Diagnosis and treatment of melamine-associated urinary calculus complicated with acute renal failure in infants and young children

Background Infants in some areas of China developed urinary lithiasis after being fed with powdered milk that was tainted with melamine in 2008 and very small proportion of the infants developed acute renal failure caused by urinary tract calculus obstruction. The aim of this article was to summarize clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of infants with urinary calculus and acute renal failure developed after being fed with melamine tainted formula milk. Methods Data of infant patients with urinary calculus and acute renal failure due to melamine tainted formula milk admitted to the Beijing Children＇s Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University and the Xuzhou Children＇s Hospital in 2008 were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging features as well as effects of 4 types of therapies. Results All the 34 infants with urinary calculus were complicated with acute renal failure, their blood urea nitrogen （BUN） was （24.1±8.2） mmol/L and creatinine （Cr） was （384.2±201.2） umol/L. The chemical analysis on the urinary calculus sampled from 15 of the infants showed that the calculus contained melamine and acidum uricum. The time needed for the four types of therapies for returning Cr to normal was （3.5±1.9） days for cystoscopy group, （2.7±1.1） days for lithotomy group, （3.8±2.3） days for dialysis group, and （2.7±1.6） days for medical treatment group, which had no statistically significant difference （P=-0.508）. Renal failure of all the 34 infants was relieved within 1 to 7 days, averaging （3.00±1.78） days. Conclusions Melamine tainted formula milk may cause urinary calculus and obstructive acute renal failure. It is suggested that firstly the patients with urinary calculus complicated with acute renal failure should be treated with dialysis or medication to correct electrolyte disturbance, in particular hyperkalemia, and then relieve the obstruction with available medical and surgical methods as soon as possible. It was observed that the short-term prognosis was satisfactory.     

Dissolution of ureteral uric acid calculi with local litholytic irrigation

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of local litholytic irrigation (LII) in the treatment of ureteral uric acid calculi. Fourteen cases of ureteral uric acid calculi were diagnosed by abdominal plain radiography (KUB), retrograde urography, ultrasonography( B-mode ultrasound) spiral computerized tomography(CT) and blood biochemical examinations. A ureteral catheter was passed retrogradely across ureteral calculi by cystoscopy,LLI with tromethamine E(THAM-E) was performed via the ureteral catheter after the improvement of renal function and general situation and the control of urinary tract infection under the condition of intravenous application of antihiotics. The irrigation rate varied from 1000 to 1500 ml per day. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated complete dissolution of all the stones,13 cases within 10 days and I within I2 days. Mild hematuria was observed in the majority of the cases and temporary aggravated lumbago in 1 case, with no other side effects. It is concluded that LLI is a practical and effective method in the treatment of ureteral uric acid calculi for its advantages of shorter duration,lower cost,less physical suffering and no severe complications。     

Kidney,ureter,bladder

<正>209255 Minimally invasive surgical procedures treated urinary calculi caused by melamine in infants/Wang Xiang(Dept Urol,Children’s Hosp Fudan Univ,Shanghai 210102)…∥Chin J urol.-2009,30(2).-103~106Objective To report experience of minimally invasive surgery of urinary calculi caused by melamine in infants.Methods Retrospectively reviewed the treatments and outcomes of 36 cases with urinary calculi caused by melamine from November 2007 to October 2008.13 girls and 23 boys aged 8 to 36 months after daily consumption for six month or more of milk products tainted with melamine.These infants underwent MPCNL,ureteroscopic lithortipsy and placement of ureteral stent,respectively.Results The operations were performed successfully in all patients.Five cases underwent MPCNL.Urteroscopic lithotripsy were performed in fourteen cases.Seventeen cases were placed of ureteral stents.No major complications like hemorrhea,perforation and organic injury were noted.The postoperative hospital stays were 3 to 10 days.All cases were follwed up for 1 to 12 months.Calculus had no recurence.Hydronephrosis and hydroureterosis disappeared or lightened.Growth and development were normal.Conclusion Various kinds of minimally invasive surgical procedures is safe and effective treatments for urinary caused by melamine in infants,applicable in calculi with urinary obstruction especially.8 refs.     

