老年期抑郁症与阿尔茨海默病伴抑郁症状对照研究

目的探讨老年期抑郁症的症状与阿尔茨海默病（AD）伴抑郁症状的差异及两者基因的差异。方法对36例老年期抑郁症和40例AD伴抑郁症状进行症状及载脂蛋白E（Apolipoprotein E，ApoE）基因分型、基因频率对照分析。结果老年期抑郁症的症状与AD伴抑郁症状在汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）的总分及焦虑／躯体化、日夜变化、体重、阻滞、睡眠和绝望感因子有差异。两者在ApoE基因分型和频率上无明显差异。结论老年期抑郁症的症状与AD伴抑郁症状存在一定差异，抑郁症与AD可能有共同的分享基因。     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的临床症状研究

目的：了解阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)患者不同严重程度痴呆时临床症状。方法：认知功能测试量表采用简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)，精神行为症状采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、老年临床评定量表(SCAG)对住院AD157例及VD150例进行测试。结果：两组患者有不同程度的认知功能障碍及精神行为症状。AD组患者认知功能较差，VD组患者躯体生活自理较差。结论：不同严重程度的AD和VD患者临床症状有差异。     

老年期焦虑抑郁患者事件相关电位P300特征

目的：探讨老年期焦虑抑郁共病患者认知功能的事件相关电位P300特征。方法：对60例老年抑郁症患者（以伴有焦虑者为共病组25例，单纯抑郁症者为抑郁症组35例）及60名性别、年龄匹配的正常老年人（对照组）进行听觉诱发的事件相关电位P300检测。同时应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及老年认知功能量表（SECF）分别评价患者组抑郁、焦虑情绪及认知功能。结果：患者组P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比对照组明显延长，P2、P3波幅明显降低；共病组N2、P3波幅比抑郁症组明显降低，P3潜伏期明显延长。患者组HAMD、HAMA总分与P300各指标无相关，而SECF总分与N2、P2、P3潜伏期呈显著负相关。结论：P300对老年期抑郁症早期认知功能损害评定具有一定的价值，共病组患者认知功能损害程度大于抑郁症组。     

精神分裂症和抑郁症伴焦虑障碍的研究

目的 了解精神分裂症和抑郁症住院病人与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及相关因素分析。方法 住院精神分裂症病人41例和抑郁病人40例,用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表（LSAS）进行评定。结果 精神分裂症病人焦虑障碍的共病率为29．26％,抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50L。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关（r=0.465)。有关精神分裂症和抑郁症病人共病焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归可排除药源性焦虑。结论 对精神分裂症和抑郁症共患焦虑障碍应引起临床高度重视。     

老年期痴呆的血浆半胱氨酸浓度检测的临床意义

目的：检测两种老年期痴呆即阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平,探讨其临床意义。方法：选取AD患者55例（AD组）、VD患者58例（VD组）和正常体检者30名（正常对照组）。VD组和AD组均按病情严重程度再分组：按痴呆严重程度根据总体衰退量表评分,得分3、4分者为轻度组,5分为中度组,6、7分为重度组。用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定受试对象血浆Hcy水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,AD组和VD组患者血浆Hcy明显升高（P〈0.05）,AD组与VD组间血浆Hcy水平差异无统计学意义（P=0.740 9）;AD重度组与AD轻度组比较（P〈0.05）,VD重度组与VD轻度组比较（P〈0.05）。结论：测定血浆Hcy水平对诊断AD和VD有帮助;AD和VD的病情严重程度与血浆Hcy水平有一定相关性。     

文拉法辛治疗焦虑抑郁共病对照研究

目的：探讨文拉法辛与帕罗西汀治疗焦虑抑郁共病障碍的疗效及安全性。方法：73例焦虑抑郁共病障碍患者随机分为研究组35例和对照组38例。分别给予文拉法辛和帕罗西汀治疗8周。于治疗前后分别采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：两组抗抑郁显效率（χ2=0.69,P〉0.05）和抗焦虑显效率（χ2=0.90,P〉0.05）相仿。两组HAMD、HAMA治疗后均显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。不良反应均轻微（P〉0.05）。结论：文拉法辛与帕罗西汀治疗焦虑抑郁共病障碍疗效肯定,安全性高,依从性好。     

