The Influence of Diabetes,Hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia on the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in North China: The Kailuan Eye Study

ObjectiveTo analyze the prevalence of dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and to analyze the risk factors for AMD.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted involving 14,440 individuals. We assessed the prevalence of dry and wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and analyzed the risk factors for AMD.ResultsThe prevalence of wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic patients was 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of dry AMD was 17% and 16.4%, respectively. The prevalence of wet AMD in healthy, hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 0.5%, 0.3%, 0.2%, and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of dry AMD in healthy, hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 16.6%, 16.2%, 15.2%, and 17.2%, respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, and use of hypoglycemic drugs or lowering blood pressure drugs were corrected in the risk factor analysis of AMD. Diabetes, diabetes/hypertension, diabetes/hyperlipidemia, and diabetes/hypertension/hyperlipidemia were analyzed. None of the factors analyzed in the current study increased the risk for the onset of AMD.ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among subjects with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Diabetes co-existing with hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not shown to be risk factors for the onset of dry AMD.     

Mechanisms for T cell tolerance induced with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been widely accepted as a mediator of T cell tolerance. The immune modulatory effect of G-CSF on T cells is believed to be mediated exclusively through other effector cells, such as monocytes, tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Recent advances confirmed the direct effects of G-CSF in inducing immune tolerance of T cells through the G-CSF-G-CSF receptor pathway and related molecular mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the findings associated with the direct and indirect mechanisms for T cell tolerance induced with G-CSF. The role of G-CSF in preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and in treating autoimmune diseases (ADs) is also discussed. It is conceivable that G-CSF and immune cell compositions, such as tolerogenic DC and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells, modulated by G-CSF could become an integral part of the immunomodulatory therapies against GVHD and ADs in the future.     

白藜芦醇苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠血脑屏障的 保护作用研究

目的:观察白藜芦醇苷（PD）对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠血脑屏障的保护作用及对紧密连接蛋白的影响。方法:CD-1 小鼠 （102 只）应用线栓法制作短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞（tMCAO）模型。随机将实验动物分成4 组:假手术组（28 只）、缺血再灌注 组（28只）、白藜芦醇苷低剂量组（30 mg/kg,18只）,白藜芦醇苷高剂量组（60 mg/kg,28只）。于缺血再灌注后24 h 进行行为学评 分、TTC 染色、干湿重测定、伊文思蓝染色,应用Western 印迹、免疫荧光检测内皮细胞标志物血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1（CD- 31）、紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带蛋白-1（ZO-1）、咬合蛋白（Occludin）、闭合蛋白-5（Claudin-5）的表达情况。结果:（1）与缺血再灌注 组相比,白藜芦醇苷高剂量组改善了缺血再灌注小鼠行为学评分、减少了脑梗死体积[（33.76%± 13.27%）vs.（57.47%±9.53%）, P<0.05]、减轻了缺血再灌注小鼠脑水肿程度[（75.62%±7.95%）vs.（85.72%±6.20%）,P<0.05]、降低了伊文思蓝渗出量[（1.49±0.47） vs.（2.13±0.44）,P<0.05]。（2）Western印迹结果显示白藜芦醇苷上调了ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-5（均P<0.05）的表达水平。（3）免 疫荧光结果显示:白藜芦醇苷组上调了CD-31 在皮层缺血半暗带区的表达,且可见微血管形态相较缺血再灌注组更加光滑、完 整,同时白藜芦醇苷减少了ZO-1、Claudin-5 的破坏。结论:白藜芦醇苷的干预对缺血再灌注损伤小鼠起到了保护血脑屏障的作 用,上调了紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-5 的表达水平。     

喉癌组织中SEMA3F与NRP2的表达及临床价值

探讨喉癌组织中神经轴突导向因子(SEMA3F)、神经菌毛蛋白2（NRP2）的表达及临床意义。方法 选取2016年3月～2018年3月我院收治的82例喉癌患者为研究对象,用实时定量PCR法检测癌及癌旁组织中SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA的表达。以癌组织中SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA表达的平均数为界,将研究对象分别分为SEMA3F高、低表达组及NRP2高、低表达组。分析SEMA3F、NRP2的表达与临床病理特征关系。Pearson线性相关分析SEMA3F与NRP2表达的相关性。Kaplan-Meier生存分析（Log-Rank检验）癌组织不同SEMA3F、NRP2表达与喉癌患者的生存预后差异。多因素COX回归分析影响喉癌患者生存预后的危险因素。结果 与癌旁组织相比,癌组织SEMA3F mRNA表达明显降低,NRP2 mRNA表达明显升高（均P＜0.05）。喉癌组织中SEMA3F与NRP2的表达呈显著负相关（r=-0.561,P＜0.001）。SEMA3F、NRP2 mRNA的表达与肿瘤临床分期及淋巴结转移有关（均P＜0.05）。生存分析结果表明,喉癌组织中SEMA3F低表达、NRP2高表达喉癌患者3年总体生存率明显较差（均P＜0.05）。多因素COX回归分析结果喉癌组织中SEMA3F低表达、NRP2高表达、肿瘤Ⅲ～Ⅳ期及淋巴结转移是喉癌患者不良预后的危险因素。结论 喉癌中SEMA3F表达降低,NRP2表达增高,均与肿瘤分期及淋巴结转移有关,可能是喉癌预后新的标志物。     

