磁共振弥散张量成像研究脑桥梗死后神经纤维华勒变性及临床意义

目的 采用磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imanging,DTI)动态观察脑桥梗死后,远离梗死灶的延髓及小脑中脚神经纤维华勒变性及其对患者神经功能恢复的影响.方法 选择单侧脑桥梗死患者14例,以及年龄性别相匹配的健康志愿者14名作对照组.分别在发病第1、4、12周进行DTI检测,并行美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(Fugl-Meyer motor scale,FM)、共济失调评分(ataxia rating scale,ARS)和Barthel生活指数(Barthel index,BI)评分.结果 与对照组比较,患者梗死灶同侧延髓及双侧小脑中脚的部分弥散各向异性值(fractional anisotropy,FA)从第1周至第12周逐渐减少(延髓梗死同侧FA值:第1周0.43±0.01;第4周0.37±0.02;第12周0.30±0.02,小脑中脚梗死同侧FA值:第1周0.50±0.02;第4周0.43±0.02;第12周0.35±0.04,小脑中脚梗死对侧FA值:第1周0.54±0.02;第4周0.52±0.03;第12周0.47±0.04,t=1.92～28.56,均P＜0.05),而平均弥散量(mean diffusivity,MD)的变化差异却无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在观察期间,患者梗死灶同侧延髓及双侧小脑中脚的FA值减少的百分数绝对值与同期NIHSS及BI变化的百分数绝对值呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论 局灶性脑桥梗死后,同侧延髓及双侧小脑中脚神经纤维的华勒变性持续存在,并且可能阻碍患者神经功能的恢复.     

磁共振弥散张量成像动态观察脑梗死后继发锥体束损害

目的动态观察脑梗死后,远离梗死灶的锥体束纤维继发性损害的过程,并探讨其对神经功能恢复的影响。方法选择具单侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)供血区、累及内囊的单一病灶的脑梗死患者18例,选择年龄性别相匹配的健康志愿者18人作对照组。分别在发病的第1周、4周和第12周进行磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imanging,DTI)检测,并行美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FM)和Barthel生活指数(Barthel index,BI)评定。结果患者远离梗死灶的脑干(大脑脚、脑桥和延髓等部位的均数)部分弥散各向异性(fractional anisotropy,FA)值在第1周、4周和第12周各时间点逐渐减少(P<0.01),而平均弥散量(mean diffusivity,MD)却无明显变化(P>0.05)。脑干FA值减少的百分数与NIHSS减少的百分数(r=-0.46,P<0.05)及FM增加的百分数(r=-0.61,P<0.05)相关,与BI变化的百分数无明显相关(P>0.05)。结论局灶性脑梗死后,锥体束纤维继发性损害会随时间延长而逐渐加重,并可能会阻碍患者神经功能的恢复。     

脑梗死后早期锥体束华勒氏变性的弥散张量成像

目的 探讨应用弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)检测脑梗死后早期锥体束华勒氏变性的可行性.方法 选取起病14 d内的大脑中动脉区脑梗死患者23例,在入院时行MRI与DTI检查.采用工作站之Functool软件,重建出平均弥散系数(mean diffusivity,MD)、各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)的参数图.通过放置感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)的方式获得FA和MD值.ROI放置的部位包括:脑梗死区、脑梗死同侧内囊后支前部和大脑脚,以及上述部位对侧相应区域.结果 最早在起病后第3天即可见脑梗死同侧锥体束FA值下降,自起病7 d后所有患者均出现脑梗死同侧锥体束FA下降,与对侧锥体束FA比率为(0.89±0.09),其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑梗死同侧锥体束MD无明显变化,与对侧锥体束MD比率平均为(0.96±0.10),其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 DTI可以在脑梗死后早期检测到锥体束的华勒氏变性,最早为发病后第3 d.     

