产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中新的氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因型

目的:了解一株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因存在情况.方法:采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测aac(3)-Ⅰ,aac(3)-Ⅱ, aac(6′)-Ⅱ,ant(3″)-Ⅰ,ant(2″)-Ⅰ,aac(6′)-Ⅰb,TEM,SHV,LEN,OKP,CTX-M-1,CTX-M-2, CTX-M-9,GES,PER,VEB,OXA-10,OXA-1,DHA,ACT-1,intI1基因,部分产物进行测序.结果:TEM、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、intI1阳性,其他阴性.aac(6′)-Ⅰb经测序并与已在美国国立生物信息中心[NCBI]登录的aac(6′)-Ⅰb基因家族比对,发现与先前登录的均不相同(包括2006年初美国学者发现的新氨基糖苷类修饰酶aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Cr型).结论:从该株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中发现的aac(6′)-Ⅰb氨基糖苷类修饰酶为新的基因型.以aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Suzhou型命名,已登录于美国NCBI(登录号:EF375621).     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因型研究

目的 探讨产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌消毒剂和磺胺耐药基因存在状况。方法 采用PCR检测qacE△1-sul Ⅰ基因。结果 35株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌qacE△1-sul Ⅰ基因阳性13株（37．1％）。结论 产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌qacE△1-sul Ⅰ基因携带率很高。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因检测

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因的分布情况.方法 收集临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌,采用仪器法和纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏实验.筛选出对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的菌株,用PCR法检测16个氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因和5个16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的表达,进一步对阳性基因扩增产物进行测序验证.结果 54株菌中51 株AMEs基因阳性,检出率为94.4% ,28 株甲基化酶基因阳性,检出率为51.9% .共检出5 种AMEs基因:ant(3″) -Ⅰ、aac(3) -Ⅱc、ant(4′) -Ⅰa、aac(6′) -Ⅰb和ant ( 2″) - Ⅰa,阳性率分别为 66.7% 、 38.9% 、 31.5% 、31.5%和16.6% ;2种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因:rmtB和ar-mA,阳性率分别为29.6%和29.6% ,其余基因均未检出.测序结果与目的基因一致.结论 铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的主要基因为ant(3″)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱc、ant(4′) -Ⅰa、aac(6′)-Ⅰb和ant(2″)-Ⅰa以及rmtB, armA.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌遗传标记和耐药基因的研究

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的遗传标记基因(整合子qacE△1、转座子tnpU)、氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码aac(6′)-Ib基因和喹诺酮类药物耐药qnrA基因分布状况,为临床使用药物治疗感染和消毒灭菌工作提供参考。方法收集本院的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共60株,采用PCR方法检测这些菌株中qacE△1、tnpU、aac(6′)-Ib和qnrA基因,MIC法药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药性。结果 60株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中qacEΔ1基因检出率61.7%,tnpU基因检出率7.6%,aac(6′)-Ib检出率为11.7%,qnrA基因检出率3.3%。60株菌中有38株含1种或以上基因,其药敏敏感度最高的是亚胺培南、厄它培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,敏感率均为97.4%,而对氨苄西林和头孢唑啉完全耐药。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药与耐药基因传递机制整合子和转座子系统密切相关,分离株携带qacE△1、tnpU、aac(6′)-Ib和qnrA基因是细菌呈多重耐药的主要原因,提示临床应慎重用药。     

ICU泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌分离株相关耐药基因检测

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（PDR-AB）耐药基因特点。方法应用K-B法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,应用PCR技术对12株PDR-AB菌进行耐药基因测定。结果12株PDR-Ab中TEM、DHA、OXA-23、qacE1-sul1和intll扩增阳性株为12（100%）株;而PER、VEB、VIM、IMP、GES扩增阴性。12株PDR-Ab中均检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,其中aac（3）-I、aac（6’）-I、ant（3＂）-I阳性率均为100%。aac（6′）-Ⅱ、aac（3）-Ⅱ、ant（2″）-Ⅰ未发现阳性结果。12株DR-Ab中基因组合方式为TEM＋OXA-23＋ADC＋qacE1-sul1＋intll＋aac（3）-I＋aac（6’）-I＋ant（3＂）-I。结论ICU分离的PDR-AB菌TEM、DHA、OXA-23、qacE1-sul1、intll、aac（3）-I、aac（6’）-I、ant（3＂）-I等耐药基因携带率高。     

