血管内超声分析斑块组成与冠状动脉重构之间的关系

目的 本研究的目的旨在应用血管内超声显像(IVUS)技术探讨斑块组成与冠状动脉重构之间的关系.方法 对77例冠心病患者(男性53例,平均年龄58±10岁)的罪犯血管采用ClearView或Galaxy2 (美国波士顿科学公司)血管内超声显像仪进行IVUS检查,其中31例为稳定性心绞痛,46例为急性冠状动脉综合征.对病变进行定性和定量测定.根据斑块组成回声的不同,分为软斑块、纤维斑块、钙化斑块和混合斑块,后三者统称为硬斑块.重构指数(RI)=病变处血管横截面积/平均参考血管面积.若RI＞1.0为正性重构;RI＜1.0为负性重构.比较不同重构形式病变的特性.结果 77处病变中,45处(58%)发生正性重构,32处(42%)发生负性重构.比较两组患者的临床表现,正性重构的患者更多的表现为急性冠状动脉综合征(74%比43%, P=0.006).与负性重构相比,正性重构病变部位的斑块面积和血管面积较大,斑块组成更多为软斑块(71%比34%, P＝0.001),发生钙化的较少(21%比54%, P＝0.003),钙化范围也较小[(18±37)°比(40±50)°, P＝0.027].进行多因素回归分析后,斑块组成和临床表现在两组患者中的差别仍具有统计学意义.结论冠状动脉重构与临床表现及斑块组成有关,正性重构病变软斑块较多见且钙化较少.     

急性冠状动脉综合征的血管内超声特征

目的　应用血管内超声研究急性冠状动脉综合征的病变基础。方法　 113例患者 [男78例 ,女 35例 ,平均年龄 (6 3± 12 )岁 ]接受冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查。其中不稳定性心绞痛 5 7例 ,急性心肌梗死 (1个月内 ) 34例 ,稳定性心绞痛 2 2例。血管内超声检查 :根据斑块回声的强弱 ,将其分为以下几类 :(1)软斑块 ,粥样硬化斑块的回声比血管壁外膜的回声弱 ;(2 )纤维斑块 ,粥样硬化斑块的回声等于或超过血管壁外膜 ;(3)钙化斑块 ,表现为比血管管壁外膜回声强并且后方有清楚的声影。软性斑块成分或硬性斑块成分超过 80 %判定为软斑块或硬斑块 ,否则判定为混合性斑块。结果　与稳定性心绞痛相比 ,血管内超声发现 4 8例 (84 % )不稳定性心绞痛及 30例 (88% )急性心肌梗死患者的目标病变为软斑块 (P <0 0 1)。 6例 (11% )不稳定性心绞痛及 6例 (18% )急性心肌梗死患者目标病变含有脂质池。并发现 9例 (16 % )不稳定性心绞痛及 12例 (35 % )急性心肌梗死患者伴有斑块破裂 (P <0 0 1)。稳定性心绞痛的病变则以硬斑块、钙化病变为多。另外 ,在不稳定性心绞痛组及急性心肌梗死组中半数以上的目标病变呈偏心性。结论　血管内超声可以识别不稳定斑块 (富含脂质池及薄纤维帽 ) ,并证实其破裂与急性冠状动脉综合征发     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声特征.方法 36例急性冠状动脉综合征患者和20例稳定型心绞痛患者进行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查.应用血管内超声分别观察比较冠状动脉内斑块的性质,同时测量冠状动脉病变部位及其参考部位的血管外弹力膜面积、管腔面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率,并计算斑块的偏心指数及血管重构指数.结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者中脂质斑块占77.8%(28/36),其中10例发生斑块破裂及血栓形成;稳定型心绞痛患者主要为纤维性斑块及混合性斑块,脂质斑块仅占10%(2/20),无斑块破裂及血栓形成.两组斑块的特征包括偏心性、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率具有显著性差异.不稳定性斑块呈现明显的正性重构,占72.2%(26/36),而稳定性斑块主要表现为负性重构,占75%(15/20).结论血管内超声能够准确地识别动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块,为早期临床发现不稳定性斑块并预测斑块破裂奠定了基础.     