丘脑梗死后丘脑放射纤维继发变性的磁共振弥散张量成像

目的 应用磁共振弥散张量(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)技术动态观察局灶性丘脑梗死后丘脑放射纤维的弥散变化,探讨丘脑梗死后,病灶上方的丘脑放射纤维继发性损害的发生发展规律.方法 连续收录首次发病、单侧丘脑梗死患者17例为实验组,选择健康志愿者17例作对照研究.患者分别在发病的第1周(W1)、第4周(W4)和第12周(W12)进行1次DTI检测,对照组进行1次DTI检测.每次DTI检测之前进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(national institute health stroke scale,NIHSS)和Barthel生活指数(BI)以及自订的感觉障碍分级评分(Sensory disturbance rating,SDR)评定.结果梗死灶上方的半卵圆中心部分异向(fractional anisotropy,FA)值随时间延长逐渐减少(W1:0.42±0.02,W2:0.38±0.02,W12:0.34± 0.03,P<0.01),而平均弥散量(mean diffusion,MD)却无明显变化.梗死灶上方的半卵圆中心FA值的变化百分数与NIHSS、和BI的变化百分数无明显相关(P＞0.05),与SDR变化的百分数呈负相关(r＝-0.246,P<0.05).结论 局灶性丘脑梗死可以引起丘脑放射纤维继发性损害,在12周内这种继发性损害逐渐加重,而且还可能阻碍患者感觉功能的恢复.     

不同部位脑梗死后华勒变性3例报道及文献复习

目的探讨不同部位脑梗死后锥体束华勒变性的发生过程和机制。方法报道3例不同部位脑梗死后华勒变性患者的临床资料,根据临床和影像学特点并结合文献对其进行分析。结果颈内动脉或大脑中动脉供血区急性脑梗死后可出现锥体束和胼胝体华勒变性,表现为同侧锥体束（内囊、大脑脚）与胼胝体出现T2和DWI高信号,ADC低信号,并且DWI和ADC信号改变比T2更明显;而单侧脑桥基底部梗死可于数月后出现双侧脑桥小脑束华勒变性,表现为双侧小脑中脚T2和DWI高信号,ADC等信号。结论脑梗死后华勒变性是疾病的发展过程,应充分认识这一现象,避免临床误诊为新发脑梗死。     

3.0T磁共振DTI纤维追踪技术在锥体束Wallerian变性中的应用

目的探讨3.0T磁共振DTI纤维追踪技术在锥体束Wallerian变性中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析42例锥体束Wallerian变性的3.0T磁共振DTI纤维束追踪技术成像表现,选用延髓、中脑、内囊后肢三个感兴趣区中的两个进行双侧锥体束追踪技术成像,并测量双侧椎体束各向异性(fractional anisotropy,FA)值进行比较。结果 42例Wallerian变性患者,原发病变分别为脑梗死22例,脑出血9例,脑外伤5例,脑肿瘤5例,脑白质脱髓鞘1例。原发病变同侧锥体束表现稀疏减少30例;中断、破坏12例。42例患者患侧与对侧锥体束平均FA值分别为(0.327±0.145)vs(0.485±0.132),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 3.0T磁共振DTI纤维追踪技术可以三维直观地显示Wallerian变性椎体束异常改变,并能定量分析,对其诊断及判断预后具有重要价值。     

局灶性脑梗死继发逆行性神经纤维变性及其临床意义

目的应用磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensorimaging,DTI)技术前瞻性动态观察皮质下或脑干局灶性脑梗死后,病灶上方继发的神经纤维逆行性变性的过程,探讨其对神经功能恢复的影响。方法选择具有单侧内囊区或脑干的独立病灶的脑梗死患者16例,选择年龄及性别相匹配的健康志愿者16名作为对照组。患者分别在发病的第1周(W1)、第4周(W4)、第12周(W12)进行DTI检测和美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法(FM)和Barthel生活指数(Barthel Index,BI)评分。计算半卵园中心的DTI参数和各临床评分在观察期内变化的百分数绝对值,分析两者之间的相关关系。结果与对照组比较,病灶上方半卵园中心的部分弥散各向异性(fractional anisotropy,FA)值在各个时间点均明显减少(患者组W1:(0.43±0.02),W4:(0.39±0.01),W12:(0.33±0.02),分别与对照组比较:(0.46±0.01),P<0.01),而平均弥散量(mean diffusivity,MD)无统计学差异(P>0.05)。患者从W1至W12,半卵园中心FA值减少的百分数的绝对值与NIHSS评分减少百分数的绝对值之间(r=-0.49,P<0.05)及与FM增加百分数的绝对值之间(r=-0.56,P<0.05)呈负相关,与BI变化的百分数的绝对值之间无明显相关(P>0.05)。结论局灶性皮质下脑梗死可引起神经纤维逆行性的继发性变性,而且这种逆行性的神经纤维继发性变性会持续存在并可能阻碍患者神经功能的恢复。     

