精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征随访观察

目的:探讨缺陷型、非缺陷型精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征(NSS)的长期随访特点.方法:对1997年9月曾进行NSS评定、持续住院的缺陷型和非缺陷型精神分裂症患者分别23例和30例于4年后再次进行评定,同时采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阳性症状评定量表(SAPS)、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)评定其精神症状.结果:4年后精神分裂症患者NSS总分及顶叶、额叶、枕叶因子分均明显增加;非缺陷型患者仅顶叶、额叶因子分显著增加.NSS评分均与同期的SANS评分呈正相关,而与SAPS评分无显著相关性.结论:缺陷型精神分裂症患者NSS随病程进展呈加重趋势,其严重程度与阴性症状密切相关.     

强迫障碍患者一级亲属认知功能及神经系统软体征的对照研究

目的 研究强迫障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能及神经系统软体征。方法 选择2015 年 6 月—2017 年6 月在荆州市精神卫生中心门诊及住院治疗的70 例强迫障碍,将一级亲属分为高发家系 组及散发家系组,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）来评价一级亲属的焦虑症状,采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量 表（Y-BOCS）来测试他们的强迫障碍状,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、Stroop 色词测验、持续操作 测验（CPT）及记忆量表来测试认知功能;采用剑桥神经科检查（CNI）软体征测试分量表测试神经系统软 体征。结果 高发家系组Y-BOCS 总分、HAMA总分较散发家系组评分高,差异有统计学意义（t分别为 4.85、2.61,P＜ 0.05）;高发家系组Stroop 色词测验、WCST、CPT、记忆量表项目评分低于散发家系组,差 异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;高发家系组的NSS 总分及运动协调和脱抑制分量表评分高于散发家系组, 差异有统计学意义（t分别为2.15、3.03、3.14,P＜0.05）。结论 高发家系组一级亲属比散发家系组一级亲 属较多地出现焦虑、强迫障碍状,也更容易出现神经系统软体征及注意力、记忆力等方面的认知功能损害。     

首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属感觉门控P50研究

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者及其未患病的一级亲属感觉门控电位P50的特征。方法采用条件-测试听觉刺激模式对50例首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)、40名未患病的一级亲属(亲属组)和50名正常人(正常对照组)进行P50检测,比较3组P50各成分之间的差异。结果患者组、亲属组和正常对照组3组之间P50潜伏期比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);患者组和亲属组测试刺激所诱发的P50(S2-P50)波幅(中位数1.69uV和1.39uV)高于正常对照组(0.92uV),而2组条件与测试刺激P50波幅的差值(中位数0.16uV和0.44uV)与P50抑制率(中位数10.23%和19.10%)低于正常对照组(1.32uV与62.29%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);正常对照组内男女性别组间P50各项指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者及其未患病的一级亲属均存在P50感觉门控功能异常,提示P50可能是精神分裂症的遗传素质指标。     

社区精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的:探讨社区内的偏执型精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法:采用威斯康辛卡片分类测验(WCST)、木块图测验、数字广度测验、电脑版Stroop颜色干扰测验与Oddball测验(新异刺激范式)对68名社区内精神分裂症患者的未患病一级亲属(亲属组)和58名正常对照者(对照组)进行综合分析能力、空间协调、工作记忆等执行功能评定及比较。结果:亲属组WCST中重复错误(P=0.003)、完成分类(P=0.004)、完成总数(P=0.029)、错误应答(P=0.018)、持续错误(P=0.037)、数字广度倒背(t=-2.667,P=0.009)成绩显著差于对照组;Stroop测验中亲属组反应时显著长于对照组,正确率显著低于对照组(P均0.000);在Oddball测试中亲属组仅反应时显著长于对照组(P0.000),正确率两组间差异无统计学意义。结论:精神分裂症患者一级亲属存在综合分析能力和工作记忆缺陷,其有可能是精神分裂症的内表型。     