奥氮平治疗老年期痴呆行为和精神障碍对照研究

目的：探讨奥氮平对老年期痴呆患者的行为和精神症状的疗效及不良反应。方法：80例老年期痴呆患者随机分为奥氮平组38例和奎硫平组42例,疗程8周。采用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表（BEHAV,AD）及治疗中出现的症状量表评定疗效和不良反应。结果：治疗后两组BEHAV—AD评分均显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;以奥氮平组BEHAV—AD总分及行为紊乱、抑郁、焦虑评分降低明显（P〈0．05）。结论：奥氮平对老年期痴呆的行为和精神障碍患者安全有效,适合临床应用。     

抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍的研究

目的：了解抑郁症和精神分裂症患者与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及其相关因素。方法：对精神分裂症41例和抑郁症40例，用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)进行评定。结果：抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50．0％，精神分裂症与焦虑障碍的共病率为29．3％。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关(r=0．465)。有关抑郁症和精神分裂症患者共患焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归分析可排除药源性焦虑。结论：对抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍问题应引起高度重视。     

阿尔茨海默氏病与血管性痴呆临床特点的对照研究

目的比较阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）与血管性痴呆（VD）的临床特点。方法对39例AD和38例VD患者的精神行为症状特点、伴随的躯体疾病、头颅CT检查以及脑电图检查进行比较。结果AD组与VD组在幻觉、妄想等精神病性症状方面无明显差异,在抑郁、焦虑等情绪障碍以及行为脱抑制方面有显著差异;AD组伴随的躯体疾病无明显特异性,VD组多伴发高血压、冠心病;AD组头颅CT多表现为脑萎缩,VD组多表现为脑梗塞;脑电图检查AD组无明显特异性,VD组界限脑电图居多。结论AD与VD患者的BPSD及所伴随的躯体疾病可有不同特点,CT和脑电图的检查等对痴呆的诊断与鉴别诊断均具有重要价值。     

皮质下缺血性抑郁和皮质下缺血性痴呆患者的抑郁症状分析

目的 比较皮质下缺血性抑郁和皮质下缺血性痴呆患者的抑郁症状。方法 连续收集2008年9月至2011年3月间符合入选标准的70例皮质下缺血性血管病（subcortical ischemic vascular disease,SIVD）患者,根据抑郁和痴呆的诊断标准及17项版汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression,HRSD）和简易智能状态检查（Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE）分为无抑郁或痴呆组（29例）、抑郁组（19例）、痴呆组（12例）、抑郁伴痴呆组（10例）。应用HRSD对各组患者的抑郁症状进行评价,分析比较各组患者的抑郁症状的表现特点。结果 4组患者的年龄、性别比、社会经济因素及血管性危险因素的差异无统计学意义。就发生率,抑郁组以抑郁情绪（17例,89.5%）、精神性焦虑（16例,84.2%）、躯体性焦虑（15例,78.9%）最突出,而痴呆组和抑郁伴痴呆组以阻滞（8例,66.6%和9例,90.0%）最突出。就严重程度,除睡眠障碍外,抑郁组以焦虑躯体化症状[0.8（0.2,2）]最严重,而痴呆组和抑郁伴痴呆组以阻滞症状［1（0.3,1.8）和1.1（0.3,2）］最严重。抑郁组的抑郁程度较抑郁伴痴呆组更高（P=0.026）、焦虑躯体化更突出（P<0.01）。结论 皮质下缺血性抑郁和皮质下缺血性痴呆及两者共存的患者的情绪损害特点存在着差异,皮质下缺血性抑郁较偏向于经典抑郁症所致情绪障碍,皮质下缺血性痴呆和皮质下缺血性抑郁伴皮质下缺血性痴呆的患者则较偏向于皮质下缺血性病变所致情绪障碍。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.