Treatment of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Background  The incidence of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation is very low, and decision-supporting data are not available. The aim of this study was to review the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, which is of realistic significance to reduce urinary lithiasis following kidney transplantation, prolong the survival of renal allografts.

Methods  The incidence, diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis in ten patients following kidney transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. Seven out of these patients had stones sized approximately 0.4–1.1 cm, and they were treated with low-voltage, low-frequency extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Two patients had stones sized <0.3 cm and they underwent cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. The ureteral catheter endoscopes were inserted in a retrograde manner to mobilize stones repeatedly. After elimination of obstruction, a ureteral double J stent was indwelt. One patient had a pelvic stone (1.2 cm), which was removed surgically.

Results  The major clinical manifestations were hematuria, oliguria or anuria. Some patients were asymptomatic and they were diagnosed through laboratory tests and imaging examinations, e.g., ultrasonography. After elimination of obstruction, subjective symptoms disappeared in all patients, and the function of renal allografts recovered. A six-month follow-up indicated no remnant stones or lithiasis relapse.

Conclusions  The diagnosis and treatment of renal allograft lithiasis are challenging. After prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis was satisfactory, and permanent renal functional impairment did not occur in most patients.

     

Urolithiasis in pregnancy: Survey in clinical epidemiology

This study examined the association of pregnancy with urolithiasis and provided new insights into urolithiasis in pregnancy. A total of 462 subjects were studied from January 2004 to December 2009 in Foshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China. Among the 462 subjects, 162 cases of urolithiasis during pregnancy (UPG) were selected as the observation group, 150 cases of no urolithiasis during pregnancy (NUPG) served as pregnancy control group, and 150 cases of no pregnancy (NPG) at reproductive age who took part in physical examination were randomly assigned into non-pregnant control group. At the same time, the patients in observation group were divided into the following sub-groups: no symptomatic urinary calculus (NSUC) and symptomatic urinary calculus (SUC) groups; SUC group was further divided into surgical intervention (SI) and conservative management (CM) groups. The general information and the data of blood and urine were collected and compared among the groups. The results showed that the incidence of urinary calculi in pregnant women was lower than that in non-pregnant women, the formation of urinary stone was associated with the change of metabolism of protein and sugar in pregnant women, and the surgical intervention was a practicable alternative to treat the clinical intractable symptomatic urinary calculi in pregnancy.     

Therapeutic effects of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate on melamine-induced urinary calculi in China

Background In 2008, a sharp increase of the number of children diagnosed with urinary calculi was observed in China, 9433 children were diagnosed as having melamine-induced urinary calculi at outpatient clinic in Beijing Children＇s Hospital. This study examined the therapeutic efficacy of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate （PSHC） used to treat melamine-induced urinary stones in Chinese children who consumed melamine-containing infant formula. Methods Seventy-two infants and children （average age （18.2±7.7） months） who were diagnosed with urinary calculi were icuidomly divided into three treatment groups using the SAS Plan program. Group 1 was given a low dose （1 g/d） of PSHC, group 2 was given high dose of PSHC （2 g/d） and group 3 was given no PSHC （control group）. The dose of drug was adjusted according to the baseline urinary pH. This study analyzed the influence of the dose of PSHC, the age of patients, stone size and position, and urinary pH on the level of efficacy of PSHC （cured, effectively treated or not cured）.Results After 1-6 months of therapy, 19 patients from group 1, five patients from group 2 and six patients from group 3 were cured. Five patients from group 1, five patients from group 2 and four patients from group 3 were effectively treated. There were significant differences in therapeutic efficacy between the two treatment doses after 3 and 6 months as measured by the increase in the successful expulsion rate and time of melamine-induced urinary calculi. After 6 months the mean time of expulsion of urinary calculi in groups 1 and 2 was significantly shorter than in the control group. Conclusions PSHC can significantly increase the successful expulsion rate and time of melamine-induced urinary calculi. The therapeutic efficacy is affected by PSHC dose, treatment duration, calculi position, and urinary pH. There is no relationship between the therapeutic efficacy and the stone size or patient age.     

