大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血致多器官功能障碍综合征延髓内脏带FOS蛋白的表达及迷走神经的作用研究

目的 观察大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)致多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)并/不并迷走神经切断时延髓内脏带(MVZ)FOS蛋白的表达规律,探讨MVZ和迷走神经在SAH致MODS中的可能调控机制.方法 Willis环注血法建立SAH致MODS模型,膈下迷走神经切断法阻断迷走神经,免疫组织化学法检测MVZ内FOS蛋白的表达.结果 (1)SAH组和SAH+SDV组MVZ内FOS阳性表达明显高于正常对照组、假手术组、SDV组(P<0.01).但SAH+SDV组明显少于SAH组(P<0.01),两组FOS蛋白表达均在24h达峰.(2)SAH组和SAH+SDV组各时相点各脏器存在不同程度的炎性损害,以24～36h病理改变最显著,与FOS蛋白的表达峰值一致,而且SAH+SDV组的炎性损害较SAH组更明显、持久.结论 (1)SAH后各周围脏器的炎性改变与MVZ内FOS蛋白的表达规律相一致,提示MVZ参与了SAH后周围脏器功能的调控,是SAH致MODS的直接调控中枢之一;(2)膈下迷走神经切断增加了SAH后MODS的发生率,增强了SAH所致的周围脏器的炎性损害,提示迷走神经在SAH致MODS时对周围脏器具有潜在的保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate FOS protein expression in the medullary visceral zone( MVZ) of the rats following subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH) complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( MODS ) which complicated or uncomplicated by vagotomy,and to discuss the possible pathogenesis of MVZ and vagus nerve in the rats following SAH complicated with MODS. Methods SAH was induced in rats by injecting arterial blood through the circle of willis. The vagus never was blocked in rats from subdlaphragamatic vagotomy. The area density of positive staining expressing FOS protein were analyzed for the relative content of immunohistochemistry. Results (1) In the MVZ, the expression in FOS protein in SAH and SAH + SDV groups were all obviously more than control group, sham-operative group and SDV group ( P < 0. 01). But the expression in SAH + SDV group were fewer and sparser than SAH group( P < 0. 01) . FOS protein expressed in SAH and SAH + SDV groups showed time progress and reached peak at 24h after SAH. (2) After SAH there are various inflammatory lesions on the organ tissue at every time point in SAH group and SAH + SDV group. The organ has significantly pathological changes at 24 ～ 36h point which is at equal pace the regularity of the expression of FOS protein. But the inflammatory lesions in SAH + SDV group was more serious and persistent than that in SAH group. Conclusions ( 1) There was the consistency between FOS protein expression and histological changes of each organ after SAH. It cued that MVZ may be one of the direct regulative centre after SAH by MODS. ( 2 ) Subdlaphragamatic vagotomy can add the incidences of MODS after SAH and can aggravate the imflamming lesions of peri-organs. Vagus never can protect peri-organs potatially when SAH complicated by MODS.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后血管痉挛的防治

脑血管痉挛(CVS)被认为是蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)致死及致残的最主要原因之一[1].目前临床上最常用于治疗CVS的方法是应用钙通道阻滞剂(CEB).现在公认的用于防治SAH后CVS的CEB为尼莫地平,尚未见用西比灵预防和治疗SAH后CVS的报道,现将我们应用西比灵治疗的CVS 37例报告如下.     

Expression and distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A/B in anterior thalamic nuclei and hippocampus of rats

INTRODUCTION Anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) and hippocampus are key brain re- gions concerned with learning and memory, in particular, spatial memory. Injury of ATN and hippocampus results in the dysfunction of learning and memory [1,2]. Neuroeletrophysio…     

