以癫痫起病岛叶胶质瘤的治疗

目的探讨以癫痫起病岛叶胶质瘤的治疗方法。方法对23例以癫痫起病、影像检查岛叶区域有病灶的病例,在服用抗癫痫药物同时,行翼点入路显微手术病灶切除。结果全切12例,次全切除11例;术后有3例出现对侧肢体的不完全瘫痪,1个月后均有恢复。2例出现短期的语言障碍,1~2周恢复。病理检查示星形细胞瘤Ⅰ~Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级3例,少突胶质细胞瘤2例,多形性胶质母细胞瘤3例。随访1个月~5年,18例生存良好,服药情况下癫痫控制良好,复查MR肿瘤区域无明显变化,4例复发,2例死亡。结论药物治疗加早期显微手术是以癫痫起病岛叶胶质瘤病人理想的治疗方法。     

以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法岛叶胶质瘤患者15例,男10例,女5例;年龄9～56岁;病程1月～3年,临床表现均以癫痫发作为首发症状,术前除常规行头颅CT及MRI检查,还加行了常规脑电图检查,另有10例行了长程同步视频脑电图检查。胶质瘤均在术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测下行手术切除。结果肿瘤全切12例,次全切除3例。所有患者在切除肿瘤前ECoG监测均有大量的异常痫样放电,且越靠近病变放电越明显,切除肿瘤后复查ECoG发现在术腔周围仍然有痫样放电,但放电范围均较切除前明显缩小。其中13例加行了皮层热灼术,2例加行了多处软脑膜下横纤维切断术。术后随访1年以上发现10例生存良好,3例复发,2例死亡。且术后13例患者无癫痫发作,只有2例仍时有癫痫发作。结论在术中ECoG监测下切除以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤,不但能指导肿瘤切除,同时还能一并将致痫灶切除,值得积极稳妥地推广。     

以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的临床特征、显微手术治疗方法及效果。方法 对14例以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的临床资料、手术方式和手术效果进行回顾性分析。结果 6例单纯瘤周放电和1例电极描记阴性行单纯病变和含铁血黄素层切除;7例病变侵及颞叶内侧和岛叶,加行前颞叶以及内侧结构切除术。术后随访1~2年,癫痫缓解率满意,按照Engel 癫痫手术预后标准,Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例;所有患者未检测到血管瘤复发。结论 对颞叶海绵状血管瘤继发癫痫,术前积极评估,采取个体化手术方案,争取血管瘤和含铁血黄素层全切,同时恰当处理好存在的致痫灶,是治愈海绵状血管瘤和控制癫痫发作的有效手段。     

儿童难治性颞叶癫痫的手术治疗

目的 探讨儿童难治性颞叶癫痫术前评估和手术方法 及影响癫痫预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年2月手术治疗的21例儿童难治性癫痫患者中得到随访的19例临床资料,主要为复杂部分性发作.多数患者有腹部不适等发作先兆和咂嘴等发作时伴随自动动作.MRI扫描15例异常.6例行PET扫描均异常.头皮脑电图示局灶痫性放电7例,多灶痫性放电12例.施行一侧颞前叶+海马、杏仁核切除术15例,一侧颞前叶、海马、杏仁核+部分额叶皮层切除术4例.结果 随访12-30个月,癫痫发作结果 ,Engel Ⅰ级13例;Ⅱ级3例;Ⅲ级1例;Ⅳ级2例.随访期间对4例进行神经心理学评估,2例明显好于术前.无永久性神经缺损并发症.术后切除标本病理诊断结果 为颞叶皮层发育不良和颞叶内侧硬化等.结论 颞叶切除治疗儿童难治性癫痫多数预后良好.该手术安全、并发症少.发作表现、EEG以及神经影像学检查对致痫灶定位相互符合时,预示预后良好.早期手术可能对患儿的神经心理学改善有帮助.     

神经节细胞胶质瘤伴癫痫21例临床分析

目的分析神经节细胞胶质瘤并癫痫的临床特点及影响发作控制结果的因素,并探讨其手术治疗策略。方法回顾2007年至2010年间21例神经节细胞胶质瘤并癫痫患者的临床资料,并统计分析各因素对发作控制结果的影响。结果 21例中,病变手术全切除17例,大部切除4例。10例联合癫痫灶处理。术后3例肢体轻偏瘫,1例部分性视野缺损。发作控制:EngleⅠ级15例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例。术后无发作(EngleⅠ级)与性别、病变是否全切相关,而与起病年龄、病程、发作类型、是否位于颞叶、是否难治性、病理级别、手术方式(单纯切除还是结合癫痫灶处理)等无明显相关性。结论对神经节细胞胶质瘤伴癫痫患者,应在保障安全前提下尽可能全切,必要时结合神经导航、术中唤醒皮层电刺激功能区定位或颅内电极等技术,对顽固性癫痫应同时处理癫痫灶;神经节细胞胶质瘤手术后发作控制相对良好。     