肠道杆菌耐药基因的研究

目的检测肠道杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性及其耐药基因。方法选取16株临床分离的肠道杆菌,用纸片扩散法检测其对14种抗菌药物的敏感性。PCR法检测TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因、DHA和ACT-1型AmpC酶基因、aac(6′)-Ⅰb型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、qacEΔ1-sul1耐消毒剂和磺胺基因。结果多重耐药菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢噻吩全部耐药,其余药物显示不同程度的耐药。TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因检测均为阳性。对卡那霉素耐药的志贺菌和大肠埃希菌aac(6′)-Ⅰb基因检测阳性,大肠埃希菌qacEΔ1-sul1基因检测均为阳性而志贺菌均为阴性。AmpC酶基因检测结果有2株菌ACT-1阳性而DHA全阴。结论多重耐药细菌存在多种耐药基因。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的氨基糖苷抗菌药物耐药性及氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因检测

目的:了解地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷抗生素的耐药情况及氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因分布.方法:采用Kirby-Bauer(K-B)纸片法检测38株产 ESBLs大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、奈替米星4种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药情况;并应用PCR方法检测这38株菌6种氨基糖苷钝化酶基因aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ib-cr、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ.结果:38株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对4种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药率分别为阿米卡星28.9%,奈替米星39.5%,庆大霉素76.3%,妥布霉素76.3%;aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ib-cr、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ阳性率分别为63.2%,36.8%,10.5%,2.6%.未检测出aac(3)-Ⅰ与aac(6′)-Ⅱ基因阳性菌株.结论:产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因以aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因为主,氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因与氨基糖苷类药物耐药性有一定的联系.临床抗感染过程中应该注重耐药机制的研究.     

消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因的检测

目的检测临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌菌株Ⅰ类整合子消毒剂-磺胺耐药(qacE△1-sul1)基因的携带情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应技术,对311株革兰阴性杆菌临床分离菌株(分别为大肠埃希菌96株,肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种71株,铜绿假单胞菌64株,鲍氏不动杆菌61株,阴沟肠杆菌19株)进行qacE△1-sul1基因的检测。结果 311株革兰阴性杆菌中180株qacE△1-sul1基因阳性,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌qacE△1-sul1基因阳性率分别为69.8%、53.5%、37.5%、75.4%、26.3%。大肠埃希菌和鲍氏不动杆菌qacE△1-sul1基因阳性率高于肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌,差异有显著意义(q=3.019～6.129,P<0.05)。结论临床分离菌株qacE△1-sul1基因高携带率可能是目前医院感染的高发因素之一,临床应重视消毒剂的合理使用,并定期了解医院细菌耐消毒剂的情况。     

阴沟肠杆菌对β内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性及其耐药基因

目的调查临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌对β内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性及其耐药基因。方法采用ATB药敏试验板微量肉汤法,对20株临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌进行抗生素敏感试验,PCR方法检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M、OXA-1群、PER、VEB、GES、DHA、M IR等9种BLAs基因与aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ等6种AMEs基因。结果该20株菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感,对其他抗生素的耐药率在50.0%~85.0%之间。M IR、DHA和TEM基因的阳性率分别为70.0%、45.0%和55.0%,而其余BLAs基因均阴性。19株(95.0%)检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因:ant(6′)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(6′)-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ基因的阳性率分别为50.0%、15.0%、10.0%、5.0%、5.0%,而anc(3)-Ⅰ基因均阴性。结论临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌多重耐药严重,其β内酰胺酶基因和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因携带率高。     

慢性重型肝炎患者泛耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因的研究

目的研究慢性重型肝炎患者泛耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因。方法应用法国梅里埃公司的API鉴定条／PSE5．0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC／ID-109鉴定／药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,应用PCR法检测1株泛耐铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株29种β-内酰胺酶相关基因、外膜蛋白D2基因（oprD2）、6种氨基糖甙类修饰酶基因（AMEs）、消毒剂／磺胺耐药基因（qacE△1-sull）、3种整合子基因（intI1、2、3）等40种耐药相关基因,分析其分布情况。结果在本株菌,6种耐药相关基因阳性（二种β-内酰胺酶基因（blaTEM、blaOXA10）、二种氨基糖甙类修饰酶基因（aac（6′）-Ⅱ、aac（3）-Ⅱ）、qacE△1-sull和Ⅰ类整合子基因（intI1））,同时oprD2缺失;其它27种β-内酰胺酶基因、4种氨基糖甙类修饰酶基因（aac（6′）-Ⅰb、aac（3）-Ⅰ、ant（3″）-Ⅰ、ant（2″）-Ⅰ）和2种整合子基因（intI2、intI3）均为阴性。结论本株泛耐菌耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因（blaTEM、blaOXA10、oprD2缺失、aac（6′）-Ⅱ、aac（3）-Ⅱ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子）有关。经检索中文生物医学期刊文献数据库（CMCC）和medline数据库,本研究是泛耐铜绿假单胞菌检测耐药相关基因最多的报道。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.