出血型烟雾病患者72例的损伤模式

目的 探讨成年人出血型烟雾病(moyamoya disease,MMD)病灶分布模式.方法 从南京脑卒中注册系统中提取2004年1月至2010年2月间以出血事件为首发症状的成年人MMD住院患者72例.按出血原发部位的不同将患者分为4组:非丘脑性脑实质出血(脑叶和纹状体出血)、丘脑出血、原发脑室出血和自发蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH).所有患者均行脑血管造影检查,根据造影结果 ,按改良的Morioka分级标准将出血侧脉络膜前动脉和后交通动脉(anterior choroidal artery and posterior communicating artery,AChA-PComA)分为3级:"正常或轻度扩张"、"极度扩张和延长"及"未显影".分析出血病灶分布模式与AChA-PComA分级的关系.结果 在AChA-PComA正常或轻度扩张阶段,非丘脑性脑实质出血的比例最大(51.6%,16/31;Z=-3.266,P=0.001),且以纹状体出血最为常见(22.6%,7/31);在AChA-PComA极度扩张和延长阶段,脑室出血所占比例最大(58.8%,20/34;Z=-2.696,P=0.008);另外,后循环SAH同侧的AChA-PComA级别较前循环的高(Z=-4.655,P＜0.01);在AChA-PComA近端未显影阶段,后循环动脉瘤破裂相关的SAH是此阶段惟一的出血亚型(9.7%,7/72;x2=42.999,P＜0.01).结论 成年人出血型MMD脑卒中不同亚型与AChA-PComA形态有关,其造影显像特点可预测出血部位.

Abstract：

Objective To study the lesion patterns of hemorrhagic type of moyamoya disease (MMD) in adults. Methods Seventy-two consecutive cases of hemorrhagic type of MMD, confirmed by digital cerebral angiography in Jinling hospital between January 2004 and February 2010, were retrieved from the Nanjing Stroke Registry Program. MMD patients were classified according to the hemorrhagic sites into 4 types: non-thalamic parenchymal, thalamic, primary ventricular and subarachnoid. The ipsilateral anterior choroidal artery and posterior communicating artery (AChA-PComA) were evaluated by the modified Morioka's 3-points grading system: normal or mild to moderate dilation, severe dilation with abnormal extension and non-visualization. The relationship between lesion patterns and the angiographic findings was analyzed. Results In the stage of normal or mild to moderate dilation of AChA-PComA, non-thalamic parenchymal hemorrhage was the more frequent type (51.6%, 16/31 ;Z = -3.266,P =0.001 ), and there was a high incidence of intrastriatal hemorrhage occurred (22.6%, 7/31 ). In the stage of severe dilation with abnormal extension, intraventricular hemorrhage was most common ( 58.8%, 20/34 ;Z = -2.696 ,P =0.008). In addition, posterior circulation subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was associated with a higher grade of AChA-PComA than anterior circulation SAH (Z = -4.655 ,P ＜ 0.01 ). Furthermore, posterior circulation SAH was the only type of SAH in the stage of non-visualization(9.7% ,7/72; x2 =42.999,P ＜0.01 ). Conclusion In adult patients with MMD, different subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke were associated with angiographic changes of AChA-PComA, and the angiographic characteristics may predict the location of hemorrhage.     

Optic radiation injury in patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging report

Visual field defect is one of the various clinical manifestations in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). Little is known about the pathogenic mechanism of visual field defect in SAH. In the current study, we investigated the diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) finding of the optic radiation in patients with SAH following rupture of a cerebral artery aneurysm. We recruited 21 patients with aneurismal SAH(12 males, 9 females, mean age, 52.67 years; range, 41–68 years) who showed no definite lesion along the visual pathway. Twenty-one age-and sex-matched normal control subjects were also recruited. DTI data were acquired at an average of 5.9 weeks(range: 3–12 weeks) after onset and reconstruction of the optic radiation was performed using DTI-Studio software. The fractional anisotropy value, apparent diffusion coefficient value,and fiber number of the optic radiation were measured. The fractional anisotropy value of the optic radiation was significantly decreased, and the apparent diffusion coefficient value was significantly increased, in patients with aneurismal SAH than in normal control subjects. However, there was no significant difference in the fiber number of the optic radiation between patients with aneurismal SAH and normal control subjects. The decrement of fractional anisotropy value and increment of apparent diffusion coefficient value of the optic radiation in patients with aneurismal SAH suggest optic radiation injury. Therefore, we recommend a thorough evaluation for optic radiation injury in patient with aneurismal SAH.     

脑电监测在蛛网膜下腔出血中的应用进展

蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)主要为颅内动脉瘤破裂后血液进入蛛网膜下腔所致,其年发病率为2.0～22.5/10万,病死率及致残率极高[1,2].近年来随着在SAH的早期诊断及治疗方面的进步,其病死率有下降趋势,但危重患者的治疗有可能成为进一步改善预后的瓶颈[3].包括脑电网(electroencephalogram,EEG)在内的多种神经监护技术因可以早期发现SAH后病理生理变化所造成的脑功能损害,目前已被用于危重SAH患者的监护[4-5].本文就脑电监测在SAH中的应用进展综述如下.     