精神分裂症和抑郁症患者一级亲属注意功能研究

目的:探索精神分裂症、抑郁症患者一级亲属的注意功能特征。方法:对41例精神分裂症先证者的62例一级亲属、34例抑郁症先证者的55例一级亲属进行持续性操作测验(CPT)检测,并以54例精神正常者作为对照。结果:在反应时间分测验中,精神分裂症亲属组和抑郁症亲属组所有的CPT指标均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);大多数指标低于相应的患者组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。在X分测验中,针对靶刺激,上述两个亲属组的大多数CPT指标高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);部分指标低于相应的患者组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。精神分裂症或抑郁症患者的部分CPT指标分别与其一级亲属呈显著性正相关(P<0.05或P<0.001)。在针对靶刺激的8项指标中,抑郁症亲属组有4项指标低于精神分裂症亲属组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:精神分裂症和抑郁症患者的一级亲属都呈现出注意功能缺陷,但他们的CPT表现形式有所不同。从而提示,注意缺陷有可能是精神障碍的一项遗传易感因子,但他们并非精神分裂症所特有。     

综合干预对首发住院精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康状况的影响

目的 探讨综合干预对首发住院精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康状况的影响.方法 对318例首发精神分裂症患者一级亲属随机分为研究组和对照组,两组均于干预前后采用SCL-90问卷进行测试.结果 研究组和对照组SCL-90中躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、4个因子均明显高于国内常模,研究组SCL-90各因子分干预前后有明显差异(P＜0.01),与对照组相比差异明显(P＜0.01).结论 首发住院精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康状况较差,应给予综合干预,而干预结果提示综合干预方式值得在临床推广.     

精神分裂症神经系统软体征的系统综述

目的收集国内外2000年-2014年公开发表的关于精神分裂症神经系统软体征(neurological soft signs,NSS)的文献,综述精神分裂症NSS主要研究领域的最新研究成果,为今后研究精神分裂症NSS提供新的视角和相关理论依据。方法计算机检索Pub Med、Embase、中国知网以及万方数据库,检索精神分裂症神经系统软体征的相关文献。由2位评价员按纳入与排除标准筛选文献,评价纳入研究质量并提取原始资料后,综述精神分裂症神经系统软体征的主要研究成果。结果共检索到相关文献407篇,最终纳入25篇。结果显示精神分裂症NSS与精神分裂症阴性症状以及患者认知功能存在一定的相关性,NSS也渐渐显示出潜在的脑区皮层相关性,同时被认为是潜在的精神分裂症内表型之一。结论神经系统软体征对精神分裂症病理机制的确定具有一定的理论意义,同时对精神分裂症临床工作的完善具有指导作用;建议今后的研究对协变量做出更好的控制,拓展被试样本的年龄跨度,增加纵向研究和遗传学证据。     

首发精神分裂症神经软体征与认知功能的相关性

目的 探索研究神经系统软体征（NSS）与认知功能在首发精神分裂症患者与健康人群中 的差异及相关性。方法 2015 年10 月至2016 年4 月选取36 例首次发作精神分裂症患者和37 名健康对 照，采用剑桥心理自动化成套测试（CANTAB）中的快速视觉信息处理（RVP）、剑桥袋球（SOC）项目进行认 知功能评定，分析两组注意、记忆以及执行功能的差异。采用剑桥神经系统检查（CNI）软体征测试分量 表检测两组间神经系统软体征的差异，并了解NSS 与临床症状以及认知功能之间的相关性。结果 精 神分裂症组与健康对照组相比，除SOC 测验中的平均步数（4 步）差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）以外，RVP 及SOC 各项指标的差异均有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）。精神分裂症患者CNI软体征测试分量表总分9.50 （7.00，13.75）分、原始反射分2.00（2.00，2.00）分、运动协调分8.00（5.00，11.75）分均显著高于健康对照组 4.00（3.00，5.00）、2.00（2.00，2.00）、2.00（0，3.00）分，差异均有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）。CNI 软体征测试分 量表总分与年龄（r=0.553，P ＜ 0.001）呈中等程度正相关，与性别、受教育年限无相关性（P ＞ 0.05）。在 控制了年龄后，CNI 软体征测试分量表原始反射分与PANSS 阴性症状得分呈中等程度正相关（r=0.412， P=0.024）；运动协调分与RVP各项均有相关性（P＜ 0.05），与SOC 最少步数完成的任务数呈中等程度负 相关（r=-0.419，P=0.001）；总分与RVP各项均有相关性（P＜ 0.05），与SOC 最少步数完成的任务数呈弱负 相关（r=-0.395，P=0.002）。结论 首发精神分裂症患者NSS 及认知功能均有不同程度损害，且两者之间 存在一定相关性。     

