腹膜透析效能的判断及影响因素分析

目的：探讨各种判断腹透效能的指标在临床运用中的意义。方法：前瞻性观察４４例ＣＡＰＤ患者在透析过程中尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ（ＫＴ／Ｖ）、肌酐清除率（ＣＣｒ）、血浆白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）及氮表现的蛋白质水平（ｎＰＮＡ）的变化及彼此间的相关性。结果：４４例患者９４例次的观察显示，ＫＴ／Ｖ与ＣＣｒ在判断透析效能上有明显差异，ＫＴ／Ｖ更大程度上与透析剂量呈正相关，ＫＴ／Ｖ＝１．１６＋０．０００１１×透析剂量（ｒ＝０．２７Ｐ＜０．０５）、与患者的体表面积呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５９，Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＣｒ则与患者的残余肾功能（ＲＲＦ）呈正相关，ＣＣｒ＝４９．３＋１０．２３×ＲＲＦ（ｒ＝０．８４，Ｐ＜０．００１），而与透析时间呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。此外，ｎＰＮＡ水平的变化与ＫＴ／Ｖ及ＣＣｒ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２６～０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａｌｂ与ＫＴ／Ｖ呈明显相关（ｒ＝０．４０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ和ＣＣｒ完全可以作为反映透析效能的可靠指标，若结合Ａｌｂ及ｎＰＮＡ观察，则更能反映患者的情况。此外，本文还观察到若根据体表面积计算透析液量，不仅可以精确地计算透析需求量，而且还能预测透析效能，减少合并症的产     

高血压患者硝苯地平治疗前后血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的观察硝苯地平降压治疗对血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平的影响。方法３１例原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者口服硝苯地平控释片４０ｍｇ／ｄ×１４，用放免法直接测定治疗前后的血浆ＥＴ和ＣＧＲＰ水平。结果ＥＨ患者血浆ＥＴ水平明显高于对照组（８５．６±２１．０ｖｓ４２．１±２０．３ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＣＧＲＰ水平明显低于对照组（２３．０±８．１ｖｓ５５．４±１７．８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）。舒张压与ＥＴ水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．５３０２，Ｐ＜０．００５），ＥＴ与ＣＧＲＰ呈弱的负相关（ｒ＝０．３７０７，Ｐ＜０．００５）。治疗后，血压和ＥＴ水平明显下降（Ｐ均＜０．００１），ＣＧＲＰ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论硝苯地平是一种有效的降压药，它可通过调节ＥＨ时多种血管活性多肽之间的平衡关系，对器官保护具有重要作用     

NIDDM病人红细胞变形能力与红细胞ATP酶活性和红细胞内离子浓度关系的研究

本文检测了４２例ＮＩＤＤＭ病人红细胞变形能力（ＥＤ）和红细胞ＡＴＰ酶活性、红细胞内离子浓度的变化。结果显示ＮＩＤＤＭ病人红细胞滤过指数（ＩＦ）较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．００１）；红细胞Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性较对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性变化不明显；红细胞内Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋浓度较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｍｇ２＋浓度较对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。有血管病变者这些变化较无血管病变者更明显。ＮＩＤＤＭ病人红细胞ＩＦ与Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４６８，－０．４５８，Ｐ＜０．００１），与红细胞内Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋浓度呈正相关（ｒ＝－０．４７３，０．４６６，Ｐ＜０．Ｄ０１），与Ｍｇ２＋浓度呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４３６，Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

高血压病病人红细胞变形能力与红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性的关系

目的：探讨高血压病病人红细胞变形能力（ＥＤ）变化与红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性的关系。方法：采用ＥＤ测定仪、分光光度计和凝胶电泳法分别检测了１２６例高血压病病人和６７例健康人红细胞滤过指数、红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性、钙—三磷酸腺苷（Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ）酶活性和红细胞膜收缩蛋白相对含量的变化。结果：高血压病病人红细胞滤过指数，红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性明显增高，Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性和红细胞膜收缩蛋白相对含量明显降低，与对照组比较差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。且随着病程进展，各指标变化逐渐明显（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。高血压病病人红细胞滤过指数与红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６８０，Ｐ＜０．００１），与Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和红细胞膜收缩蛋白含量呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５７２，－０．６２７，Ｐ＜０．００１）；Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性和红细胞膜收缩蛋白含量与红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５２８，－０．６６０，Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论：高血压病病人ＥＤ降低与红细胞膜钙依赖中性蛋白酶活性增高所致的膜蛋白水解和破坏有关。     

