环境线索诱导大鼠海洛因复吸行为模型建立

目的建立环境线索诱导的大鼠海洛因复吸行为模型.方法训练雄性SD大鼠通过鼻触反应进行海洛因静脉自身给药 (每次剂量0.05 mg/kg, 限量每日25次) ,共14d, 每天4h.强化程序为累进比率.起始反应条件为1,每5次海洛因注射后增加1,用灯光作为辨别和条件性刺激信号.停药两周后,大鼠重新返回实验笼进行复吸测试,连续两小时,前1h为实验笼空间环境诱导,后1h为条件性刺激诱导.结果训练7d后大鼠建立稳定的海洛因静脉自身给药行为,获得25次海洛因注射所需时间为(165±16)min,有效鼻触反应为(82±5)次.复吸测试时鼻触反应主要发生在有效鼻触,实验笼空间环境诱导的反应为(28±5)次,条件性刺激为(99±10)次.结论经过一段时间后,海洛因相关的空间环境和条件性刺激可以再次恢复大鼠原来的自身给药反应行为.该模型可用于环境因素诱导的复吸的神经生物学机制研究以及用于与反应恢复模型的比较,作为开发抗复吸模型的有效性有待进一步研究.     

条件性刺激诱导大鼠建立异丙酚复吸行为

目的：利用条件性刺激诱导大鼠建立异丙酚复吸行为。方法：在固定比率（FR=1）程序下连续训练14 d建立自身给药,大鼠24只,随机分为3组（n=8）：戒断1 d（R1）组、戒断14 d（R14）组和戒断30 d（R30）组。大鼠进行复吸测试2 h（前1 h为实验笼空间环境诱导,后1 h为条件性刺激诱导）,记录动物在2 h内的有效或无效鼻触数。结果：异丙酚自身给药训练14 d,建立了稳定的异丙酚静脉自身给药行为。和无效鼻触相比,有效鼻触数明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与R1组比,R14组有效鼻触数显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,R30组有效鼻触数亦升高,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.057）。条件性刺激诱导的有效鼻触反应比实验笼空间环境的诱导作用更强烈（P＜0.05）。结论：条件性刺激可以诱导大鼠建立异丙酚复吸行为,异丙酚具有明显的复吸特性。     

左旋四氢帕马丁对条件线索诱导的大鼠海洛因复吸行为的影响

目的研究左旋四氢帕马丁(levo-tetrahydropalmatine,l-THP)对条件线索诱导的大鼠海洛因复吸行为的干预作用。方法应用固定比率程序(fixed ratio,FR)1建立大鼠海洛因自身给药模型,戒断14 d后,观察-lTHP对条件线索诱导的大鼠海洛因复吸行为的影响。结果 2 h内l-THP组大鼠有效鼻触次数显著低于溶媒对照组(P<0.05)。结论 l-THP能有效干预条件线索诱导的大鼠海洛因复吸行为,具有预防海洛因复吸的应用前景。     

吗啡注射对大鼠自伤行为的影响

目的 观察吗啡注射对大鼠自伤行为(self-injurious behavior,SIB)的影响及不同给药模式之间自伤行为的差别.方法 将SD(Sprague-Dawley)大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组,吗啡自身给药组,yoked-吗啡对照组.通过鼻触反应建立由灯光线索诱导的静脉自身给药模型,同时记录自身给药训练期间(每次剂量1 mg/kg,每日限量50次,14d,每天4h)各组的自残程度及自残率的变化.结果 首先建立了稳定的灯光线索诱导的吗啡自身给药模型,有效鼻触反应数(35±4)次,其次自训练第10天起,自身给药组及yoked-吗啡组自伤行为的发生率均达到100%,92%的大鼠为前掌及后掌的断裂咬伤,但2组自伤程度比较差异无显著性(P0.05).结论 吗啡注射能够导致SD大鼠产生严重的自伤行为,自伤率随着训练的进行而升高,自伤行为的产生与精神活性物质的药理作用密切相关,而与精神活性物质所引起的觅药行为关系不大.     