吸烟对于精神分裂症患者一级亲属认知功能的影响

目的探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属吸烟行为对其认知功能及精神症状的影响。方法将符合条件的123例精神分裂症患者一级亲属,分为吸烟组和非吸烟组,使用认知评定量表评估吸烟者的认知功能,使用精神病风险症状量表(SOPS)、阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)、蒙哥马利抑郁量表(MADRS)、功能大体评定量表(GAF)评估总体的精神症状。结果非吸烟组的符号编码、简易视觉记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、STROOP-单词评分明显高于吸烟组(P0.01);连续作业实验(CPT)正确反应数-2D、3D、4D,以及CPT平均反应时-2D、3D、4D的评分非吸烟组明显好于吸烟组(P0.05或P0.01)。SOPS阴性因子分吸烟组较非吸烟组低(P0.05);除了PANSS阳性分数以外,PANSS阴性分、PANSS一般病理分、PANSS总分吸烟组较非吸烟组低(P0.01或P0.05);蒙哥马利抑郁量表非吸烟组较吸烟组的评分高(P0.05);GAF量表评分显示吸烟组的大体功能评分较非吸烟组的大体功能评分高,功能好(P0.05)。结论吸烟对于精神分裂症患者一级亲属的认知功能是有害的。     

双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的探讨双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法选用10项神经心理测验对53例双相障碍患者未患病的一级亲属、97例正常对照个体进行认知功能的评定。结果亲属组的即刻逻辑记忆分为(9.11±2.95)分,明显差于对照组(12.06±3.21)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),亲属组的延迟逻辑记忆分为(6.89±3.41)分,明显差于对照组(10.06±3.30)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);亲属组的威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)测验分类数为(4.57±1.75)个,明显少于对照组(5.15±1.27)个,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双相障碍患者一级亲属可能具有言语记忆和执行功能障碍,其受损的认知功能可能是双相障碍的遗传"内表型"指标。     

Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: The effect of co-morbid psychosis and evidence for familiality

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have increased rates of neurological soft signs (NSS) when compared to healthy controls. However, previous findings have been confounded by the presence of co-morbidity with disorders themselves associated with increased NSS, such as schizophrenia. Moreover, it remains unclear whether NSS in OCD reflect a vulnerability to this disorder. This study aimed to examine: 1) the severity of NSS in patients with OCD alone, in patients with OCD and co-morbid psychosis (schizophrenia or bipolar disorders), and in healthy controls; and b) whether unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with OCD also demonstrate a higher prevalence rate of NSS than healthy controls. NSS were assessed with the Cambridge Neurological Inventory (CNI) in 100 patients with OCD, 38 patients with OCD and psychosis (22 with bipolar disorders and 16 with schizophrenia), and 101 healthy controls. Forty-seven unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with OCD only were also administered the CNI. Patients with OCD showed significantly higher scores in motor coordination and total NSS than controls, and patients with OCD co-morbid with psychosis also showed significantly higher scores in motor coordination and total NSS than controls. Although there were no differences in NSS between patients with OCD only and OCD and psychosis as a whole, patients with OCD co-morbid with schizophrenia showed significantly higher scores in motor coordination than patients with OCD, patients with OCD and bipolar disorder, and healthy controls. Unaffected first-degree relatives only showed a higher prevalence rate than healthy controls in specific motor coordination signs, such as Opposition and Extinction. These findings suggest that patients with OCD exhibit more NSS than healthy controls, and that motor coordination signs may be even more extensive when OCD is co-morbid with psychosis. Some of these abnormalities may be indicative of a vulnerability to these disorders, as indicated by their presence in un-affected first-degree relatives.     

