美国、经合组织和中国GLP的特征分析与比较

通过对美国、国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)和我国三方的GLP(原则),以及产生、发展和现状进行对照和研究,试图寻找各方GLP(原则)的共同点和差异,比较各方GLP(原则)的优势.结合我国GLP现状,提出发展和完善GLP的建议,即:实施GLP需要完善的法律和监管体系;应当充分发挥质量保证部门(QAU)的作用;并且构建实验数据的电子采集系统.GLP建设是一个动态的过程.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1对胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂肪酸代谢的作用及机制

目的研究胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP 1)对胰岛素抵抗3T3 L1脂肪细胞脂肪酸代谢的作用及机制。方法采用高糖高胰岛素造成胰岛素抵抗3T3 L1脂肪细胞模型,通过ELISA及Western blot等方法观察GLP 1对此模型脂肪酸代谢的影响及机制。结果 ELISA结果显示,GLP 1对胰岛素抵抗3T3 L1脂肪细胞中游离脂肪酸(FFA)的含量影响与胰岛素相关:在有胰岛素(100 nmol.L-1)存在时,GLP 1可增加上清液中FFA含量;而无胰岛素存在时,GLP 1可减少上清液中FFA含量。GLP 1升高细胞中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量的作用也必须依赖胰岛素的存在。Western blot结果显示在有胰岛素存在时,GLP 1可促进蛋白激酶B(PKB)磷酸化;而无胰岛素存在时则无此作用。PKB磷酸化的抑制剂LY294002或Wortmannin可阻断胰岛素存在时GLP 1对PKB磷酸化的促进作用及对上清液FFA含量的升高作用。另外,在有(无)胰岛素存在时,GLP 1均可降低激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)的蛋白表达量。结论 GLP 1可增强胰岛素抵抗3T3 L1脂肪细胞对胰岛素的敏感性并降低HSL的含量;胰岛素可影响GLP 1对胰岛素抵抗3T3 L1脂肪细胞脂肪酸代谢的调节作用。     

长叶蜈蚣藻多糖抗凝血活性的研究

目的 通过口服和尾静脉注射两种给药方式给药考察长叶蜈蚣藻多糖(GLP)的抗凝血作用.方法 采用毛细管法测定GLP尾静脉注射和口服给药对凝血时间(CT)的影响;并对该多糖对凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)的影响进行考察.结果 GLP两种给药方式对CT、PT和APTT均有延长作用.结论 GLP静脉注射和口服均具有较好的抗凝血活性,作为抗凝药物开发具有较好的前景.     

日本和韩国GLP考察报告

为顺利开展GLP检查工作,进一步推动我国GLP的实施,了解国外GLP的发展,学习和借鉴发达国家实施GLP的经验是非常必要的。日本和韩国是亚洲实施GLP较早的国家,积累了丰富的经验。为此,我们对日本、韩国实施GLP情况进行了考察。 本次出访共参观考察了日本(财团法人)食品农医药品安全性评价中心,日本(财团法人)食品药品安全中心,日本大冢制药,韩国化学研究院安全评价研究所和韩国Cheil     

GLP—1受体基因表达cAMP-PKA途径调控的研究

本文利用蛋白激酶A(PKA)的激活剂Forsolin对大白鼠胰岛素瘤细胞(RINm5F)上GLP一1受体的基因表达进行了研究。在forskolin的作用下,使类胰高血糖素肽I(GLP—1)受体的转水平明显下降,即GLP一1受体mRNA的量明显减少,出现了GLP一1受体基因表达的负调控,但forskoln可以使GLP—1受体的mRNA的稳定性增加结果表明,GLP—1受体的转录是通过cAMP—蛋白激酶A途径进行调控的,因此,影响此途径的物质对类胰高血糖素肽—1的生理功能以及在临床应用方面起着重要作用。     

北沙参粗多糖的提取及对阴虚小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的研究北沙参粗多糖(GLP)的滋阴和免疫调节作用。方法提取GLP,制备阴虚小鼠模型,观察对小鼠体重变化、脾脏抗体生成细胞(AFC)、迟发型超敏反应(DTH)和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。结果GLP可使阴虚小鼠体重明显增加;亦能显著增加阴虚小鼠脾脏AFC的数量,增强DTH反应,而对腹腔MΦ的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数无明显影响。结论GLP具有滋阴补虚作用,可增强体液免疫和细胞免疫功能。     