Role of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in Clearance of Proximal Ureteral Calculi after Ureteroscopic Ho:YAG Laser Lithotripsy: A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in accelerating calculus clearance and improving lower urinary tract symptoms of patients with proximal ureteral calculi after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Methods A total of 138 patients with proximal ureteral calculi underwent ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy by a single endocrinologist. Stone size varied from 10 to 15 mm. After operation, the patients were randomly divided into three groups: the control group(group A), tamsulosin group(group B), and Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula group(group C). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks or until stone clearance. The primary and secondary outcomes of the three groups at follow-up were assessed. Results Of the 131 patients available for follow-up, 44 cases were in the group A, 45 in the group B, and 42 in the group C, respectively. The stone free rate at 2 weeks in the groups B and C were significantly higher than that in the group A(95.56%, 97.62% vs. 79.55%; all P<0.05). The ureteral colic rate and mean time of fragment expulsion were significantly reduced in the groups B(4.44% and 7.86±4.99 days) and C(2.43% and 6.76±4.37 days) compared with the group A(22.73% and 11.54±9.89 days, all P<0.05). On the day of double-J ureteric stent removal, the group C differed significantly from the group A in the total International Prostate Symptom Score, irritative subscore, obstructive subscore, and quality of life score(all P<0.05). Conclusion Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in the medical expulsive therapy might be an effective modality for patients with calculus in the proximal uretera after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.     

A Survey on Occurrence of Melamine and Its Analogues in Tainted Infant Formula in China

Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Methods Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg, Conclusion The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.     

Ureteroscopic Holmium. YAG Laser Lithotripsy for Managing Ureteral Calculi （A Report of 168 Cases）

The effectiveness and safety of ureteroscopic holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for managing ureteral calculi was evaluated. Ureteroscopic holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy was performed in 168 ureteral calculi (upper 27 cases, middle 33 cases and lower 108 cases). The results showed that the stone-free rate was 92.6 ％ in the upper ureteral calculi, 93.9 % in the middle ureteral calculi and 94.4 ％ in the lower ureteral calculi, respectively. The complication rate was 4.8 % (8 cases).It was suggested that ureteroscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for managing ureteral calculi.     

MANAGEMENT OF URETERAL ENDOMETRIOSIS： A REPORT OF TEN CASES

Objective To investigate the clinical features and management of ureteral endometriosis. Methods Patients surgically and histologically diagnosed as ureteral endometriosis from January 2001 to January 2007 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results Ten patients were diagnosed as ureteral endometriosis among 7 561 cases with surgically and histologically proved diagnosis of endometriosis, with an incidence of 0.132%. Nine out of 10 patients were extrinsic ureteral endometriosis and concomitant with severe pelvic endometriosis, and the other was intrinsic ureteral endometriosis. Hormone therapy failed in 2 patients with urinary tract obstruction. Ureterolysis was performed in 6 patients and ureterectomy was performed in 4 patients. One case of ureteral recurrence was observed in a postmenopausal woman without hormonal replacement therapy who received laparoscopic ureterolysis and hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy. No relapse was observed in the other 9 patients. Conclusions Ureteral endometriosis is a rare entity. The upper urinary tract should be evaluated in patients with severe endometriosis, even in postmenopausal women. The treatment of ureteral endometriosis usually requires surgery, while ureterolysis should not be performed in patients with extensive disease. As a form of adjuvant therapy of surgery, hormonal therapy is an appropriate option.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗儿童上尿路结石(附45例报告)