腺苷受体对大鼠丙泊酚复吸行为的影响及作用机制

目的 通过静脉自身给药方法建立大鼠丙泊酚复吸模型（环境线索诱导），探讨腺苷受体在丙泊酚复吸行为中的作用机制，并探讨其复吸机制。方法 （1）清洁级雄性SD 大鼠24 只（14～16 周），采用固定比率FR1 程序训练大鼠形成稳定的自身给药模型，戒断14 d 后重返原来的训练笼进行环境线索诱导的丙泊酚复吸行为测试，测试前15 min 分别腹腔注射等量溶剂和腺苷A2AR 拮抗剂KW6002（0.3、1.0、3.0 mg/kg），观察其对大鼠丙泊酚复吸行为的影响，并检测大鼠伏隔核内D2R 的表达；（2）另取24 只大鼠采用FR1 程序进行自身给予蔗糖颗粒训练成功后，同样戒断14 d 后进行蔗糖复吸行为测试，在测试前15 min 同样腹腔注射等量溶剂和KW6002（0.3、1.0、3.0 mg/kg），观察其对大鼠蔗糖复吸行为的影响；（3）准备24 只自发活动测试箱，分别放入24 只雄性SD 大鼠，适应环境1 h 后，腹腔注射腺苷A2AR 拮抗剂KW6002（0.3、1.0、3.0 mg/kg）和等量溶剂作为对照，15 min 后放回箱底，测试并记录大鼠3 h 内的自发活动度。结果 与对照组相比，腺苷A2AR 拮抗剂KW6002 可以剂量依赖性地增强环境线索诱导的大鼠丙泊酚复吸行为（P＜0.01)，并增加伏隔核区D2R 表达（P＜0.01）。与对照组相比，KW6002对大鼠蔗糖觅药行为及自发活动度均无影响（P＞0.05）。结论 腺苷受体参与调节大鼠丙泊酚复吸行为，可能是通过调节伏隔核区多巴胺受体实现。     

烟草添加剂薄荷醇和桉叶素影响尼古丁依赖的动物实验研究

  目的  建立大鼠尼古丁静脉自身给药模型，并用该模型探索两种芳香添加剂——薄荷醇和桉叶素对尼古丁依赖性的影响。  方法  纳入30只雄性SD（Sprague-Dawley）大鼠，行颈静脉插管术后进行尼古丁固定浓度自身给药训练以建立大鼠尼古丁自身给药模型；建模成功后，将所有大鼠随机分成3组分别经腹腔注射薄荷醇、桉叶素、二甲基亚砜（溶剂对照），分别采用固定比率程序（fixed-ratio schedule, FR），即FR1（大鼠每进行1次有效鼻触，得到1次尼古丁注射）、FR2（大鼠每进行2次有效鼻触，得到1次尼古丁注射）、FR5（大鼠每进行5次有效鼻触，得到1次尼古丁注射）测试获得不同程序下大鼠有效鼻触反应数、无效鼻触反应数及尼古丁注射针数。  结果  经尼古丁自身给药训练10 d后，30只大鼠有效鼻触反应数和注射针数明显升高并稳定在较高水平，有效鼻触反应数高于无效鼻触反应数（P<0.001），成功建立大鼠尼古丁静脉自身给药模型。测试阶段，FR2程序下，薄荷醇组有效鼻触反应数降低（P=0.020），FR5程序下，组别与时间水平的有效鼻触反应数指标存在明显交互作用（P<0.001），薄荷醇组有效鼻触数在第3天降低（P=0.011），桉叶素组则在第3天升高（P=0.003），溶剂对照组无明显变化。  结论  薄荷醇及桉叶素均对尼古丁依赖有影响，在尼古丁较难获取时，薄荷醇抑制尼古丁依赖性，桉叶素则增加尼古丁依赖性。     

