-discharge period to reduce readmissions and subsequent high-impact consequences.     

Are current DRG-based bundled payment models for lumbar fusions risk-adjusting adequately? An analysis of Medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND CONTEXTCurrent bundled payment programs in spine surgery, such as the bundled payment for care improvement rely on the use of diagnosis-related groups (DRG) to define payments. However, these DRGs may not be adequate enough to appropriately capture the large amount of variation seen in spine procedures. For example, DRG 459 (spinal fusion except cervical with major comorbidity or complication) and DRG 460 (spinal fusion except cervical without major comorbidity or complication) do not differentiate between the type of fusion (anterior or posterior), the levels/extent of fusion, the use of interbody/graft/BMP, indication of surgery (primary vs. revision) or even if the surgery was being performed for a vertebral fracture.PURPOSEWe carried out a comprehensive analysis to report the factors responsible for cost-variation in a bundled payment model for spinal fusions.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective review of a 5% national sample of Medicare claims from 2008 to 2014 (SAF5).OUTCOME MEASURESTo understand the independent marginal cost impact of various patient-level, geographic-level, and procedure-level characteristics on 90-day costs for patients undergoing spinal fusions under DRG 459 and 460.METHODSThe 2008 to 2014 Medicare 5% standard analytical files (SAF) were used to retrieve patients undergoing spinal fusions under DRG 459 and DRG 460 only. Patients with missing gender, age, and/or state-level data were excluded. Only those patients who had complete data, with regard to payments/costs/reimbursements, starting from day 0 of surgery up to 90 days postoperatively were included to prevent erroneous collection. Multivariate linear regression models were built to assess the independent marginal cost impact (decrease/increase) of each patient-level, state-level, and procedure-level characteristics on the average 90-day cost while controlling for other covariates.RESULTSA total of 21,367 patients (DRG-460=20,154; DRG-459=1,213) were included in the study. The average 90-day cost for all lumbar fusions was $31,716±$18,124, with the individual 90-day payments being $54,607±$30,643 (DRG-459) and $30,338±$16,074 (DRG-460). Increasing age was associated with significant marginal increases in 90-day payments (70–74 years: +$2,387, 75–79 years: +$3,389, 80–84 years: +$2,872, ≥85: +$1,627). With regards to procedure-level factors—undergoing an anterior fusion (+$3,118), >3 level fusion (+$5,648) vs. 1 to 3 level fusion, use of interbody device (+$581), intraoperative neuromonitoring (+$1,413), concurrent decompression (+$768) and undergoing surgery for thoracolumbar fracture (+$6,169) were associated with higher 90-day costs. Most individual comorbidities were associated with higher 90-day costs, with malnutrition (+$12,264), CVA/stroke (+$5,886), Alzheimer's (+$4,968), Parkinson's disease (+$4,415), and coagulopathy (+$3,810) having the highest marginal 90-day cost-increases. The top five states with the highest marginal cost-increase, in comparison to Michigan (reference), were Maryland (+$12,657), Alaska (+$11,292), California (+$10,040), Massachusetts (+$8,800), and the District of Columbia (+$8,315).CONCLUSIONSUnder the proposed DRG-based bundled payment model, providers would be reimbursed the same amount for lumbar fusions regardless of the surgical approach (posterior vs. anterior), the extent of fusion (1–3 level vs. >3 level), use of adjunct procedures (decompressions) and cause/indication of surgery (fracture vs. degenerative pathology), despite each of these factors having different resource utilization and associated costs. When defining and developing future bundled payments for spinal fusions, health-policy makers should strive to account for the individual patient-level, state-level, and procedure-level variation seen within DRGs to prevent the creation of a financial dis-incentive in taking care of sicker patients and/or performing more extensive complex spinal fusions.     

肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛管理专家共识

肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛是临床最常见的慢性疼痛。目前,国内外医师对慢性疼痛的认识、临床实践环境、镇痛药物种类/使用经验/了解程度、医保药品收录均有差异,故有效、规范化的慢性疼痛管理显得尤为必要。因此,亟待制定完善的、基于生物-心理-社会医学等因素的跨学科慢性疼痛管理共识,提高广大医务人员对慢性疼痛的认识与重视、规范指导慢性疼痛的管理,提高医疗质量、降低医疗成本,消除患者感觉、情感、认知和社会维度的痛苦体验,在治疗患者原发疾病的同时,改善患者的心理需求和社会功能需求。通过查阅文献,本共识专家组遵循循证医学原则,经过反复讨论和通信修改,对肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛管理达成共识,供广大骨科医师在临床工作中参考。     

全膝关节置换围手术期氨甲环酸不同使用方法的有效性和安全性

 目的 探讨在全膝关节置换围手术期氨甲环酸不同使用方法的有效性和安全性。方法 2013年2至5月150例行初次单侧全膝关节置换的女性骨关节炎患者随机分为三组,每组50例。分别在关闭切口前静脉滴注氨甲环酸10 mg/kg（单次使用组）;关闭切口前静脉滴注氨甲环酸10 mg/kg、术后3 h再次按该剂量重复使用（重复使用组）;不使用氨甲环酸（对照组）。比较三组引流量、总失血量、隐性失血量、术后不同时间血红蛋白、输血患者比例、深静脉血栓和肺栓塞发生率。结果 对照组引流量（447.2±101.9） ml,大于单次使用组（273.6±99.6） ml和重复使用组（168.5±80.8） ml,差异有统计学意义。对照组总失血量（1 100.8±288.3） ml,大于单次使用组（959.1±291.7） ml和重复使用组（818.7±206.9） ml,差异有统计学意义。三组隐性失血量的差异无统计学意义。对照组术后第1、3、5天的血红蛋白均低于单次使用组和重复使用组,重复使用组均高于单次使用组,差异有统计学意义。三组输血患者比例分别为8.0%（4/50）、6.0%（3/50）和22.0%（11/50）,对照组高于单次使用组和重复使用组,差异有统计学意义。术后90 d内均未出现症状性深静脉血栓和肺栓塞。结论 全膝关节置换术中关闭切口前静脉滴注氨甲环酸10 mg/kg能有效减少围手术期失血量和降低输血患者比例,术后3 h重复使用能进一步减少失血量,但不能进一步降低输血患者比例。使用氨甲环酸不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞发生的风险。     

髓内打压植骨结合广泛多孔涂层长柄假体在股骨侧严重骨缺损（PaproskymA型）翻修术中的应用

目的 探讨股骨侧严重骨缺损（Paprosky ⅢA型）翻修中应用髓内打压植骨结合广泛多孔涂层长柄假体的临床疗效.方法 2006年3月～2010年9月,对38例（38髋）Paprosky ⅢA型股骨骨缺损患者行翻修重建,其中男24例,女14例,平均年龄62岁.翻修原因：骨溶解、无菌性松动29例,全髋关节置换术（THA）术后感染二期翻修6例,假体周围骨折3例（Vancouver B3型）.股骨侧干骺端骨缺损采用同种异体颗粒骨髓腔内打压植骨进行修复,股骨柄采用全涂层长柄假体（7～10英寸）.术后定期随访,髋关节功能评价采用Harris评分,影像学采用X线片及CT观察：假体柄有无松动下沉、股骨近端应力遮挡情况、植入的异体颗粒骨与宿主骨整合情况.结果 38例均获得随访,平均随访53.4个月（23～62个月）,Harris评分由术前平均42分（32～47分）,提高至末次随访时平均86分（69～95分）.无患者发生脱位、假体周围骨折.1例术后感染,行再次二期翻修;1例假体柄在术后6个月内下沉4.24 cm,再次翻修时选择更粗的假体柄,末次随访时假体柄稳定;其余所有患者假体柄均牢固固定.3例出现轻-中度应力遮挡.15例近端皮质骨密度及厚度有增加,厚度平均增加约1.8 mm（0.7～3.5 mm）,植入骨与宿主骨逐渐整合并增加了骨缺损区的骨质储备.结论严重骨缺损（Paprosky ⅢA型）的股骨翻修中,采用髓内颗粒骨打压植骨可以很好的修复股骨中上段骨缺损,重建股骨干骺端.依靠广泛多孔涂层长柄假体在远端的牢固压配固定,结合股骨干骺端髓内紧密打压植骨,使假体柄在股骨中上段及远端均能获得较好的初始稳定性,近期临床和影像学结果满意,远期疗效有待观察.     