颞叶外节细胞胶质瘤继发癫痫的手术治疗研究

目的研究颞叶外节细胞胶质瘤(GG)继发癫痫的临床特点和手术治疗方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析手术治疗并经病理证实的20例颞叶外节细胞胶质瘤继发癫痫患者的临床资料。术后癫痫控制效果按改良Engel分级标准评定;分析患者的发作表现、病变部位、影像学特点、病理改变、手术方式及病变切除程度与癫痫控制的关系。结果节细胞胶质瘤位于额叶者2例、顶叶7例、枕叶5例、颞枕交界处6例。MRI检查显示肿瘤为囊性者5例、囊实性6例、实性9例;增强扫描病变有强化12例,病变周围水肿5例。CT检查示病变有钙化4例。癫痫发作表现为简单部分性发作(伴意识保留的局灶性发作)者4例,复杂部分性发作(伴意识障碍的局灶性发作)5例,继发性全面性强直阵挛(局灶进展到双侧的强直阵挛发作)11例。肿瘤次全切除者2例,全切除15例,扩大切除3例。术后病理检查示合并脑皮质发育不良者2例。术后随访1~3年,癫痫控制效果为EngelⅠ级17例(85.0%),Ⅱ级2例(10.0%),Ⅲ级1例(5.0%)。预后相关临床因素分析显示,肿瘤切除的方式和程度与预后有关。结论颞叶外节细胞胶质瘤继发癫痫多为药物难治性,手术切除可取得良好效果。术前须综合评估病变部位和临床、影像学特点等资料制定手术策略,术中尽可能行肿瘤加致痫皮层全切除,以提高疗效。必要时可考虑先行SEEG电极植入后,再行致痫灶精准切除术。     

结节性硬化症癫痫的术前评估及手术方式的选择

目的 总结结节性硬化症所致癫痫患者的术前评估及手术方式,观察术后疗效.方法 回顾性分析北京三博脑科医院2004年6月至2011年6月手术治疗的20例结节性硬化症患者临床资料并系统随访1～5年.结果 经过综合评估,单纯致痫结节切除术8例;电极植入后致痫结节切除术1例;脑叶切除术4例;致痫结节切除+致痫皮层热灼术2例;脑叶切除+离断术1例;迷走神经刺激术2例;胼胝体全段切开术2例.术后随访Engel Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级2例,有效率达90％ (18/20).结论 经过精确术前评估,选择合适的手术方式,可以有效地控制或减轻结节性硬化引起的癫痫发作.     

选择性海马切除在枕叶癫痫手术中的应用

目的 总结分析枕叶癫痫患者手术中联合选择性海马切除的手术治疗效果和经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年12月在我科接受手术治疗的20例向颢叶内侧传导的枕叶癫痫病例,统计患者的发病、检查及手术治疗情况,并介绍相关手术体会.17例(85%)为部分性发作继发强直.痉挛性发作为主,9例有颢叶先兆或口咽自动症,PET检查中9例有颞叶的代谢异常,MRI及MRS共发现有海马异常13例;脑电图确定癫痫灶位于枕叶外侧皮层8例.内侧皮层6例,枕颞交界区6例,发作期脑电图均显示明显向颢叶传导.手术均行枕叶致痫灶切除和经颞底海马结构切除术.结果 癫痫发作Engle分级示:I级16例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例.出现视野损害3例;推理智商无明显变化15例,下降4例,改善1例.结论 向颞叶传导为主的枕叶癫痫常可以有颢叶的先兆或自动症,并有影像学的异常,手术联合枕叶致痫灶切除和经颞底海马结构切除术,手术效果好.     

以癫痫发作为首发症状的边缘系统病变的手术治疗

目的探讨边缘系统病变致顽固性癫痫手术治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析了我院自20081月份至2011年11月手术治疗的以癫痫发作为首发症状的边缘系统病变患者40例,经完善的术前评估、术中监测后,均行标准前颞叶切除＋病灶切除。结果术中病变全切30例,部分切除10例。35例术后随访6～36个月（平均22个月）,EngelⅠ级25例,1／级10例;5例失访。结论边缘系统病变可引起顽固性癫痫,手术切除病灶＋癫痫灶安全,对癫痫控制效果好。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤继发癫痫的手术疗效及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨外科手术治疗胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤(DNT)继发癫痫的临床疗效及影响预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析北京丰台医院癫痫中心2009年11月—2017年11月收治的37例病理证实为DNT的癫痫患者的临床资料。根据Engel分级评估患者的预后;并分析患者的性别、发病年龄、病程、癫痫发作类型、病变部位、影像学特点、切除方式等因素与预后的关系。结果本组患者术后平均随访(55. 4±28. 0)个月,其中33例患者(89. 2%)术后癫痫发作完全消失(EngelⅠ级)。分析结果显示,病程越短、病灶切除完全的患者预后越好(均P 0. 05)。结论 DNT所致癫痫的手术治疗效果较好,早期、完全切除病变是影响手术预后的重要因素。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.