Correlations of cerebello-thalamo-prefrontal structure and neurological soft signs in patients with first-episode psychosis

Mouchet‐Mages S, Rodrigo S, Cachia A, Mouaffak F, Olie JP, Meder JF, Oppenheim C, Krebs MO. Correlations of cerebello‐thalamo‐prefrontal structure and neurological soft signs in patients with first‐episode psychosis. Objective: This study aimed at determining brain structural imaging correlates of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients suffering from a first‐episode psychosis. Method: Fifty‐two patients with a DSMIV diagnosis of first‐episode psychosis (schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorder) were consecutively included. Subjects were assessed using a standardized neurological examination for motor coordination, motor integration and sensory integration. Anatomical magnetic resonance images (MRI) were analysed in the whole brain using optimized voxel‐based morphometry. Results: Neurological soft signs (NSS) total score (P‐corrected = 0.013) and motor integration subscore (P‐corrected = 0.035) were found to negatively correlate with grey matter structure of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Motor coordination subscore was positively correlated with grey matter structure of the thalami (P‐corrected = 0.002) and negatively with white matter structure of the cerebellum (P‐corrected = 0.034). The addition of age and gender as covariate yielded similar results. We did not find any correlation between neither sensory integration subscore and grey matter structure nor NSS total score, motor integration subscore and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) white matter structure. Conclusion: Structural alteration in the cerebello‐thalamo‐prefrontal network is associated with neurological soft signs in schizophrenia, a candidate network for ‘cognitive dysmetria’.     

Neurological soft signs and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, their first-degree biological relatives, and non-psychiatric controls

BACKGROUND: Subtle neurological impairments and inconsequential minor anomalies of the face and limbs are manifestations of neurodevelopmental and ontogenic abnormalities that are consistently found at higher rates in individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Limited research has been conducted on these traits among biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia. This study hypothesized that the mean NSS score and the mean MPA score would be greater in patients than controls and that first-degree relatives would have intermediate scores. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that NSS scores and MPA scores would not be correlated. This study also explored correlations between patients' NSS and MPA scores and their relatives' respective scores and sought to replicate the finding that NSS are associated with negative and disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas MPAs are not. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (n=73), first-degree relatives (n=44), and non-psychiatric controls (n=54) were assessed. Measures included the Neurological Evaluation Scale, a structured examination for MPAs, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in patients. Analyses accounted for clustering within families. RESULTS: Both NSS and MPAs were greater in patients than controls, and first-degree relatives had intermediate scores. Furthermore, NSS and MPA scores were independent in all three groups. Correlations were found between patients' and their relatives' scores on one NES subscale (sensory integration) and total MPA score and several MPA regions (eyes, ears, and hands). This study replicated previous findings that in patients with schizophrenia, NSS are associated with negative, disorganized, and other domains of symptoms. Associations between MPAs and symptoms were sparse and inconsistent. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that NSS and MPAs represent two quite distinct markers of risk for schizophrenia that may stem from genetic factors, as well as from environmental/developmental influences. Future research on multivariable risk prediction models may benefit from the use of somewhat independent risk markers or endophenotypes.     

Vulnerability to schizophrenia: neuropsychological performance and schizotypal personality traits]

Although some neuropsychological deficits and a high rate of schizotypal personality disorders have been found in the first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, few studies have looked for a link between those two types of potential marker of vulnerability to this disease. The aims of this study were: 1) to confirm some executive/attentional deficits in a group of first-degree relatives including not only siblings but also parents; 2) to evaluate the schizotypal traits using the French version of 4 self-reporting scales proposed by Chapman and his colleagues; 3) to look for a dependence or independence between the neuropsychological performance and the scores on the scales of schizotypy. Twenty four patients with schizophrenia, 48 of their first-degree relatives and 31 controls were included in the study. Both attentional tests (a Digit Symbol Substitution Test and a Degraded Stimulus-Continuous Performance Test) confirmed a worse performance in the patient and in the first-degree relative groups than in the control group. On the opposite side, the executive performance assessed by the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test, was poorer in the patient group only. Scores of the first-degree relative group on the social anhedonia, physical anhedonia and perceptual aberrations scales were at an intermediate level between those of the patient and control groups; moreover, only scores on the social anhedonia scale tended to be significantly higher in the first-degree relative group than in the control group. Among the first-degree relative group, the only significant correlation found was between the number of perseverative errors on the WCST and the scores on the physical anhedonia scale.     