Microglia accumulation and activation after subarachnoid hemorrhage

正Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) is a severe cerebrovascular disease accounting for a significant portion of young patients with stroke with high morbidity and mortality(van Gijn et al., 2007). Secondary brain injury resulting from neuroinflammation is considered to be a key pathological process(Zheng and Wong, 2017). Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are implicated in numerous neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease,     

Hunt-Hess Ⅰ～Ⅲ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期手术术前腰大池外引流的临床观察

目的 探讨Hunt-Hess Ⅰ～Ⅲ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)早期手术术前腰大池外引流的临床疗效.方法 将早期手术的Hunt-Hess Ⅰ～Ⅲ级动脉瘤性SAH患者分为术前腰大池外引流组(47例)和术后腰大池外引流组(54例),分析两组病例的疗效差异.结果 术前腰大池外引流组无置管导致的动脉瘤再破裂出血病例,其术中动脉瘤破裂、症状性脑血管痉挛、慢性脑积水的发生率分别为8.5%、12.8%、12.8%,均低于术后腰大池外引流组的11.1%、20.4%、14.8%.结论 术前行腰大池外引流无增加Hunt-Hess Ⅰ～Ⅲ级动脉瘤性SAH早期手术患者动脉瘤再破裂出血的风险,并且可降低症状性脑血管痉挛和慢性脑积水的发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of preoperative external hunbar drainage in Hunt and Hess grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) undergoing early surgery for intracranial aneurysms. Method The 101 cases of grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ patients according to the classification of Hunt and Hess with early surgical treatment were devided into preoperative external lumbar drainage group(47 cases) and postoperative external lumbar drainage group(54 cases).Outcome of patients with different external drainage of cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed. Results There was no case of aneurysm rebleeding could be associated with preoperative spinal drain placement. Tne incidences of intraoperative aneurysm rapture in preoperative external lumbar drainage group was 8. 5%,which was lower than 11. 1% in postoperative external lumbar drainage group. The incidences of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm and chronic hydrocephalus in preoperative external lumbar drainage group were 12. 8% and 12.8% ,which were lower than 20. 4% and 14. 8% in postoperative external lumbar drainage group. There all were not significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions Preoperative external lumbar drainage wont increase a risk of rebleeding for grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ patients with aneurysmal SAH undergoing early surg ery. Furthermore, it can decrease the incidences of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm and chronic hydrocephalus,which is a safe and useful method of removing bloody cerebrospinal fluid.     

实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛兔基底动脉Cx43蛋白表达的时相变化

目的 通过建立兔二次蛛网膜下腔出血实验模型,观察兔蛛网膜下腔出血后基底动脉缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达的时相变化特点,初步探讨蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的形成机制.方法 选择健康新西兰大白兔30只,随机分为5组:正常对照组(n=6)和蛛网膜下腔出血模型组(1d、3d、7d和14d,n=6):建立兔二次蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛实验模型,脑血管造影分析基底动脉的直径变化并应用Western Blot检测基底动脉Cx43蛋白的表达变化.对血管直径与Cx43表达变化情况进行相关分析.结果 成功建立兔二次蛛网膜下腔出血模型;脑血管造影显示注血后1d基底动脉即出现痉挛(85.7%±8.6%,P<0.05);7d时达高峰(66.5%±7.6%,P<0.01);14d时仍有痉挛(78.4%±8.2%,P<0.05)但程度较前缓解.Cx43蛋白表达在建立SAH模型后1d(38.6%±5.6%,P<0.05)、3d(50.2%±5.7%,P<0.05)、7d(57.8%±5.3%,P<0.01)、14d(32.4%±3.6%.P<00.05)均升高,其中7d为高峰,14d开始下降.Cx43蛋白表达的时相性变化与SAH后基底动脉直径的时相性变化相关系数为0.914.结论 实验结果 显示蛛网膜下腔出血后兔基底动脉缝隙连接蛋白Cx43的表达发生了时相性变化,并且Cx43蛋白表达强弱与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛程度在时程上存在正相关关系,表明缝隙连接蛋白Cx43可能参与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的形成.

