综合康复治疗对社区精神分裂症患者的影响

目的:探讨精神卫生综合康复治疗模式对社区精神分裂症患者的康复作用。方法:从深圳市精神疾病防治网络系统以及同期在医院门诊长期药物维持治疗的精神分裂症患者中各随机抽取200例患者分为社区组(药物治疗联合精神卫生综合康复治疗,最终完成122例)和门诊组(仅给予药物治疗,最终完成124例);采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、锥体外系副反应量表(RESES)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及世界卫生组织残疾评定量表第2版中文版(WHO-DAS-Ⅱ)分别在基线时和康复治疗1年后进行评估并比较两组精神症状、不良反应、认知功能及社会功能的变化。结果:两组PANSS、RESES、WCST及WHO-DAS-Ⅱ评分基线时差异无统计学意义(t=0.14~1.34,P0.05);康复治疗1年后社区组阴性症状、RESES、WHO-DAS-Ⅱ中与他人相处及社会参与较门诊组显著改善,组间主效应明显(F=5.030,F=15.869,F=7.822,F=9.713;P0.05或P0.01)。社区组复发率、再入院率、肇事肇祸率、经济负担方面较门诊组显著下降(χ~2=5.35,χ~2=4.34,χ~2=3.86,t=5.84;P0.05或P0.01)。结论:综合康复治疗联合药物治疗在改善患者精神症状、减轻不良反应、降低复发率、提高认知功能和社会功能方面的疗效优于单纯药物治疗。     

程式化技能训练对社区精神分裂症患者康复效果的1年随访

目的:探讨程式化技能训练对社区精神分裂症患者的康复效果。方法:以社区精神分裂症患者180例为研究对象,随机分成对照组92例和干预组88例,由居委会工作人员为干预组进行程式技能训练6个月,采用简明精神病量表(BPRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)、个人与社会表现量表(PSP),并统计复发率,评估训练前后对照组和干预组的康复效果差异。并且在结束1个月后把干预组88例再分成新的对照组48例和干预组40例,进行重复的程式训练以及量表评分,比较重复干预后的两组康复情况差异。结果:与对照组相比,第1次程式训练后,干预组的BPRS总分明显下降(F=16.78),ITAQ评分提高(F=27.26),PSP评分提高(F=27.58);经过第2次重复程式训练后,干预组各量表分与对照组相比差异仍有统计学意义,BPRS总分进一步下降(F=4.02),ITAQ评分提高(F=5.88),PSP评分提高(F=4.64)。两次干预都结束时,对照组复发率(11.8%)要高于干预组(8.2%),但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经过程式技能训练后,患者的精神症状能有显著的缓解,并且自知力得以提高,社会功能改善。     

药物联合绘画艺术治疗对精神分裂症住院患者康复期生活质量的影响

目的探究药物联合绘画艺术治疗对精神分裂症住院患者康复期病情、社会功能及生活质量的影响。方法选取2014年1月-2016年1月在广东省茂名市第三人民医院进行康复治疗的精神分裂症患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组各60例,两组均给予奥氮平单药治疗,起始剂量5 mg/d,根据患者病情适量增加,最大不超过10 mg/d;实验组在此基础上联合绘画艺术治疗,两组均治疗8周。采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)评定两组病情严重程度、社会功能及生活质量。结果治疗前与治疗后3个月,两组BPRS、SDSS、GQOLI-74评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后6个月,两组BPRS、SDSS评分均低于治疗前(P均0.05),GQOLI-74评分均高于治疗前(P0.05),且实验组BPRS、SDSS评分低于对照组(P均0.05),GQOLI-74评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论药物联合绘画艺术治疗较单用药物治疗可能更有助于改善精神分裂症患者精神状况及社会功能水平,提高生活质量。     

电子社区管理对精神分裂症患者出院后康复的影响

目的:探讨电子社区管理对出院后恢复期精神分裂症患者康复的影响。方法:将临床"痊愈"出院的精神分裂症患者206例按出院顺序交替分为研究组102例和对照组104例;两组患者均给予抗精神病药维持治疗及常规出院指导,研究组在此基础上实施电子社区管理,观察1年。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、Momingside康复状态量表(MRSS)、服药依从性量表在入组时和1年后分别进行测评,评价患者的心理健康、服药依从性及复发率。结果:经电子社区管理1年后,研究组SCL-90各项评分(t=2.31~5.72)、MRSS各项评分(t=2.19~5.15)均明显低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);服药依从性高于对照组(χ2=12.67,P0.01),复发率(28.43%)低于对照组(42.30%)(χ2=4.33,P0.05)。结论:电子社区管理能显著提高出院后精神分裂症患者的服药依从性、改善社会功能及降低疾病的复发率。     

个体化唱歌疗法对长期住院精神分裂症患者康复的影响

目的探索个体化唱歌疗法对长期住院精神分裂症患者康复的影响。方法对60例累计住院时长五年以上接受常规治疗的精神分裂症患者随机分组,唱歌组每周三次、每次30分钟唱歌课程。对照组仅常规治疗。结果①唱歌组治疗态度评定问卷(ITAQ)量表评分治疗后明显高于治疗前(P0.01),简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)总评分治疗后明显低于治疗前(P0.01);对照组治疗后无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。②两组比较:治疗前两组的ITAQ量表与BPRS量表评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,治疗中后期唱歌组的ITAQ量表评分明显升高(P0.01),BPRS量表总评分明显下降(P0.01)。结论个体化唱歌疗法能够帮助长期住院的精神分裂症患者改善心境、调节情绪、提高自我认识能力,增强其对外界的注意力,加速康复进程。这种个体化唱歌疗法需要进一步增加病例数、对比男女疗效差别,才能更好地推广应用这个辅助治疗方法。     