血清谷氨酰转肽酶在慢性乙型肝炎诊断中的价值

目的 探讨血清γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（ＧＧＴ）在慢性乙型肝炎（ＣＨＢ）不同程度肝脏病理损害中的变化规律及其在ＣＨＢ诊断中的价值。方法 测定２２１例ＣＨＢ患者血清ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ及ＧＧＴ水平，同时行肝活体组织检查，对肝组织进行炎症分级和纤维分期。分析ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ、ＧＧＴ与ＣＨＢ之间的关系。结果 （１）病理轻度和重度ＣＨＢ的ＧＧＴ正常率分别为９０．４％和１２３％（Ｐ＜００１）；（２）临床诊断为轻度、而病理诊断分别为轻、中、重度的ＣＨＢ患者中，ＧＧＴ依次递升（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）在活动性ＣＨＢＳ患者中，ＧＧＴ随ＡＬＴ的升高而升高，存在着正向线性相关（ｒ＝０．４６４；Ｐ＜０．００１）。在保肝治疗中，ＧＧＴ、ＡＬＴ较快降至正常的为轻度ＣＨＢ；ＧＧＴ持续在一个较高水平波动，而ＡＬＴ下降，甚至呈ＡＬＴ－ＧＧＴ分离的多分别为中或重度ＣＨＢ。结论ＧＧＴ是提高ＣＨＢ临床与病理诊断符会率的一个有价值的参考指标。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术前后血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平研究

为了解经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）前后血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平，采用放免法测定３０例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者ＰＢＭＶ前后的血浆ＣＧＲＰ和内皮素水平，与对照组比较，并与左房内径、二尖瓣口面积和血液动力学参数作相关分析，旨在探讨血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平与二尖瓣狭窄和ＰＢＭＶ的关系。结果显示：术前血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平显著低于对照组（分别为５．６３±１．０１和２２．２９±６．４２ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），术后第１天明显升高（１２．１５±３．３２ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），以后继续升高，而血浆内皮素水平则呈相反变化（Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＣＧＲＰ与内皮素的血浆含量呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４２７，Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平与心脏指数呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７０３，Ｐ＜０．００１），与平均肺动脉压、平均右房压和平均左房压呈显著负相关（ｒ分别为－０．６０１、－０．５３５和－０．５９８，Ｐ均＜０．００１）；心功能越差，血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平越低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。提示ＣＧＲＰ在二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理改变中起着重要作用，其血浆水平可作为判断二尖瓣狭窄病情和ＰＢＭＶ疗效的一个指标。     

肝硬化及肝癌患者血清CuZn—SOD的放免测定及临床意义

用ＲＩＡ法测定６２例肝硬变、３０例肝癌和２０例正常人的血清ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ含量。结果肝硬变组的均值显著低于正常组及肝癌组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。按Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ分级，肝硬变组ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ含量随病情好转有所回升，与其肝功能储备呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肝癌组ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ＞４５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ者，ＡＦＰ阳性组和阴性组ＳＯＤ增高的阳性率近似（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示血清ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ的ＲＩＡ测定有助     

