缺血性脑白质病变与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探缺血性脑白质病变与认知障碍的关系，为血管性痴呆的预防、早期诊断和治疗提供理论依据。方法选择138例经颅脑MRI证实的脑白质病变患者，并分为缺血性脑白质病变组和非缺血性脑白质病变组，分别进行简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）评估比较，并对白质病变进行分级，进行组内及两组患者认知功能严重程度比较。结果缺血性白质病变组认知功能障碍发生率及Ⅱ、Ⅲ段白质病变者的认识功能障碍的严重程度明显高于非缺血性白质病变组；组内比较缺血性白质病变组和非缺血性白质病变组认知功能障碍与白质病变严重分级呈正相关，而二者无明显关系。结论缺血性白质病及其严重程度对认知功能障碍的发生及严重程度有显著影响，而非缺血性白质病则对认知功能障碍影响较小。     

健康老年人脑白质病变体积与认知障碍的关系

目的通过利用半自动化分析软件对脑白质病变患者不同区域白质损伤(f MRI序列上的高信号)进行定量,并对其与认知功能评分进行分析,探讨脑白质病变体积与认知障碍的关系。方法选取承德市中心医院门诊"健康"人群75例。采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)及蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)对其进行认知功能评价。基于FLAIR定量计算全脑、侧脑室旁及深部皮质下脑白质受损体积,将认知功能评分与以上白质受损体积进行偏相关分析。将脑白质病变患者分为轻度认知障碍组和对照组,比较两组认知障碍特点。结果控制年龄、性别、文化程度后,全脑白质体积与认知功能评分MoCA有偏相关性(r=-0. 541,P=0. 001),尤其是侧脑室旁白质体积(r=-0. 518,P=0. 000),与深部白质也存在偏相关性(r=-0. 312,P=0. 025);全脑白质体积与认知功能评分MMSE(r=-0. 303,P=0. 033),侧脑室旁体积与认知功能评分MMSE (r=-0. 330,P=0. 019)及深部白质损伤体积(r=-0. 257,P=0. 039)。脑白质病变体积认知障碍组与对照组在执行功能及视空间(P=0. 003)、注意力(P=0. 041)、语言(P=0. 040)及记忆力(P=0. 000)方面评分差异具有明显统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论全脑、侧脑室旁、皮质下脑白质损伤体积增大,认知功能评分随之下降;全脑白质体积与MoCA的相关性比与MMSE相关性大;而且,侧脑室旁体积与深部白质损伤体积相比,与认知功能的相关性更大。脑白质病变体积引起轻度认知障碍主要表现在执行功能、注意力、视空间及记忆力方面。     

卒中后轻度认知功能障碍与脑白质病变的研究

脑白质病变,在影像学中又称为脑白质疏松症,是脑微血管病变的一种重要类型。有大量研究表明,卒中后轻度认知功能障碍与脑白质病变存在明显的相关性。弥散张量成像对白质纤维的显示具有一定的优势,成为卒中后认知功能障碍研究的重要工具。本文对近年来卒中后认知功能障碍与脑白质病变的相关研究予以综述。     

半自动MRI定量方法测定脑白质高信号体积与病变定性评分的相关性

背景：在磁共振T2加权像和液体衰减反转恢复像中脑白质病变表现为白质高信号,目前对脑白质高信号体积、部位与认知功能损害的关系仍存在争议。 目的：以头颅磁共振对皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者白质高信号进行定量和定性测定,分析高信号体积和部位与认知损害的关系。 设计、时间及地点：于2007-12/2008-09在河北省人民医院神经内科完成。 对象：依据影像学诊断标准确定皮质下缺血性脑血管病53例,记录症状和体征,并进行神经心理学评估。 方法：采用美国GE公司生产的半自动1.5T MRI机对患者行头MRI扫描,定量测定脑白质高信号体积,并结合脑白质病变定性评分。 主要观察指标：分析皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者脑白质高信号体积与评分的相关性,以及白质病变与认知损害的关系。 结果：脑白质高信号体积和评分高度相关（rs=0.989, P < 0.001）,两者呈曲线关系。分层多元线性回归分析显示,白质高信号体积、白质高信号总评分的变化可以分别解释简明精神状态检查评分改变的10.5%和6.8%,前者较后者能更敏感地预测简明精神状态检查评分变化。不同区域脑白质病变中,仅基底核区白质高信号评分与简明精神状态检查评分有关（t=-2.126, P=0.039）,其他各区域白质高信号评分均非简明精神状态检查评分独立预测指标。 结论：脑白质高信号体积与评分均可应用于脑白质病变的测定,前者测定较脑白质高信号评分更敏感;皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者认知功能损害随着脑白质病变的增多,尤其是基底核区白质病变的增多而加重。     