生育力保存的伦理问题及思考

生育力保存技术是一项新兴的技术,近年来逐渐成熟,由实验走向临床应用。它一方面满足了人们日益增长的生育力保存的需求,另一方面在技术实施过程中不可避免会面临巨大伦理困境。临床诊疗实践中要坚持尊重、有利、公平的伦理原则,在此基础上发展科学技术、优化医疗资源配置、完善法规政策、加强伦理监管和技术评审等,或许可以为解决伦理难题提供参考和方法。     

Evaluation of patients with pathological fractures treated by standard trauma principles but neglecting the underlying malign bone disease

IntroductionThere are several studies in the literature about pathological fractures but almost no information about patients whose pathological fracture caused by a malignant lesion misdiagnosed and treated as a simple fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate patient and fracture characteristics, and outcomes in cases where fractures occurred in the presence of a malign pathology but were treated as simple fractures.Patients and MethodsCases of malign bone lesions between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a final diagnosis of malign bone lesion but whose pathological fractures were treated ignoring the underlying malign bone disease were included. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected from patient's medical records and analyzed.ResultsSix patients met the inclusion criteria. Three of the patients were female and the cohort mean age was 56.8 ± 21.8 years at the time of admission. Patient diagnoses were: renal cell carcinoma metastasis (n = 1); colon cancer metastasis (n = 1); chondrosarcoma (n = 2); osteosarcoma (n = 1); and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of bone (n = 1). In all cases surgical management differed from those that should have been applied if the pathological fracture had been identified. Furthermore, surgical management after definitive histological diagnosis were more aggressive compared to if the malignancy had been identified at first admission. All patients died after a mean follow-up of 16.67 ± 11.7 months and the complication rate was 100%.ConclusionWhen a pathological fracture is misdiagnosed and managed as a simple bone fracture, outcomes are extremely poor. In these situations, remedial surgery is more extensive, with increased complication rates and there is poor life expectancy.     

肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛管理专家共识

肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛是临床最常见的慢性疼痛。目前,国内外医师对慢性疼痛的认识、临床实践环境、镇痛药物种类/使用经验/了解程度、医保药品收录均有差异,故有效、规范化的慢性疼痛管理显得尤为必要。因此,亟待制定完善的、基于生物-心理-社会医学等因素的跨学科慢性疼痛管理共识,提高广大医务人员对慢性疼痛的认识与重视、规范指导慢性疼痛的管理,提高医疗质量、降低医疗成本,消除患者感觉、情感、认知和社会维度的痛苦体验,在治疗患者原发疾病的同时,改善患者的心理需求和社会功能需求。通过查阅文献,本共识专家组遵循循证医学原则,经过反复讨论和通信修改,对肌肉骨骼系统慢性疼痛管理达成共识,供广大骨科医师在临床工作中参考。     

Surgical site infection following traumatic orthopaedic surgeries in geriatric patients: Incidence and prognostic risk factors

Geriatric population is increasing rapidly worldwide, and fragility fracture and complication following orthopaedic surgery in elderly people have now become major challenges for surgeons. Further studies are required to identify potentially modifiable factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) in geriatric patients. This retrospective, multicenter study was conducted at four level I hospitals in China. During the 31‐month study period, a total of 2341 patients (65 years or older) underwent orthopaedic surgery and complete data were recorded from September 2015 to April 2018. Demographics information, medications and additional comorbidities, surgery‐related variables, and laboratory indexes were extracted and analysed. Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis was performed to detect the optimum threshold of continuous variables. Independent risk factors of SSI were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. Finally, 63 patients suffered from wound infection within the follow‐up period, indicating a 2.7% incidence rate of SSI. Statistical results showed that open injury (odds ratio [OR], 9.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4‐16.7), American Society of Anesthesiologists classified III‐IV score (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3‐3.8), surgical duration of >132 minutes (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1‐5.0), serum albumin (ALB) of <36.4 mg/L (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6‐3.4), and blood glucose (GLU) of >118 mg/dL (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1‐5.3) were independent risk factors of postoperative SSI. With the application of sensitive and modifiable variables such as surgical duration and the levels of ALB and GLU, more geriatric patients with sub‐high risk of postoperative SSI could be identified.