肝硬化患者血清一氧化氮与肿瘤坏死因子—α的相关研究

目的　了解肝硬化患者血清一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 与肿瘤坏死因子－ α（ＴＮＦ－ α） 的变化,并探讨二者之间的关系。方法　用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ 方法及放免法分别检测５０ 例肝硬化及３０ 例正常人血清ＮＯ 与ＴＮＦ－ α水平。结果　肝硬化患者与正常人比较,其血清ＮＯ 水平升高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） ,有腹水患者较无腹水者为高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ,且ＮＯ 水平随Ｃｈｉｌｄ － Ｐｕｇｈ Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ 分级的次序而增加。同时肝硬化患者血ＴＮＦ－ α亦明显增加（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） ,并与ＮＯ 呈正相关（ｒ ＝ ｏ ．６２ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） 。结论　肝硬化患者血ＮＯ 升高,有腹水者更高,且ＮＯ 水平随Ｃｈｉｌｄ － Ｐｕｇｈ Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ 分级的次序而增加,提示ＮＯ 可能参与了肝硬化高动力循环与腹水的形成,并能反映患者的预后。同时ＴＮＦ－ α亦升高,且与ＮＯ 呈正相关,为ＴＮＦ－ α诱导ＮＯ 生成提供了依据     

慢性病毒性肝炎分型方案的临床研究

目的 探讨慢性病毒性肝炎的分型及其诊断标准，方法 将３０２例确诊ＣＰＨ，ＣＡＨ的肝脏病理改变以１９９５年病毒性肝炎防治方案的慢性肝炎分型（新方案）病理标准进行分级（Ｇ），分期（Ｓ），分度，结合病因，临床分析。结果 ＣＰＨ，轻型ＣＡＨ为新分型慢肝轻度Ｇ１Ｇ２，Ｇ０－２，中型ＣＡＨ为中度Ｇ３，Ｓ１－３，重型ＣＡＨ为重度Ｃ４，Ａ２－４，ＴＢ，ＡＬＴ与病理分级呈正相关（ｒ值均＝１，Ｐ均＝０．０５），与病理     

肝硬变时细胞外基质代谢的血清学研究

目的研究肝纤维化时细胞外基质代谢的血清学变化规律,以及抗肝纤维化治疗的重要性．方法实验对象２６９例分为３个观察组,即正常对照组（ｎ＝３０）ＣｈｉｌｄＡ组（ｎ＝１０３）及ＣｈｉｌｄＢ＋Ｃ组（ｎ＝１６６）．对每例观察对象作血清透明质酸（ＨＡ）,Ⅲ型前胶原肽（ＰⅢＰ）,Ⅳ型前胶原肽（ＰⅣＰ）．层粘蛋白（ＬＮ）水平测定和肝功能有关指标,如ＡＳＴ,ＡＬＴ,甘胆酸（ＣＧ）和吲哚氰绿（ＩＣＧ）潴留率等检测．结果和正常组比较,ＣｈｉｌｄＡ组及ＣｈｉｌｄＢ＋Ｃ组ＨＡ,ＰⅢＰ,ＰⅣＰ,ＬＮ以及ＡＬＴ,ＡＳＴ,ＣＧ,ＩＣＧ潴留率均值呈异常升高（Ｐ＜００１）,但ＣｈｉｌｄＡ组及ＣｈｉｌｄＢ＋Ｃ组间无统计学差异．进一步研究还发现ＰⅢＰ,ＰⅣＰ,ＨＡ以及ＬＮ等血清浓度和ＣＧ,ＩＣＧ潴留率,ＡＳＴ,ＡＬＴ间呈密切正相关,经保肝、利胆等治疗,在血清ＡＳＴ,ＡＬＴ,ＣＧ及ＩＣＧ潴留率好转后ＨＡ,ＰⅢＰ,ＰⅣＰ,ＬＮ的血清水平也呈同向变化．结论部分肝硬变患者,肝纤维化的形成仍很活跃,积极有效的保肝,利胆,抗纤维化治疗十分必要     

Ursodeoxycholic Acid Suppresses Extent of Lipid Peroxidation in Diseased Liver in Experimental Cholestatic Liver Disease