脑桥小脑束Wallerian变性的MRI表现

目的 分析脑桥小脑束Wallerian变性的MRI表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析12例在本院行颅脑MRI检查,诊断为脑桥小脑束Wallerian变性患者的临床资料,记录原发病变的具体部位、发病时期及继发Wallerian变性的影像学特征,进一步探讨该病的发病机制。结果 自2014年1月-2017年6月于本院行颅脑MRI检查,诊断为脑桥小脑束Wallerian变性的患者共12例,原发病变均为脑桥梗死灶,其中脑梗死急性期患者1例,亚急性期患者1例,慢性期患者10例。梗死具体部位:7例位于脑桥右侧旁正中,2例位于脑桥左侧旁正中,2例位于脑桥双侧旁正中,1例位于脑桥中心。Wallerian变性均位于双侧小脑中脚,呈对称性斑片状T₂WI稍高信号,T₁WI稍低信号,其中3例患者于DWI及ADC图均呈稍高信号,1例患者于DWI呈稍高信号,ADC图呈稍低信号,其余8例呈DWI等信号。结论 脑桥正中或旁正中梗死可继发脑桥小脑束Wallerian变性,其影像学表现具有特征性,临床工作中需认识到该病。     

纹状体梗死后黑质继发性损害的弥散张量成像

目的探讨纹状体梗死后黑质继发性损害的发生发展过程及其潜在意义。方法连续收录初次发病、具有单侧基底节区局灶性梗死灶,纹状体明显受累的脑梗死患者11例。招募年龄性别相匹配健康志愿者11名作对照研究。患者分别在发病的第1周(W1)、第4周和第12周(W12)进行常规MRI和弥散张量(diffusion tensorimaging,DTI)检测,以及美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(national institute health stroke scale,NIHSS)、Barthel生活指数(Barthel Index,BI)评定,在W12对部分有类似于帕金森氏病症状的患者采用帕金森氏病综合评分量表(unifiedParkinson s disease rating scale,UPDRS)的第Ⅲ分量表评价其严重程度。对照组于相同时间间隔进行DTI检测。结果与对照组比较,患者梗死灶同侧黑质的平均弥散量(mean diffusivity,MD)在各个时间点均明显升高:W1(对照组:0.709±0.005,患者组:0.732±0.121,P0.01),W4(对照组:0.710±0.005,患者组:0.776±0.067,P0.01),W12(对照组:0.713±0.005,患者组:0.904±0.112,P0.01);而且随时间延长有逐步升高的趋势。有1例患者出现类似于帕金森氏病的症状,UPDRS的第Ⅲ分量表评分为18分。结论 DTI可以检测到纹状体梗死后黑质继发性损害的程度及其发展过程;黑质的继发性损害可能与患者出现类似于帕金森氏病的症状有关。     

脑梗死后锥体束华勒变性的弥散张量成像

目的 应用弥散张量成像(DTI)探讨脑梗死后锥体束华勒变性(WI))弥散参数的变化规律及其早期变化与神经功能的关系.方法 选取2006年3月至2007年1月收入我院神经内科病房的急性(发病7 d内)脑梗死患者15例,男性13例,女性2例.于发病后7 d内、14 d分别进行DTI检查和美国国立卫生研究院腩卒中评分(NIHSS)、日常生活能力指数(BI)、修正的Rankin评分(mRS)、运动功能指数(MI)等神经功能评分.用西门子Trio 3.0T MR机采集DTI数据,由DTI Studio软件处理分析数据.计算出平均弥散系数(MD)、部分各向异件(FA)、第一本征值(λ1)、第二本征值(λ2)和第三本征值(λ3)的参数图.结果 发病14 d时的神经功能评分,NIHSS:6.93±3.39,BI:45.33±26.01,mRS:4.33±0.90,MI:69.47±60.71.发病14 d时病灶侧与健侧DTI指标比较,从大脑脚到延髓各个感兴趣区,脑桥中部的MD和延髓上部的MD两侧差异无统计学意义,其余病灶侧与健侧差异均有统计学意义.病灶侧的MD较健侧下降,病灶侧的FA较健侧减小,λ1较健侧降低,λ2和λ3较健侧增加.发病后14 d的DTI指标与NIHSS呈负相关(r=-0.613,P=0.015),与BI呈正相关(r=0.530,P=0.042),与MI呈正相关(r=0.543,P=0.036).结论 DTI可以检测脑梗死后第2周的脑桥锥体束WD,其表现为λ1下降、λ2和λ3升高、FA降低,尤其是后者与运动功能障碍相关.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.