社区及院内康复管理模式对慢性精神分裂症患者的影响

目的:探讨慢性精神分裂症患者社区或院内康复管理模式效果。方法:将长期住院治疗和在社区管理的病情稳定的慢性精神分裂症患者各60例,分别在院内和社区进行为期1年的康复管理训练。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)在入组时、3个月末、6个月末、9个月末、12个月末评定两组患者的精神症状和社会功能。结果:康复前两组患者的PANSS、SDSS、ADL评分差异无统计学意义(P均 0. 05);康复管理后,经重复测量方差分析,两组患者PANSS评分时间主效应显著(F=4. 782,P 0. 05),而组间主效应和交互效应均不显著(F=1. 908和F=2. 920,P均 0. 05); SDSS评分时间主效应、交互效应和组间主效应(F=30. 919,F=3. 271,F=3. 012)与ADL评分各效应(F=42. 764,F=4. 725,F=3. 195)均有统计学意义(P均0. 05);社区康复管理组患者SDSS评分在12个月、ADL评分在9个月和12个月时均显著低于院内康复管理组(P均0. 05)。结论:社区康复管理模式在促进慢性精神分裂症患者社会功能恢复方面较有优势。     

临床药学服务干预对精神分裂症患者的药物维持治疗及生活质量的影响

目的探讨临床药学服务干预对精神分裂症患者的药物维持治疗及生活质量的影响。方法将76例非急性期精神分裂症患者按患者家属意愿分为药学服务干预组和对照组。两组均接受抗精神病药物治疗,而干预组合并实施药学服务干预。于入组时、0.5年、1.0年及1.5年对两组患者进行简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、WHO生存质量评定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)、治疗依从性、复发率和再住院率的评定。结果入组时干预组与对照组的治疗依从性、BPRS、WHOQOL评分的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访0.5年时,干预组的治疗依从性明显高于对照组(P0.05),而BPRS总分、复发率(5.3%vs24.3%)和再住院率(0.0%vs16.2%)均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访1.5年时,干预组患者在WHOQOL的生理领域、心理领域、社会领域的评分明显高于对照组(P0.01),环境领域评分亦明显高于对照组(P0.05);治疗依从性明显高于对照组(P0.01),BPRS总分、复发率(11.4%vs53.1%)和再住院率(5.7%vs37.5%)均低于对照组(P0.01)。结论临床药学服务干预保证了精神分裂症患者维持治疗的依从性,使患者的病情更稳定且生活质量改善,可作为促进患者康复的有效手段之一。     

精神分裂症患者残疾水平、生活质量及社会支持状况分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者的精神残疾现状以及生活质量与社会支持状况。方法采用世界卫生组织残疾评定量表第二版(WHO-DASⅡ)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)对河北省衡水市精神病院门诊就诊的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的119例患者进行精神残疾、生活质量测评,采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对患者的客观支持、主观支持及对支持的利用度进行测评。结果 119例精神分裂症患者重度残疾32人(26.9%)、中度残疾24人(20.2%),轻度残疾63人(52.9%)。不同残疾程度患者GQOLI-74总分及物质生活维度评分差异有统计学意义(F=5.570,P=0.005;F=3.734,P=0.027),多重比较发现生活质量总分轻度残疾组较中、重度残疾组高(P0.05),中、重度组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。物质生活因子分轻度残疾组较重度残疾组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者的精神残疾较普遍,生活质量尤其是物质生活水平低,精神残疾程度就高。     

精神卫生综合干预对社区精神分裂症患者的康复作用

目的:探讨精神卫生综合干预对社区精神分裂症患者的康复作用。方法:将精神病患者日间康复照料机构中的89例精神分裂症康复期患者随机分为干预组和对照组;在接受常规社区精神卫生服务的同时,给予干预组精神卫生综合干预(健康教育、家庭治疗及技能程式训练)1年。分别在入组时、干预3、6、9及12个月进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、康复状态量表(MRSS)和社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评定。结果:PANSS阴性症状分和一般病理分具有组间效应(F=2175.79;P0.001;F=4.74,P0.05);两组PANSS总分、阴性症状分和一般病理分具有时间效应(F=29.32、23.07、15.21,P均0.001)及交互作用(F=3.27,P0.05;F=6.06,P0.001;F=3.55,P0.01)。两组MRSS总分、活动能力缺乏、社交能力、目前症状和异常行为评分具有时间效应(F=14.53、12.74、8.58、6.26;P均0.001)及交互作用(F=6.34,P0.001;F=2.47,P0.05;F=8.58,P0.001;F=2.88,P0.05)。两组SDSS评分具有时间效应和具有交互作用(F=10.69,F=5.19;P均0.001)。两组康复状况比较差异无统计学意义。结论:精神卫生综合干预对改善精神分裂症患者状况及提高社交技能方面优于常规社区精神卫生服务。     

强化门诊干预对社区稳定期精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响

目的:探讨强化门诊干预(IOP)对社区精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响。方法:将96例精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组给予药物及IOP干预;对照组只给予药物治疗。在干预前、干预后3、6个月采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、个人和社会表现量表(PSP)对两组进行评估。结果:重复测量方差分析结果显示干预前两组PANSS、PSP评分组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预6个月后,干预组PANSS量表阳性症状、阴性症状及一般精神症状评分的时间主效应(F=9.06,F=7.62,F=12.11;P均0.01),PANSS总分的组间主效应(F=4.22,P0.05)显著,差异有统计学意义;干预组PSP评分时间主效应和交互效应显著(F=10.90,F=5.90;P均0.01)。干预前PANSS分值越低,康复效果越好(t=12.86,P0.01)。结论:IOP干预能够改善稳定期社区精神分裂症患者的社会功能。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.