The therapeutic benefit of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in treating cholestatic liver disease is globally recognized. It is generally accepted that the mechanism of action of UDCA can be attributed to several diverse processes that appear to be uniformly targeted towards minimizing the deleterious actions of accumulated hydrophobic bile acids in the cholestatic liver. Since hydrophobic bile acids are prooxidants, emerging in vitro evidence suggests that UDCA may have an antioxidant mechanism of action. We hypothesize that UDCA suppresses the extent of lipid peroxidation in the cholestatic liver. This hypothesis was tested by assessing the extent of lipid peroxidation in livers harvested from chronic bile duct ligated (CBDL) rats dosed daily for 24 days with 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg UDCA. The extent of lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determining the hepatic content of conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, and malondialdehyde. The data were compared with identical data collected from unoperated control and 24-day bile duct manipulated (SO) rats. In the two groups of control rats, UDCA has no effect on the serum indices of liver function. In CBDL rats, UDCA suppressed the increased extent of lipid peroxidation in the liver in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of improvement of laboratory parameters of liver function and hepatic architecture. In conclusion, UDCA suppresses the augmented extent of lipid peroxidation in the diseased liver of CBDL rats.     

Liver metabolism of porphyrins and haem

The liver is an active site for the biosynthesis of haem and porphyrinogens/porphyrins, which are intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway, because haem is required for functional activity of the cytochrome P 450 system and other critical hepatic haemoproteins. The production of hepatic haem is regulated primarily through the activity of aminolaevulinic acid synthase which is the ?rst and normally rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway. This is, in turn, controlled by a putative regulatory haem pool. Hepatic haem can be repleted by the intravenous administration of haem, which is the basis for haem therapy in patients with acute porphyric attacks. The liver catabolizes haem to bilirubin through microsomal haem oxygenase activity and excretes haem into bile along with porphyrins. Biliary excretion of porphyrins increases signi?cantly in patients with some types of porphyria. In protoporphyria this may cause liver damage as a result of protoporphyrin toxicity. The delineation of the pathway for protoporphyrin excretion into bile should facilitate therapy in protoporphyria by identifying ways in which protoporphyrin excretion can be enhanced.     

Liver transplantation

The Veterans Administration entered the clinical liver transplant field in 1983 and continued its program through July 1988. During this time interval, from the 172 Veterans Administration Medical Centers in the United States, 146 contact calls were initiated to the single center authorized to do liver transplants for the Veterans Administration. One hundred one (69%) of these contact calls resulted in a patient evaluation. Of the 101 patients evaluated, 77 (76%) were accepted for liver transplantation (OLTx). Of these 77, 67 (87%) were transplanted. The reasons for denial of transplant evaluation were numerous and included metastatic cancer, active alcoholism, homosexuality, and a variety of concurrent medical problems. The reasons for denying liver transplantation after evaluation were similar and included concurrent medical problems that contraindicated transplantation (N=14), metastatic cancer (N=6), and liver disease of insufficient severity to justify transplantation (N=3). The number of transplants performed annually by the Veterans Administration increased from one in 1983 to 21 in 1988. Seventeen second grafts and two third grafts were transplanted in 17 cases, resulting in a retransplant rate of 22%; 46% of the patients receiving a second graft survived. None of those receiving three grafts survived. The reasons for retransplantation included acute and/or chronic rejection (N=6), hepatic artery thrombosis (N=5), primary graft failure (N=4), recurrent cancer (N=2), fulminant hepatitis and portal venous emboli (one each). A total of 45 transplanted patients are still alive (67% of those transplanted). The posttransplant survival rate has increased steadily to a high of 81% in 1988 (overall during the study period it was 67%). Based on these data, we conclude that; (1) earlier referral of veterans for OLTx is necessary,.(2) the presence of either a concurrent additional medical problem or metastatic cancer are common causes for denial of OLTx candidacy in veterans, and (3) transplant results obtained in the Veterans Administration are not as good as those obtained in the private sector.This work supported in part by grants NIDDK 325565 and NIAAA 06601.     

血清肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白与非酒精性脂肪肝病程度及相关临床指标的关联及其意义