Abstract：

Objective The study was designed to explore the change of expression of connexin43(Cx43)protien in the model of subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)of rabbits,hoping to provide the basis to study the mechanism of cerebral vasospasm(CVS).Methods 30 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups:SAH group(1d,3d,7d,14d,n=6)and control group(n=6).The model of CVS following SAH was established.Digital subtraction angiography was performed to detect the change of the basilar arteries diameter.The expression of Cx43 protien in basilar arteries tissue at different time points following experimental SAH was examined by using western blotting analysis.The data were statistically analyzed using the bivariate correlations test.Results The model of SAH in rabbits was successfully established.All 30 rabbits were analyzed.Cerebral angiograms on 1d,3d,7d and 14d showed severe narrowing of the BAs,and on 7d showed the most narrowing and on 14d began to Relieve.Western blotting showed that the expression of Cx43 protein were detected in normal rabbit basilar arteries tissue.However,the expression of Cx43 protein increased gradually and significantly in models compared with that of control(P<0.05),which reached peak on 7d(P<0.01)and then decreased on 14d(P<0.05).There was positive correlation between expression of Cx43 and cerebral vasospasm.Conclusions The above results demonstrates at the first time that the Cx43 protein expression is altered after the SAH,and exhibits a time-dependent change.which might be connected with the development of CVS.In summary,our data demonstrates gap junctions may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after SAH.     

Sleep Disturbance: An Early Sign of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive impairment in older adults.The accumulation of insoluble forms of amyloid-β(Aβ)in plaques in extracellular spaces and the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau in neurofibrillary tangles in neurons are considered to be central pathological features of A D[1,2].     

Study of CT and etiology In 11B cases of eoute headache without hemlplegla

objectal To study the relation between CT and etiology of acute headache without hemiplegia. Methods 118 cases of acute headache without hemiplegia were studied with CT scan. The patients with normal CT were diagnosed with lumbar punc -tura or diagnostic standard for establishing disease. Results The first three etiologies were cerebrovescular disease (65 cases, 55%), migraine (25 cases, 21%), meningitis and encephalitis (19 cases, 155. 9%). 53% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) was diagnosed in CT unnormal group, and 12.4% of patients with Sall was showed by lumbar puncture in CT normal group(P＜0. 001). CT was normal in 18% of patients with a definite SAH(7/39). The positive rates of intracranial infection in CT normal group(by lumbar puncture) was reearkably higher than in CT unnormal group (18/58 versus 2/60, p＜0.005), Conolusion CT is more sensitive to intracranial hemorrhage, tumor and infarction. SAH of a negative Ctscan is not rare. CT is far inferior to lumbar puncture in meningitis or encephalitis.     

TCD对蛛网膜下腔出血脑脊液置换的疗效观察

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH)发病后的主要并发症包括再出血、脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm, CVS)和脑积水.早期除使用尼莫地平等药物治疗外,还可采用腰穿释放脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)或CSF置换术,减轻CVS及其后遗症状[1].作者对本院神经内科重症监护室2007年1月至2010年6月收治的60例SAH患者行动态经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler, TCD)检测,根据TCD血流动力学参数及颅内压(intracranial pressure, ICP)与SAH急性期的相关变化评估脑脊液置换的效果.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后早期海马ADAMTS-1的表达与血脑屏障通透性的相关性研究

目的研究大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后早期海马组织中ADAMTS-l(a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type l motifs)表达情况及其与血脑屏障通透性的关系,初步探讨ADAMTS-l在实验性大鼠SAH后早期脑损伤(early brain injury,EBI)中的作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠108只,分假手术组和SAH组。采用大鼠视交叉前池注血模型,于SAH后6、12、24、48、72 h时间点,应用Western-Blotting和RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马ADAMTS-1蛋白及mRNA表达变化,同时应用甲酰胺浸泡法检测大鼠脑内伊文氏蓝(Evans blue,EB)含量。结果大鼠SAH后6 h、12 h组海马ADAMTS-1mRNA及蛋白表达与sham组相比无统计学意义,于出血后24 h表达明显升高,48 h达到高峰,72 h后仍维持在较高水平。脑内伊文氏蓝含量亦于出血后24 h明显升高,48 h达到高峰并于72 h仍维持在较高水平。ADAMTS-1蛋白表达与脑内EB含量成正相关(r=0.936,P=0.014)。结论大鼠SAH后早期脑损伤过程中ADAMTS-l的表达与血脑屏障损伤成正相关,提示ADAMTS-l可能参与SAH后早期脑损伤的病理过程。     

动脉瘤夹闭术中终板造瘘预防慢性脑积水

蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)约占全部脑卒中的5%～10%,其中约50%～70%是由动脉瘤破裂所致,称为动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH).aSAH后慢性脑积水是指动脉瘤破裂所致SAH 2周后发生的肺积水[1].     