缺血性额叶白质病变的认知功能损害研究

目的探讨皮质下缺血性血管病患者额叶白质病变对认知功能的影响。方法回顾性收集2013年1月至2015年1月期间我科住院诊断为皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者121例,根据额叶白质病变程度,将皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者分为轻度(67例)和重度(54例)脑白质病变组。同时选择同年龄段60例健康、无认知障碍者为对照组;所有受试者均为右利手,且母语均为中文。对三组受试者进行神经心理量表测定,评估其认知功能、记忆功能及执行功能,并对额叶白质病变的程度与认知功能进行非参数等级相关分析。结果与轻度脑白质病变组和对照组相比,重度脑白质病变组的MMSE评分、AVLT评分、ROCF评分及Stroop评分明显降低,P值均0.05。患者MMSE评分与脑白质病变损害严重程度呈正相关(R=0.933,P=0.013),即脑白质病变的严重程度与认知障碍程度呈正相关。结论皮质下缺血性脑血管病患者,额叶的脑白质主要累及认知功能、记忆功能及执行功能,且脑白质病变的严重程度与认知障碍程度呈正相关。     

血压及其变异性与脑白质疏松症的相关性研究进展

脑白质疏松症是指脑室周围或皮质下区(半卵圆中心)弥漫性非特异性白质损害。脑白质疏松症可以增加脑卒中的风险,并与认知功能下降和运动障碍等密切相关。已有研究认为高血压病是脑白质疏松症最主要的危险因素。但随着对脑白质疏松症形成的病理生理机制研究的不断完善,学者们发现低血压及血压变异性也与脑白质疏松症相关。文中旨在对血压及其变异性与脑白质疏松症之间的联系研究进行综述。     

脑白质高信号与认知功能障碍：基于FLAIR高信号的定量研究

目的 利用半自动化分析软件对脑白质疏松患者不同区域白质损伤进行定量,并对其与认知功能评分进行偏相关分析。      

脑白质疏松症患者弥散张量成像及与认知功能的相关性

Abstract Background and aims　Diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) 技术能够检测脑白质微结构的变化, Correlation with vascular risk factors and cognitive dysfunction seems to be feasible using this technique. We aimed to应用DTI检查leukoaraiosis (LA)病灶的fraction anisotropy (FA)值 and average diffusion coefficient(Dcavg)与LA严重程度的关系,探讨常规MRI检查正常的脑白质微结构在DTI 中的变化及与认知功能的相关性。方法　对60例LA 患者和30名健康老年人行DTI 检查,测量LA病灶和正常白质区域的DCavg、FA值。采用简明精神状态量表(MMSE)进行评价认知功能。结果 LA程度越严重,DCavg值越高,呈正相关;FA 值越低,呈负相关。神经心理学测试(简易智能精神状态量表,MMSE) 与LA患者的正常脑白质区域的DCavg、FA值明显相关,尤其是前角白质、半卵圆中心的正常脑白质。结论　DTI 检查LA ,其DCavg、FA值显示出特征性的改变,DTI能够发现常规MRI检查正常的脑白质微结构改变,且这种改变与认知功能相关。     

海洛因白质脑病脑部CT影像分析

目的分析海洛因白质脑病的脑部CT影像特征,提高对海洛因白质脑病的认知和诊断水平。方法报告13例海洛因脑白质病的临床及CT影像表现并进行文献复习。结果 13例患者均有吸食海洛因病史,脑部CT表现为双侧小脑半球、双侧大脑半球脑白质区对称性、弥漫性分布低密度灶,增强扫描无强化改变。结论海洛因白质脑病的CT影像具有特征性改变,CT检查对海洛因白质脑病的诊断有重要价值。     

1例脑白质病变家系报道（附影像学资料）

脑部白质是神经系统重要的组成部分,白质通路连接着不同的灰质功能区,负责神经功能的传输。脑白质病变会导致认知、行为等的改变。现将1例脑白质病变家系报告如下。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.