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic-fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者血清肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(liver-type fatty acid binding protein,L-FABP)与脂肪肝程度及相关临床指标的关系及其意义。方法入选NAFLD 60例,健康对照60例。ELISA法测定血清L-FABP(g/L)及血生化指标,同时计算体重指数(BMl),腰臀比(WHR)及稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),B超判定脂肪肝程度。结果 NAFLD组与对照组相比,血清L-FABP明显增高,(19.35±6.55 vs 15.31±2.49)。NAFLD组ALT、TG、FBG,BMI、WHR水平明显高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05),TC、AST、GGT两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相关性检测结果 L-FABP水平与ALT(r=0.624,P<0.05)、TG(r=0.617,P<0.05)、FBG(r=0.579,P<0.05)、WHR(r=0.692,P<0.05)、BMI(r=0.588,P<0.05),HOMA-IR(r=0.562,P<0.05)呈正相关,与HDL-C(r=-0.596,P<0.05)呈负相关。血清L-FABP含量与脂肪肝程度比较,轻度vs中度(15.85±2.91 vs 18.37±3.80)(g/L),方差分析结果 P>0.05,中度vs重度(18.37±3.80 vs 25.03±5.26)(g/L)P<0.05,与对照组(15.31±2.49)(g/L)比较,仅重度脂肪肝组差异显著,其他各组无统计学差异。结论重度NAFLD血清L-FABP水平明显增高,L-FABP水平与一些肝功能生化指标有关。     

Liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis–The CON view

In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) who have failed medical therapy, liver transplantation (LT) remains a controversial therapeutic option. This is exemplified by the fact that most of these patients will not have had a period of abstinence prior to consideration for transplantation. Both abstinence before transplantation and the duration of abstinence are important predictors of post‐transplant relapse. Furthermore, relapse after transplantation has been associated with accelerated graft injury and increase mortality. Recent pilot studies have demonstrated a benefit in short‐term survival with early transplantation in highly selected small number of patients compared to matched controls. The results of these studies raises the possibility of extending graft allocation to these subjects. Despite stringent assessment and a multi‐tiered approach to selecting out patients for transplantation, the relapse rate was not insignificant at 12%. As the long‐term outcome remains unclear, further relapses with time can still occur. These studies also highlight the fact that the overwhelming majority of subjects with severe AH who are non‐responsive to medical therapy are not suitable for LT. Indeed, further large‐scale multicentre prospective studies with long‐term follow‐up are required to confirm the preliminary findings.     

Bone Mineral Status in End-Stage Liver Disease and the Effect of Liver Transplantation

Background: The aim of this study was to determine bone mass at different skeletal sites in patients with end-stage liver disease and the effect of liver transplantation on bone mineralization.

Methods: Bone mineral density in different skeletal regions was measured by photon absorptiometry in 25 patients with chronic liver disease, and the measurements were repeated in nine patients after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Results: In patients with liver failure bone mass values were not significantly different from those of controls. After liver transplantation bone mass decreased significantly during the first 6 posttransplant months at the distal radius, lumbar spine, and femur (p < 0.01) and was still below pretransplant values at the 12th posttransplant month. Serum osteocalcin increased significantly from the 3rd month after transplantation (from 6.9 ± 4.4 to 12.0 ± 6.5 μg/l; p < 0.0001) and remained increased throughout the first posttransplant year.

Conclusion: Early and accelerated bone loss occurred after liver transplantation. This bone reduction seems to be mainly the result of increased bone resorption, possibly related to corticosteroid therapy.     

Liver transplantation: the Italian experience

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is the standard treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease no longer responsive to conventional medical treatment AIMS: To report the long-term experience of liver transplantation in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained retrospectively by means of a multiple-item form collected from 15 Italian liver transplant centres. The filing centre was centralized. RESULTS: A total of 3323 liver transplants were performed on 3026 patients, with a cumulative proportional survival of 72.4%. Three, 5 and 10 years' patient survival rates were 72.3%, 68.8% and 61.3%, respectively. The most common indication for liver transplantation were hepatitis B virus (+/- hepatitis D virus)- and hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis (59.4%). Excellent survival rates were observed particularly in controversial indications, such as alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Retransplantation was required in 8.9% of the cases. The overall prevalence of acute cellular rejection episodes was 43.5%. In our study population, primary non-function and disease recurrence were the most common causes of graft failure (28.7% and 25.4%, respectively). Infections and/or sepsis were the most common causes of death after transplantation (42%). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that patients with controversial indications to liver transplantation such as alcoholic cirrhosis, HBV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma can achieve excellent survival when properly selected.