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(mini-PCNL)治疗儿童上尿路结石的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2007年3月-2009年4月被确诊为上尿路结石并接受mini-PCNL治疗的45例患儿的临床资料,患儿的年龄为10个月～15岁,平均年龄为(4.9±3.5)岁.男:女为1.8:1.三聚氰胺所致上尿路结石20例(44.4%),喂养受三聚氰胺污染的奶粉的时间为6～12个月.左肾结石16例,右.肾结石18例,双肾结石7例;左输尿管上段结石2例,左输尿管上段合并右肾结石1例,右输尿管上段合并双肾结石1例.结石直径为10～50 mm,平均直径为(18.6±8.9)mm,其中8例为鹿角形结石.所有患儿术前均经B超、CT平扫+三维重建检查明确诊断,核素肾动态显像检查判断有无输尿管梗阻,以了解分肾功能情况.结果 45例患儿共50侧肾接受mini-PCNL治疗.平均手术时间为(45±12)min,术中平均出血量为(20±5)mL.单次手术成功率为96%(48/50).术后全部留置肾造瘘管,2～5 d后拔除.60%(30/50)的患侧留置双J管,1个月后在膀胱镜下拔除.术后住院时间为4～14 d,从静脉途径给予抗生素治疗3～10 d,出院时尿液检查呈阴性.随访时间为5～30个月,患儿生长发育良好.通过B超检查发现,40例(88.9%)患儿肾和输尿管结石消失,无复发,肾盂积水消失或减轻;4例有肾结石残留;1例复发.结论 mini-PCNL治疗儿童上尿路结石具有结石清除率高、创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短的优点,且手术可多次进行,对肾盂输尿管的影响小,在婴幼儿奶粉结石、鹿角型结石和复杂性结石的处理方面更具有微创的优势.     

B超定位下经皮肾镜弹道超声碎石术治疗肾结石

目的 探讨B超定位下经皮肾镜气压弹道超声波碎石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效.方法 89例肾结石患者采用B超定位下经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石术,进行一期或二期碎石.结果 双肾结石32例;单侧肾结石57例,其中合并患侧输尿管结石15例;一期穿刺碎石成功89例次,需二期碎石5例次.结论 单用B超定位经皮肾穿刺,临床简便可行;经皮肾镜弹道超声碎石治疗肾结石疗效确切,除具有创伤性小、碎石快的优点外,还具有在彻底清除结石、防止结石残留方面独特的优越性.     

三聚氰胺致小儿泌尿系结石83例治疗回顾性分析

目的 为了解三聚氰胺致小儿泌尿系结石的治疗转归. 方法 对2008-09-15～12-31三鹿奶粉中毒事件中本院筛查5 873名10岁以下小儿（重点是婴幼儿）发现泌尿系结石105例中83例住院患儿临床资料作回顾性分析. 结果 采用彩色B超、尿化验等方法筛查出单（双）肾、输尿管结石的83例住院患儿中,结石伴肾或输尿管积水11例,镜下血尿7例,尿白细胞超过正常值6例,尿蛋白（﹢）～（﹢﹢﹢）4例,腹部X光拍片8例,出现阳性结石影1例.大多数患儿症状轻微或无症状.83例住院患儿按卫生部推荐的治疗方案,均全部治愈,经一年多观察随访无一例复发或加重. 结论 儿童泌尿系统结石与积水原因很多,所涉的病例与食入含三聚氰胺污染的奶粉有直接关系,因此停止食用此类奶粉很关键.三聚氰胺中毒引起的结石较松散,B超为诊断此类结石的主要手段.大多数按卫生部推荐的诊疗方案治疗,效果良好.     

X线与超声检查诊断泌尿系结石的比较分析

目的探讨对比X线与超声检查诊断泌尿系结石的诊断结果,分析两种方法各自的临床诊断优势。方法选取2009年3月-2013年3月该院收治的120例疑似泌尿系结石患者为研究对象,所有患者分别给予X线和超声检查,并跟踪患者的确诊情况,对比分析两种检查结果的符合情况。结果X线检查对膀胱、尿道以及输尿管中下段的检出率优于超声检查,两者对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而超声对输尿管上段结石和肾脏结石诊断符合率优于X线检查,两者对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论针对不同位置结石,X线和超声检查各有优越,临床可联合应用X线和超声检查提高临床泌尿系结石检出率。     

急性输尿管结石伴发肾周积液的彩超诊断价值

目的探讨急性输尿管结石导致肾周围积液的彩超表现及发生机制。方法选择38例彩超确诊的急性输尿管结石伴肾周积液患者,观察其肾周积液声像图特点。结果急性输尿管结石导致的肾周围积液的彩超表现多为肾周新月形液性无回声区,中下极多见。治疗后肾周积液可自行吸收消失。结论彩超检查能准确及时地诊断急性输尿管梗阻并发肾周积液,并能动态观察治疗前后的变化情况,为临床治疗提供了依据及观察手段。     

