进展性缺血性脑卒中预后影响因素分析

目的探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中(PIS)患者30d预后的影响因素,为临床诊治提供理论依据。方法根据神经功能缺损评分分为好转(基本痊愈、显著进步和进步)和未好转(病情无变化、恶化和死亡),对经过综合治疗219例PIS患者的有关指标与30d预后的关系进行单因素和多因素分析,多因素分析用Logistic逐步回归,前向逐步法,α=0.05。结果营养支持、康复治疗、梗死面积、梗死后出血、年龄、并发症和Barthel指数是影响PIS预后的相关因素。结论积极营养支持、早期康复介入、改善缺血区供血、防止并发症可能是改善预后的重要环节。     

进展性缺血性脑卒中预后影响因素分析

目的探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中（PIS）患者30d预后的影响因素，为临床诊治提供理论依据。方法根据神经功能缺损评分分为好转（基本痊愈、显著进步和进步）和未好转（病情无变化、恶化和死亡），对经过综合治疗219例PIS患者的有关指标与30d预后的关系进行单因素和多因素分析，多因素分析用Logistic逐步回归，前向逐步法，a=0．05。结果营养支持、康复治疗、梗死面积、梗死后出血、年龄、并发症和Barthel指数是影响PIS预后的相关因素。结论积极营养支持、早期康复介入、改善缺血区供血、防止并发症可能是改善预后的重要环节。     

脑室出血量对幕上自发性脑出血患者预后的影响

目的研究脑室出血（IVH）对幕上自发性脑出血（ICH）患者预后的影响。方法前瞻性收集幕上自发性ICH合并IVH患者105例,运用IVH评分系统量化IVH体积,采用多因素Logistic回归分析消除混杂因素的影响。结果发病后30 d,根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估患者预后,本组预后较好45例（42.9%;mRS 0-2分）,预后较差60例（57.1%;mRS 3-6分）。预后较差患者IVH体积[（26.5±14.1）ml]明显大于预后较好的患者[（5.1±5.3）ml;P〈0.01]。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,IVH体积是ICH患者预后不良的独立危险因素（OR=2.17;95%置信区间为1.39-3.92;P〈0.05）。结论IVH体积是幕上自发性ICH患者预后不良的独立危险因素;合并IVH体积越大,患者预后越差。     

影响立体定向血肿引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血预后的多因素分析

目的分析影响立体定向血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血患者预后的因素。方法三维重建单（双）靶点定向置管引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血患者172例，将患者临床资料和随访资料输入Access数据库，利用单因素模型分析患者术后30d内死亡率、远期预后和血肿增加的影响因素，并对上述影响因素进行Logistic多变量逐步回归分析进而确定主要影响因素。结果血肿增加、肺部感染、出血部位为患者术后30d内死亡的主要影响因素；肺部感染、血肿增加、血肿波及中脑是影响患者远期预后的主要危险因素，术后两周肌力≥Ⅱ级是保护因素；血肿破人脑室（〉4分）是影响血肿增加的主要危险因素。结论应用立体定向血肿抽吸引流术时，应防止血肿增加和肺部感染，以改善幕上高血压脑出血患者的预后。     

幕上高血压性脑出血微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术1年预后相关因素分析

目的 探讨幕上高血压性脑出血（intracerebral h emorrhage,ICH）微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术1年预后及其相关因素。      

微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术早期预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的近期手术疗效,并寻找影响近期手术疗效的 相关因素。 方法 收集自2010年7月至2014年2月收入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科重症监护室,接 受微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术的幕上脑出血患者作为研究对象,收集了卒中危险因素、血液学指标、患 者的临床特征及手术相关信息,并随访患者术后30 d或出院时格拉斯哥评分（Glasgow score,GCS）, 通过单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,寻找对近期手术疗效有影响的因素。 结果 入组患者共94例,其中男性60例,年龄23～84岁,平均（54.85±12.70）岁。术后30 d/出院时 预后,清醒或轻度意识障碍（GCS 13～15分）者62例（65.9%）,中重度意识障碍（GCS≤12分）或死 亡者32例（34.1%）。多因素Logistic回归分析中年龄较高（OR 1.06,95%CI 1.00～1.12）、术前GCS较低 （OR 0.59,95%CI 0.43～0.80）是患者预后不良的独立预测因素。 结论 微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的短期预后不良与患者年龄较高、术前GCS评分低 有关。     

开放性颅脑创伤早期癫痫发作危险因素分析

目的探讨开放性颅脑创伤后早期癫痫发作危险因素,并提出初步预防措施。方法对2006年9月-2009年9月诊断与治疗的91例开放性颅脑创伤患者的临床资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,筛选颅脑创伤后早期癫痫发作之危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,年龄（X^2=5．131,P=0．023）、颅脑创伤分型（X^2=6．302,P=0．043）、损伤部位（X^2=12．800,P=0．046）,以及伴发脑挫裂伤（X^2=7．187,P=0．007）、外伤性蛛网膜下隙出血（X^2=11．092,P=0．001）、颅内血肿（X^2=6．555,P=0．010）和凹陷性骨折（X^2=8．463,P=0．043）等项因素与开放性颅脑创伤后早期癫痼发作显著相关。进一步Logistie逐步回归分析,仅年龄（OR=7．719,95％CI=1．129。52．777;P=0．037）、脑挫裂伤（OR=28．590,95％CI=2．241．364．734;P=0．010）、外伤性蛛网膜下隙出血（OR=8．244,95％CI=1．259。53．706;P=O．028）和颅内血肿（OR=24．344,95％CI=2．415．345．395;P=0．007）为危险因素,且以脑挫裂伤危险度相对较高;而与颅脑创伤分型、损伤部位及凹陷性骨折无关。结论开放性颅脑创伤后早期癫痼发作应及时治疗,对合并危险因素的患者应早期给予预防性抗癫痫药物治疗。     