On the Eve of Upgrading Antidepressants:(R)-Ketamine and Its Metabolites

<正>Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)antagonist th has attracted widespread attention for its rapid-onset antidepressant effects,especially in individuals with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation[1-3].Compared with the traditional antidepressants that take weeks,if not months,to benefit patients and are associated with a high rate of relapse,ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects within     

术中脑组织氧分压偏低与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后血管痉挛相关(英文)

Background Vasospasm is a frequent complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH) ,implicated in poor outcome,and prediction of its occurrence might be important on the therapeutic approach of this condition. Brain oxygenation in aneurysmal SAH was prospectively monitored during surgery in 28 patients,using brain tissue oxygen pressure ( PbtO 2 ) ,studying its association with the occurrence of post-operative vasospasm,detected by transcranial Doppler. Methods PbtO 2 monitoring was performed during surgery of 28 patients with aneurysmal SAH,using a polarographic microcatheter ( Licox; GMS,Kiel,Germany) ,inserted into the cerebral tissue. The aneurysms were localized in the anterior communicating artery ( AcoA) complex ( eight cases) ,in the posterior communicating artery ( Pcom) origin ( seven cases) ,and in the middle cerebral artery ( MCA) bifurcation ( 13 cases) . Basal PbtO 2 values,obtained immediately before application of temporary or definitive clips,were studied according to age,clinical status and CT findings. The association between the basal values and the occurrence of increased blood flow velocity in the post-operative transcranial Doppler ( TCD vasospasm) was investigated. Results Post-operative TCD vasospasm developed in 13 patients,all of them with basal values inferior to 10 mmHg. PbtO 2 basal value was significantly lower in cases that developed TCD vasospasm. This association was independent of age, clinical status,or CT findings. Conclusion The finding of low intraoperative basal PbtO 2 values may be an indicator for a high risk of occurrence of post-operative TCD vasospasm in cases of aneurysmatic SAH.     