Pilon骨折手术部位感染的危险因素分析

目的：探讨Pilon骨折手术部位感染的相关危险因素.方法：从创伤骨科资料室收集自2006年1月至2012年12月共561例采用切开复位钢板接骨术治疗的Pilon骨折,感染组33例,男23例,女10例,年龄21～69岁,平均（45.50±4.40）岁;非感染组528例,男296例,女232例,年龄16～76岁,平均（43.50±7.19）岁.年龄、性别、吸烟、糖尿病、饮酒、开放性骨折、骨筋膜室综合征及手术时间纳入可能的危险因素作为研究对象,统计学方法先采用单变量分析,有显著意义的危险因素再采用多变量的Logistic回归分析.结果：Pilon骨折手术部位感染率为5.88％,单变量分析发现感染组与非感染组之间的手术时间、开放性骨折以及骨筋膜室综合征差异有统计学意义,而多变量的Logistic回归分析却发现仅手术时间与手术部位感染显著相关（P=0.005,OR=44.92）.结论：手术时间是Pilon骨折切开复位钢板接骨术后手术部位感染的独立预测指标,而开放性骨折和骨筋膜综合征虽能增加手术部位感染率,却不是Pilon骨折切开复位钢板接骨术后手术部位感染的独立预测指标.     

前路减压n-HA/PA66支撑体植骨融合术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床观察

目的：探讨前路减压、纳米羟基磷灰石／聚酰胺66（n-HA／PA66）支撑体植骨融合内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的中期临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年12月应用n-HA／PA66支撑体行植骨融合术治疗的42例下颈椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料,其中男29例,女13例;年龄20～65岁,平均46．8岁。损伤节段：C35例,C414例,C,12例,C67例,C74例。伤后神经功能损伤按Frankel分级：A级4例,B级11例,C级13例,D级9例,E级5例。28例行前路伤椎次全切减压,14例行椎问盘切除减压。根据FrankeⅠ分级评估神经功能恢复程度;依据疼痛视觉评分（VAS）评价临床症状改善情况;通过颈椎侧位X线片评估融合节段高度以及前凸角度;通过三维CT评估支撑体位置、外形以及植骨块融合情况。结果：42例均获随访,时间3-5．2年,平均4．1年。术后神经功能Frankel分级：A级2例,B级3例,C级11例,D级8例,E级18例,较术前明显改善（Z=-4．845,P〈0．001）。术后3d及朱次随访时VAS评分分别为2．6±1．8和1．3±1．0,均较术前改善（P〈0．05）。无支撑体脱出、塌陷、破裂等情况出现。末次随访时,1例患者（2．4％）支撑体轻微移位（〈2mm）,总体植骨融合率为97．6％（40／41）。患者术后融合节段高度及前凸角度较术前有明显提高（P〈0．001）,但术后各时间点之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。支撑体下沉距离平均为（1．5±1．1）mm,下沉率（下沉距离〉3m）为4．8％。结论：n-HA／PA66支撑体能有效恢复及维持融合节段生理高度及弧度,促进植骨融合,方便术后手术节段的影像学观察,是一种较为理想的颈椎前路支撑植骨材料。