GLP1R-GFP稳定转染Rin-m5F细胞系的构建

目的本研究目的是构建一种能稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)人胰高血糖素样肽-1受体(GLP1R)的胰岛细胞系,用来筛选GLP1R激动剂类药物。方法使用X-treme GENE HP DNA Transfection Reagent将pCMV6-AC-GLP1R-GFP质粒转染到Rin-m5F细胞,经G418筛选单克隆Rinm5F/GLP1R-GFP细胞并扩大培养。结果该细胞能稳定传代,荧光显微镜下观察细胞绿色荧光分布均匀,Western blot验证GLP1R蛋白表达显著增加。在实验验证中,对照空白组中细胞绿色荧光分布均匀,阴性药物格列本脲(非GLP1R靶点药物)作用时细胞内无明显荧光斑点出现,阳性药物百泌达作用(GLP1R激动剂类药物)时细胞内出现显著荧光斑点。结论 GLP1R激动剂类药物筛选模型Rin-m5F/GLP1R-GFP成功构建。该模型能对混合物样品进行筛选,具有假阳性极低、筛选所需样本小、筛选样品量大、易标准化、筛选速度快、特异性强等优势,为GLP1R激动剂类药物的筛选奠定了基础。     

辨析GLP体系中的变更与偏离

目的：辨析不同GLP体系中变更与偏离的定义、区别与联系,使研究人员对不同GLP体系中变更与偏离的理解更加深刻,运用更为准确。方法：依据国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)、美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)颁布的GLP规范,从变更与偏离的定义入手,分析两者之间的关系和异同。结果与结论：变更和偏离是GLP体系中常用的两个定义,二者之间有较为明显的区别,但有时也会出现联动,较常见的是由偏离引发的变更。     

OECD"GLP原则"与中国"GLP规范"的比较

OECD“GLP原则”是西方工业国家共同遵循的GLP规范。为便于国内与国外在新药研发方面的合作与交流,将国家食品药品监督管理局(SFDA)最新公布的“GLP规范”同OECD“GLP原则”作一比较。两份GLP规范整体结构和涵盖的内容基本一致,特别在有关实验设施及仪器管理、标准操作规程(SOP)、档案管理等方面几乎完全相同;但在人员职责、试验方案及总结报告审批等方面有些差异。     

质量保证在长期毒性试验原始资料核查中的关注点

本文论述了质量保证(QA)在长期毒性试验原始资料核查过程中的关注点和主要问题,包括方案、报告和原始记录的一致性、原始资料记录的规范性和准确性、数据核查和资料保存等。分析问题产生的原因,主要归结于GLP意识不强、GLP依从性和SOP的执行力差。对减少问题发生提出了建议和措施,包括加强GLP培训、提高对GLP和SOP的依从性、计算机化仪器系统的运用和专家对GLP单位实施飞行检查等。     

Targeting intracellular targets

Many therapeutic agents have intracellular compartments as their site of action. Targeted delivery of these agents to their specific intracellular targets could result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. Various carriers have been shown useful in targeted delivery of different classes of therapeutic agents. Among these carriers, biodegradable nanoparticles formulated from biocompatible polymers poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and polylactide (PLA) have shown the potential for sustained intracellular delivery of different therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss different intracellular targets, barriers to intracellular delivery, mechanism and pathways of intracellular delivery, and various carriers and approaches that have been investigated for intracellular drug delivery.     

Nanovehicular intracellular delivery systems

This article provides an overview of principles and barriers relevant to intracellular drug and gene transport, accumulation and retention (collectively called as drug delivery) by means of nanovehicles (NV). The aim is to deliver a cargo to a particular intracellular site, if possible, to exert a local action. Some of the principles discussed in this article apply to noncolloidal drugs that are not permeable to the plasma membrane or to the blood-brain barrier. NV are defined as a wide range of nanosized particles leading to colloidal objects which are capable of entering cells and tissues and delivering a cargo intracelullarly. Different localization and targeting means are discussed. Limited discussion on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also presented. NVs are contrasted to micro-delivery and current nanotechnologies which are already in commercial use. Newer developments in NV technologies are outlined and future applications are stressed. We also briefly review the existing modeling tools and approaches to quantitatively describe the behavior of targeted NV within the vascular and tumor compartments, an area of particular importance. While we list "elementary" phenomena related to different level of complexity of delivery to cancer, we also stress importance of multi-scale modeling and bottom-up systems biology approach.     