Alterations in amyloid beta-protein and apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: The findings about the alterations in cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid protein (Aβ) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) after subarachnoid hemorrhage indicate that they have significant correlation with prognosis of patients. OBJECTIVE: To observe the alterations in cerebrospinal fluid Aβ and ApoE after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). DESIGN: Contrast observation. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 25 SAH patients including 16 males and 9 females aged from 13 to 72 years were selected form Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University from October 2003 to February 2004. The Hunt-Hess grade ranged from Ⅰ to Ⅳ, and patients admitted hospital in 24 hours after invasion, affirmed by the brain CT scan and lumbar vertebra puncture, no other severe complications and important organs' functional defect and severe infection, no hematological system disease. METHODS: All admitted patients were collected CSF by lumbar vertebra puncture in 24 hours. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of control group came from the admitted 15 patients of our hospital that have no nervous system disease. Aβ content was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the kit was provided by the Central Laboratory of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University; ApoE concentration was detected by monoclone enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the kit was provided by the Immunotechnique Research Institute of the Fourth Military Medical University. S100B concentration was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay double antibody sandwich method, the kit was provided by the Physiological Research Room of the Fourth Military Medical University. The data were indicated on Mean±SD and were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 statistical package. All data were handled through test of significance variance analysis, and groups were compared through independent sampler t test. The concentration was handled through Pearson correlation analysis between Aβ and ApoE. The relationship between Aβ, ApoE concentration with pathogenetic condition and prognosis of the patients was handled through Spearman ranking correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The concentration of ApoE, Aβ and S100B after SAH in contrast to the control group in CSF by different Hunt-Hess and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) grades; ② The level of correlation between ApoE and Aβ; ③ Correlation between ApoE and Aβin pathogenetic condition and prognosis of the patients. RESULTS: All 25 SAH patients and 15 controls were involved in the final analysis. ① The concentration of ApoE, Aβand S100B in CSF: The concentration of ApoE decreased after SAH in contrast to the control group [(0.46±0.007), (0.85±0.11) μg/L, P < 0.01], the concentration of ApoE decreased after SAH in contrast to the control group [(5.36±1.19), (8.41±1.60) μg/L, P < 0.01], and the concentration of S100B increased after SAH in contrast to the control group [(18.60±7.31), (6.56±1.02) pg/L, P < 0.01]. ② The concentration of ApoE, Aβ and S100B in CSF after SAH on different Hunt-Hess and GOS grades: The concentration of Aβin Hunt-Hess Ⅰ–Ⅲ grade was higher than Hunt-Hess Ⅳ, Ⅴ grade [(6.63±1.25), (3.35±1.02) μg/L, P < 0.01], and the concentration of ApoE in Hunt-Hess Ⅰ–Ⅲ grade was higher than Hunt-Hess IV, V grade [(0.56±0.07), (0.38±0.04) μg/L, P < 0.05], the concentration of S100B in Hunt-Hess Ⅰ–Ⅲ grade was lower than Hunt-Hess Ⅳ–Ⅴ grade [(16.32±5.58), (22.85±8.10) pg/L, P < 0.01]; the concentration of Aβ in GOSⅠ–Ⅲ grade was lower than GOS Ⅳ, Ⅴ grade [(3.76±1.04), (5.89±1.20) μg/L, P < 0.01], and the concentration of ApoE in GOS Ⅰ–Ⅲ grade was lower than GOS Ⅳ, Ⅴ grade [(0.32±0.02), (0.58±0.07) μg/L, P < 0.01], and the concentration of S100B in GOS Ⅰ–Ⅲ grade was higher than GOS Ⅳ, Ⅴ grade [(25.36±9.70), (14.33±6.69) pg/L, P < 0.01]. ③ The results of Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman ranking correlation analysis: There was significantly positive correlation between CSF Aβconcentration and clinical outcome (r =0.65, P < 0.01), and the decrease in CSF Aβconcentration correlated significant with that of ApoE (r =0.85, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There is a significant decrease in both Aβ and ApoE in the CSF after SAH, and there is significant correlation between CSF Aβand ApoE concentration with clinical outcome, the interactions between these proteins may have important effects on SAH, ApoE and Aβas surrogate markers for the outcome of patients with SAH.     

外伤性纵裂区血肿的显微外科治疗

目的 提高外伤性纵裂血肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析21例经显微手术治疗的外伤性纵裂区血肿的临床资料、手术方法和手术疗效.结果 按GOS治疗结果评定,术后随访1-9年,恢复良好16例,中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例.21例均有明确出血来源,大脑前动脉远段分支破裂出血和纵裂区静脉破裂出血者以全纵裂血肿多见且手术效果较好,纵裂区脑组织挫伤出血者以局部纵裂血肿和挫伤水肿为主,部分患者预后较差.结论 正确掌握外伤性纵裂区血肿的手术指征和手术技巧,及时手术治疗,有助于改善外伤性纵裂血肿患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To study the treatment and clinical outcomes of traumatic interhemispheric subdural hematoma ( TISH ). Method The clinical datum, surgical management and outcomes of 21 patients with TISH treated with mircrosurgery were analyzed retrospectively. Results According to Glasgow coma scale(GCS) ,good recovery was found in 16 cases, moderate disability in 2, severe disability in 1, vegetative survival in 1, and death in 1 during postoperative follow - up period (1-9 years ). There were confirmed sources of hemorrhage in all 21 cases. The whole cerebral longitudinal fissure hematoma was more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from rupture of the distal part of anterior cerebral artery and veins in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually good. Local hematoma, laceration and edema in the cerebral longitudinal fissure were more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from brain tissue laceration of the longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually poor. Conclusions Good understanding of surgical indications, commanding of surgical skills and timely surgical intervention are helpful in improving the prognosis of TISH patients.     

Pathological Changes to the Subcortical Visual System and its Relationship to Visual Hallucinations in Dementia with Lewy Bodies

<正>Introduction Recurrent complex visual hallucinations are a core clinical feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and are typically well-formed, often consisting of figures, such as people or animals [1]. Despite the profound impact upon patients and caregivers in DLB, the aetiopathology of visual hallucinations remains largely unknown. In this article we discuss the anatomy of the human visual system,hypotheses of the genesis of visual hallucinations in DLB,