28例青春期前儿童上尿路结石诊断治疗的临床分析

目的探讨儿童上尿路结石的外科诊断和治疗经验.方法回顾性地研究分析了28例1995-2003年入住我科青春期前儿童肾结石和输尿管结石的诊断和治疗情况.本组研究包含17例男孩和11例女孩;年龄从10个月至14岁(平均8.6岁).26例解剖正常,1例肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄,1例双侧输尿管口囊肿.术前行血生化检查.根据患儿病情分别采用ESWL、输尿管镜取石、溶石等方式进行了治疗.结果所有患儿均存在血生物化学检查的异常.9例患儿接受ESWL治疗后,结石完全排出8例,1例结石负荷降低;1例接受输尿管镜取石术,无术后感染和输尿管狭窄发生;1例患儿放置导管以进行溶石治疗;7例单个输尿管结石患儿接受排石治疗;6例多发性结石,或同时存在的解剖异常的患儿接受开放性手术手术治疗,均达到治疗效果;4例明确诊断后未作治疗自动出院.结论青春期前儿童上尿路结石形成可能与胆固醇及尿酸和钙磷代谢异常有关,治疗方式依据病情而定,ESWL和微创手术应是青春期前儿童上尿路结石治疗的首选方法.     

逆向顺流冲洗输尿管镜超声碎石治疗输尿管结石的术后护理

目的：探讨逆向顺流冲洗经输尿管镜超声碎石清石治疗输尿管结石的护理措施。方法回顾性分析我院2013年3月至2014年6月运用逆向顺流冲洗经输尿管镜超声碎石清石治疗30例输尿管结石的临床资料。术前对患者进行心理护理和术后针对并发症护理。结果30例患者经精心的护理均取得良好的临床疗效,1例结石移位,经体外碎石排出;肉眼血尿18例、术后肾绞痛4例、发热2例（T＜38℃）经及时处理和针对性护理均迅速改善;双“J”管移位1例,经输尿管镜取出。无输尿管损伤及尿脓毒症等并发症发生。29例碎石清石成功,清石率96．67％。结论逆向顺流冲洗经输尿管镜超声碎石清石治疗输尿管结石清石率高,术前心理护理和术后针对并发症护理是减少并发症发生和提高手术安全性、促进术后康复的重要措施。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石629例

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法回顾分析使用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗629例输尿管结石患者的临床资料。结果 629例患者中一次碎石成功率93.8%,拔除双J管前复查结石均完全排出。12例置镜失败,15例输尿管上段结石移位到肾脏,输尿管穿孔7例,术后泌尿系感染5例,无输尿管撕脱发生。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石是一种安全、有效的方法,尤其可作为输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

双源CT曲面重建配合薄层靶重建技术在输尿管结石诊断中的价值

目的探讨双源CT（DSCT）曲面重建结合靶重建技术在输尿管结石诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析52例经DSCT曲面重建及薄层靶重建显示输尿管结石患者,并经临床及随访确诊,所有52例患者均行泌尿系超声、KUB、IVP、DSCT检查。结果各影像检查发现输尿管结石例数分别为：超声36例,KUB＋IVP38例,常规轴位CT扫描44例,CPR＋靶重建52例。结论输尿管曲面重建结合薄层靶重建图像可以提高输尿管结石检出率及准确评价输尿管有无梗阻及其程度,是目前诊断输尿管结石最准确、最有价值的方法之一。     

经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效分析

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜超声、气压弹道联合治疗肾结石的疗效。方法肾结石51例,B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立经皮肾镜工作通道,采用EMS三代超声、气压弹道联合碎石取石系统治疗肾结石。结果 51例52个肾脏均成功建立经皮肾通道,51个肾脏一期行PCNL术,一期结石取净率54%,手术时间平均150 min,住院时间10～26天,平均14天,术后无严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经皮肾镜超声、气压弹道联合治疗肾结石具有高效、安全、损伤小、恢复快等特点。