P50 sensory gating in multiplex schizophrenia families from a Pacific island isolate

OBJECTIVE: Multiplex schizophrenia families from Palau, Micronesia, were assessed with P50 sensory gating to 1) test for replication of the association between this inhibitory neurobiological trait and familial schizophrenia in non-Caucasian subjects and 2) evaluate the ability of the P50 trait to serve as an endophenotype in a genetic linkage study of these families. METHOD: A paired-stimulus auditory event- related potential paradigm was used to examine P50 sensory gating in 85 schizophrenia patients (56 medicated with typical antipsychotics and 29 unmedicated), 83 of their first-degree relatives (46 parents and 37 siblings), and 29 normal comparison subjects. RESULTS: Auditory sensory gating as measured by the P50 ratio was similarly impaired in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients compared to the normal subjects, and medication dose had no significant effect on any P50 variable. This impairment extended to first-degree relatives, who also showed significantly higher P50 ratios than the normal subjects. Abnormal P50 ratios were found in 64.7% of the schizophrenia patients and 51.8% of their first-degree relatives but only 10.3% of the normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: P50 sensory gating deficits were confirmed in Palauan schizophrenia families. Rates of abnormal P50 sensory gating in relatives versus normal subjects resulted in a risk ratio of 5.0. Impairment was independent of medication effects, indicating that the P50 paradigm measures a stable neurobiological trait unaffected by treatment with typical antipsychotics. These results suggest that this trait can fulfill the major criteria for an endophenotype for genetic liability to schizophrenia in these multiply affected Palauan families.     

精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属认知功能的特点。方法 对110例精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属（亲属组）及50例正常对照（对照组）进行认知功能测验,包括持续注意力测试（CPT）、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）、修订版韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）的逻辑记忆和词语流畅性测试。结果 精神分裂症患者一级亲属在WMS-RC逻辑记忆中的即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆,词语流畅性测试中的词语总数、词语正确数,CPT中的视觉漏报、视觉平均反映时间1和2、听觉漏报数、听觉平均反应时间1和2的成绩均差于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论 精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属存在一定程度的认知功能损害,提示认知损害可能是精神分裂症的内表型指标之一。     

Associations between schizotypal features and indicators of neurological and morphological abnormalities

OBJECTIVE: Limited research suggests that subtle neurological and morphological abnormalities that have been documented in patients with schizophrenia also may be associated with schizotypal traits in non-psychiatric samples. Based on the notion that neurological soft signs (NSS) may mark a genetic diathesis, this study hypothesized that NSS scores would be related to the level of schizotypy in relatives of schizophrenia patients and in controls. Additionally, associations between MPA scores and schizotypy were explored in these two groups. METHOD: Twenty-six first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and 38 controls with no personal or family history of psychosis were assessed for schizotypy using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders schizotypal personality disorder module, as well as the self-administered Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The Neurological Evaluation Scale and a structured examination for MPAs also were administered. RESULTS: Mean schizotypy scores did not differ between relatives and controls. Both NSS and MPAs were associated with the level of interviewer-assessed schizotypal features in controls but not in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. NSS and MPAs were not associated with self-reported schizotypy in either group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that both NSS and MPAs are associated with interview-based schizotypal traits, at least in non-psychiatric participants. Future research should seek to replicate these results in other samples of relatives and controls.     