Sensing intracellular pathogens-NOD-like receptors

The innate immune system uses different molecules that sense pathogen associated molecular patterns. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs) and the NOD-like receptors (NLRs). The NLRs, consisting of more than 20 related family members, are present in the cytosol and recognize intracellular ligands. Members of the NLR can be grouped into molecules that contain either a CARD or a Pyrin motif. The NOD proteins mediate NF-kappaB activation, whereas Pyrin molecules such as NALP3 regulate IL-1beta and IL-18 production. In this review, we will discuss the role of NLRs in pattern recognition of microbial components and their role in health and disease.     

Modulators of intracellular calcium

The importance of calcium in excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle has resulted in an intense research interest into the intracellular regulation of this ion. Selective foci for the modulation of intracellular calcium include the interaction of calcium with the contractile protein apparatus, sites of calcium release and sequestration, and pathways for the extrusion of calcium into the extracellular space. Research efforts directed towards elucidating these phenomena have met with varied degrees of success. The presence of different calcium regulatory systems for contractile protein function, i.e., troponin in cardiac and calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase in vascular, provides an attractive rationale for the design of selective compounds. The inherent difficulty in studying intracellular release and sequestration presently presently precludes examining the physiological implications of specific inhibition of these phenomena. However, the apparent absence of a sodium-dependent calcium extrusion pathway in vascular tissue may lead to the design of novel cardiotonics. It is anticipated that further clarification of the similarities and differences in the calcium cycle between these tissues will result in the development of tissue-selective therapeutic agents.     

Pharmacology of intracellular signalling pathways

This article provides a brief and somewhat personalized review of the dramatic developments that have occurred over the last 45 years in our understanding of intracellular signalling pathways associated with G-protein-coupled receptor activation. Signalling via cyclic AMP, the phosphoinositides and Ca(2+) is emphasized and these systems have already been revealed as new pharmacological targets. The therapeutic benefits of most of such targets are, however, yet to be realized, but it is certain that the discipline of pharmacology needs to widen its boundaries to meet these challenges in the future.     

Vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens

There is a long history of remarkable success in developing vaccines against bacteria that are extracellular pathogens. In general, the development of vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens has proven to be more challenging. Typically, such vaccines need to induce a range of immune responses, including antibody, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. These responses can be induced by live attenuated vaccines, but eliciting these responses with non-living vaccines has proven to be difficult. The difficulties appear to be related partly to the problems associated with the identification of protective antigens and partly with the difficulties associated with inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.     

HAP1 and intracellular trafficking

Huntington's disease is caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein huntingtin. Several studies suggest that huntingtin and its associated protein HAP1 participate in intracellular trafficking and that polyglutamine expansion affects vesicular transport. A study now provides new evidence that HAP1 is also involved in the endocytosis of membrane receptors. These studies offer insight into the normal function of HAP1 and its involvement in Huntington's disease.     

灵芝多糖对小鼠T细胞胞浆游离Ca~(2+)浓度和胞内pH的影响

目的通过考察灵芝多糖（ＧＬＰ）对免疫细胞信号转导过程的影响,探讨ＧＬＰ免疫调节作用机制。方法采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（ＬＳＣＭ）技术,动态监测ＧＬＰ均一体组分ＧＬＢ７对小鼠Ｔ细胞胞浆游离Ｃａ２＋浓度（［Ｃａ２＋）和胞内 ｐＨ（［ｐＨ］ｉ）的影响。结果 ＧＬＢ７（２０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）引起小鼠 Ｔ细胞中［Ｃａ２＋］;和［ｐＨ］;明显升高,１ｍｉｎ即分别升高至３３４．７０％±１６,４％（ｎ＝３）、１７１．６％ ± １０．４％（ｎ＝３）,之后一直分别维持在该平台期,至 １０ ｍｉｎ仍维持高峰水平。加入ＥＣＴＡ和 ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ处理后, １０ ｍｉｎ ＧＬＢ７ 引起 Ｔ细胞［Ｃａ２＋］;和［ｐＨ］;分别升高为 ２０２．４％± １３．６％（ｎ＝３）。１４０．２％±７．８％（ｎ＝３）,与正常对照组比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０1）。以 ＥＧＴＡ和 ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ处理后,再分别以 ｈｅｐ－ｅｒｉｎ和 ｐrocaine处理细胞 １０ ｍｉｎ,之后以 ＧＬＢ７刺激Ｔ细胞,１０ｍｉｎ［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ值分别为１５１．５％±９．４％（ｎ＝３）、１４３．２％± ８．１ ％（ ｎ＝ ３）,与 ＥＧＴＡ和 ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ处理组相比差异有显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。同时以