电针对海洛因引燃诱导大鼠觅药行为及相关脑区FosB表达的影响

目的:研究电针对大鼠海洛因觅药行为及成瘛相关脑区FosB的影响.方法:用累进固定比率程序建立大鼠海洛因复吸模型,将动物随机分捆绑组、留针组、电针组,用小剂量海洛因引燃诱导海洛因觅药行为;运用免疫组化技术观察相关脑区的FosB表达.结果:与捆绑组相比,电针组大鼠有效鼻触数明显降低(P0.05),电针组(P<0.01)和留针组(P<0.01)扣带前皮质、扣带后皮质的FosB阳性细胞均显著降低;在中央杏仁核,电针组、留针组阳性细胞均显著降低(P<0.01).在伏隔核核区和壳区及腹侧被盖区,电针组FosB阳性细胞显著低于捆绑组和留针组(P<0.05).而在蓝斑,留针组的FosB阳性细胞明显低于捆绑组(P<0.05).结论:电针和留针对大鼠海洛因诱导的觅药行为有明显的抑制作用,可能与抑制扣带前皮质、扣带后皮质、基底杏仁核、中央杏仁核、伏隔核核区、伏隔核壳区、腹侧苍白球、腹侧被盖区、蓝斑等部位FosB的表达有关.     

尼古丁对大鼠海洛因辨别刺激的替代效应

目的 在建立大鼠海洛因辨别刺激模型基础上,评估不同浓度的尼古丁对海洛因辨别刺激的替代作用.方法 采用固定比率食物强化方法训练雄性SD大鼠辨别0.3 mg/kg海洛因；之后,分别给予不同剂量的海洛因、尼古丁替代0.3 mg/kg海洛因,明确海洛因辨别效应曲线和尼古丁替代0.3 mg/kg海洛因的辨别效应.结果 0.3 mg/kg剂量的海洛因能形成稳定的大鼠药物辨别行为；不同剂量海洛因替代组(0.03,0.1,0.3,0.56 mg/kg)的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(33.9±15.0)％,(43.3±13.3)％,(98.7±0.5)％,(99.4±0.2)％,海洛因剂量在0～0.3mg/kg之间诱导的辨别效应呈剂量依赖性增加；0.03,0.1mg／kg尼古丁替代组的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(1.9±1.1)％,(13.7±5.6)％,与0.3mg/kg海洛因替代组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)；而0.3,0.5mg/kg尼古丁替代组的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(60.4±16.1)％,(65.9±16.4)％,与0.3mg/kg海洛因替代组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 0.3,0.5 mg/kg尼古丁能产生部分类似海洛因的辨别刺激效应.     

针灸对海洛因复吸大鼠脑组织多巴胺、5-羟色胺的影响

目的探讨针灸干预海洛因复吸的作用机制。方法采用间断性递增量肌肉注射海洛因的方法复制海洛因复吸大鼠模型,观察针灸对海洛因复吸大鼠条件性位置偏爱（conditional position preference,CPP）的行为学改变及脑组织多巴胺（dopamine,DA）、5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）含量变化的影响。结果针灸能防止海洛因复吸大鼠体质量的下降（P〈0.01）,显著延长海洛因复吸大鼠在暗箱的停留时间（P〈0.01）,显著降低海洛因复吸大鼠脑组织DA和5-HT含量（P〈0.01）。结论抑制脑组织DA、5-HT的释放,降低对海洛因用药行为有关环境的依赖行为,可能是针灸干预海洛因复吸的作用机制之一。     

大鼠时间感知的行为学研究

目的 观察大鼠对时间的感知过程中各种行为之间的关系,探讨操作动机对大鼠时间感知的影响.方法 采用断水24h的雄性SD大鼠执行时间反应分辨任务.在听到声音信号并完成鼻触行为之后,大鼠要踩压杠杆并保持4～5 s后松开杠杆,才能得到50μl水作为奖赏.若过早或过晚松开则没有奖赏.分析声音信号和鼻触行为之间的声音反应潜伏期及鼻触行为和踩杠杆之间的踩杠杆潜伏期与操作正确性之间的关系,以及这些潜伏期与保持踩压杠杆的时间(计时期,Timing)之间的关系.结果 在计时准确的操作中,声音反应潜伏期和踩杠杆潜伏期都比较短[计时正确的情况下分别是(4.20±0.20)s和(1.28±0.03)s,早反应情况下分别是(4.79±0.16)s和(1.70±0.08)s,晚反应情况下分别是(4.99±0.48)s和(1.65±0.10)s,P＜0.01];这两个潜伏期之间存在显著的正相关(P＜0.05),但与计时期之间均无显著相关,相关系数范围分别是-0.14～0.1以及-0.21～0.23(P＞0.05).结论 时间感知任务的操作可能与操作动机有密切的关系;操作动机较强时,动物倾向于更准确地估计时间,以便完成任务.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.