遗传负荷对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 研究精神分裂症单发家系和高发家系患者及其亲属的认知功能,探讨遗传负荷对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 使用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、修订韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-R)的词汇测验(VS)、多维记忆评估量表(MMAS)的数字广度、汉词广度和空间广度测验及持续注意测验(CPT)对精神分裂症单发家系患者组(21例)及其一级亲属(单发家系亲属组,55例),高发家系患者组(30例)及其一级亲属(高发家系亲属组,26例),对照家系组(14名)及其一级亲属(对照家系亲属组,29名)进行研究.结果 高发家系患者组和高发家系亲属组的VS[(9.3±3.9)分vs(13.6±2.2)分和(10.7±4.0)分vs(13.9±2.3)分]和部分记忆广度成绩均明显低于对照家系组分及对照家系亲属组,其WCST卡片总数、持续错误数[(27.9±13.0)分vs(18.3±8.4)分和(26.0±16.3)分vs(18.3±8.7)分]和随机错误数及CPT视觉、听觉漏报数和反应时间均明显多于对照家系组分和对照家系亲属组分,差异有统计学意义(ANOVA,P＜0.05);单发家系患者组CPT视觉漏报[(68.7±18.4)分vs(49.0±3.4)分]和反应时间、听觉错报和漏报多于对照家系组,差异有统计学意义(ANOVA,P＜0.05),单发家系亲属组的VS低于对照家系亲属组[(12.0±3.9)分vs(13.9±2.3)分],WCST卡片总数多于对照家系亲属组,差异有统计学意义(ANOVA,P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症高发家系认知成绩最差,单发家系患者及亲属大部分认知成绩介于高发家系和对照家系之间;随着遗传负荷的增加,患者及亲属的认知缺陷更为明显,认知功能缺陷可能是精神分裂症遗传易感性的标志之一.     

Sensitivity and specificity of select biological indices in characterizing psychotic patients and their relatives

BACKGROUND: Although studies have detailed biological abnormalities in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives, few studies have directly compared the utility of biological indices in these individuals. METHODS: Measures of global smooth-pursuit ocular motor (OM) function, low frequency and alpha band electroencephalogram (EEG) power, and nonspecific fluctuations (NSF) in electrodermal activity and visibility of the plexus in the nailfold were collected from 136 schizophrenia patients and 67 of their first-degree biological relatives, 71 affective disorder psychotic patients and 68 of their first-degree biological relatives, and 169 nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. We conducted receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses to determine how well each index differentiated the patient groups and the groups of first-degree relatives. RESULTS: Smooth-pursuit ocular motor function, low frequency and alpha band EEG power, and nailfold plexus visibility differentiated schizophrenia patients from nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Nailfold plexus visibility was the only measure that significantly differentiated schizophrenia patients from both nonpsychiatric controls and affective patients. Smooth-pursuit ocular motor function and the number of electrodermal nonspecific fluctuations differentiated relatives of schizophrenia patients from nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. CONCLUSION: Increased nailfold plexus visibility may mark a process associated with abnormal brain development leading to schizophrenia. Smooth-pursuit dysfunction may mark genetic vulnerability that is relatively specific to schizophrenia.     

精神分裂症和情感障碍混合家系的遗传调查

目的 探讨精神分裂症和情感障碍混合家系的遗传效应。方法 采用严格的纳入标准,应用家族史法对55例混合家系的各级亲属2134人进行详细的调查记录。分三组进行分析。结果 (1)精神分裂症为先证者组,各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为1.1％,与1993年全国七地区调查精神分裂症的群体患病率0.655％比较,P>0.05,统计学上无显著差异,一级亲属患病率为4.79％,各群体比较,P<0.05。各级亲属情感障碍的患病率为3.78％,与1992年全国七地区调查情感障碍的群体患病0.083％比较,P<0.05,统计学上有显著差异,一级亲属患病率为17.96％。(2)情感障碍为先证者组,各级亲属情感障碍患者率为1.234％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病为4.76％。各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为3.67％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病率为12.24％。(3)混合组,各级亲属精神分裂症的患病率为2.27％,与群体比较,P<0.05,一级亲属患病率为9.44％。结论 混合家系中,血缘关系越近,亲属中精神分裂症和情感障碍的患病率越高;精神分裂症和情感障碍在遗传传递上可能具有交叉性。