原发性脑出血超急性期血肿增长速度与临床预后的关系研究

目的 探讨超急性期血肿增长速度（ultraearly hematoma growth，UHG）与急性原发性脑出血 （intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）血肿扩大及临床预后的关系。 方法 连续收集发病6 h内就诊的ICH患者。患者完成基线及（24±2）h颅脑计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT），记录临床信息及结局信息。UHG定义为基线血肿体积除以发病至头CT扫描时间。血 肿扩大定义为发病24 h血肿体积较基线血肿体积增加>33%或者>6 ml。90 d及1年预后不良定义为改 良Rankin量表评分>2分。多元Logistic回归分析UHG与血肿扩大及ICH临床预后的关系。 结果 研究共纳入148例发病6h内到院的ICH患者。所有ICH患者的UHG为5.3（2.3，12.9）ml/h。UHG在 完成头CT较早（P <0.001）、血肿扩大（P =0.019）、90 d预后不良（P <0.001）及1年预后不良（P <0.001） 的患者中数值较大。UHG>4.7 ml/h是1年不良预后的独立危险因素，比值比为17.5，95%可信区间 为1.44～21.23（P =0.025）。其预测1年不良预后的灵敏度为61.5%，特异度为65.1%，阳性预测率为 68.4%，阴性预测率为58%。     

幕上自发性脑出血患者痫性发作的发生率及其相关因素分析——来自中国国家卒中登记数据库

【摘要】 目的 评价幕上自发性脑出血患者伴发痫性症状的发生率以及其相关危险因素。 方法 本研究为前瞻性队列研究,纳入2007年9月～2008年8月中国国家卒中登记数据库的2862例既 往无癫痫病史的发病14 d内住院的幕上自发性脑出血患者。住院时记录患者发病时或住院期间是否 合并痫性发作症状,根据是否合并痫性发作分为合并痫性发作组和未合并痫性发作组,比较两组 患者的基本特征。采用多因素回归模型评价患者的人口学特征、既往史、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表 （Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分、幕上脑出血累及部位和体积、住院合并症与痫性发作的相关性。 结果 2862例幕上自发性脑出血患者,年龄中位数62.0岁（四分位间距53.0～72.0）,1115例（39.0%）为 女性,1921例（67.1%）既往有高血压病史。133例（4.6%）患者合并痫性发作。与未合并痫性发作患者相 比,合并痫性发作患者GCS平均评分低（9.5 vs 12.5,P =0.006）,合并脑积水（5.3% vs 1.5%,P =0.050） 和肺炎（30.1% vs 17.0%,P＜0.001）的比例高。在多因素回归分析中,下列因素与幕上自发性脑出血 患者伴发痫性发作独立相关：入院时GCS评分每降低2分［比值比（odds ratio,OR）1.32,95%可信区间 （confidence interval,CI）1.21～1.45］、血肿累及皮层（OR 5.82,95%CI 3.88～8.72）、合并脑积水（OR 2.73, 95%CI 1.14～6.56）和合并肺炎（OR 1.65,95%CI 1.09～2.52）。 结论 痫性发作是幕上自发性脑出血患者较为常见的神经系统并发症。昏迷程度、血肿累及皮层, 以及合并脑积水和肺炎是并发痫性发作症状的危险因素。     

导致椎动脉先天纤细患者眩晕发生的因素与分析

目的 探讨影响椎动脉先天纤细患者眩晕发生的因素.方法 利用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检测椎动脉走行、内径及收缩期峰值流速（PSV）,共筛选出椎动脉先天纤细患者233例后,利用TCD检测颅内段椎动脉PSV、血管搏动指数（PI）,并收集患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、临床症状、血糖、血脂和患高血压的病程时间,行Logistic二元回归分析上述临床因素与椎动脉先天纤细患者眩晕发生的相关性.结果 Logistic回归年龄（OR=1.052,95%CI为1.023～1.081,P＜0.001）、高血压病程时间（OR=1.074,95%CI为1.006～1.146,P=0.032）、血糖（OR=1.044,95%CI为1.022～1.067,P=0.048）以及基底动脉的PSV（OR=1.047,95%CI为1.004～1.092,P=0.033）和PI（OR=1.065,95%CI为0.991～1.145,P=0.041）,进入回归方程,与椎动脉先天纤细患者的眩晕发生密切相关.结论 椎动脉先天纤细是导致眩晕发生的病因之一,这可能与椎-基底动脉的血流动力学紊乱相关,年龄、血糖、血压是影响椎动脉先天纤细患者血流动力学改变、发生眩晕的重要临床因素.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.