冠状动脉重构的血管内超声研究

目的应用血管内超声探讨冠状动脉重构的病变特征及其与临床表现的关系。方法39例急性冠脉综合征患者与45例稳定性心绞痛患者进行冠脉造影及血管内超声检查，对病变进行定性和定量测定。包括外弹力膜血管面积（EEMA）、最小血管内膜腔面积、斑块面积、斑块体积及斑块的性状和重构指数，根据血管内超声斑块的性状分为软斑块和硬斑块（包括纤维斑块、钙化斑块和混合斑块）。重构指数（RI）=病变处EEMA／平均参考血管处EEMA。若RI〉1．0为正性重构，RI〈1．0为负性重构。结果正性重构及负性重构两组年龄、性别及冠心病危险因素等无明显差别，急性冠状动脉综合征的患者更多的表现为正性重构（61．4％vs30．0％，P〈0．01）。稳定性心绞痛的患者更多的表现为负性重构（70．0％vs38．6％，P〈0．01）。与负性重构相比，正性重构一般狭窄程度较轻，但病变部位的血管面积及斑块面积较大[（17．8±7．0）vs（13．6±4．9）mm^2，（12．2±5．5）vs（9．5±4．8）mm^2，P〈0．01），同时正性重构多为偏心性软斑块，发生钙化的较少。结论正性重构及负性重构的病理特征不同，正性重构病变以软斑块及偏心性斑块多见，冠状动脉重构与临床表现及斑块特征有关。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉重构的影响因素与病变特征

目的研究冠状动脉正性重构的影响因素与病变特征。方法测定124例冠心病患者的C反应蛋白、血脂、血常规、血沉等指标,并行冠状动脉造影,将患者分为有、无冠状动脉正性重构两组,比较两组患者实验室检查、临床表现和冠状动脉病变特点,单因素及多元logistic回归分析冠状动脉正性重构的影响因素。结果存在“罪犯”血管正性重构者占33.1%,不稳定性心绞痛的正性重构率高于稳定性心绞痛(分别43.0%和15.6%,P<0.01)。冠状动脉正性重构者不稳定性心绞痛比例、C反应蛋白水平和白细胞数明显高于无正性重构患者;而两组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟率、血脂、血沉、中性粒细胞及高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患病率差异无显著性;正性重构者的多支病变、弥漫性病变、偏心病变、管壁不光滑比例及合并狭窄程度明显大于无正性重构者;多元logistic回归分析显示,与正性重构独立相关的因素是C反应蛋白水平和管壁不光滑。结论冠状动脉正性重构主要与炎症有关,并伴随不稳定斑块的继发病理改变。     

稳定性不稳定性心绞痛冠状动脉斑块形态和狭窄程度的对比研究

目的：探讨稳定性心绞痛、不稳定性心绞痛及急性心绞痛及急性心肌梗死发生的病理形态基础及其差异。方法：选取临床及心电图确认的稳定性心绞痛和死于急性心肌梗死的不稳定性心绞痛死亡病例的心脏作为研究材料,将冠状动脉剥离后固定、脱钙,然后连续取材,光镜观察两组冠状动脉斑块的形态、狭窄程度及血栓形成情况。结果：１５例稳定性心绞痛共取材８８９个块中,８４．０％为稳定斑块,斑块没有或仅有很小的脂质坏死中心,表面被覆的纤维帽较厚;而不稳定斑块（指斑块脂质坏殛中心超过４０％,表面被覆的纤维帽也较薄）仅占１６．０％。２０例伴有急性心肌梗死的不稳定性心绞痛共１２１０个取材块中,稳定斑块占６９．０％,与稳定性心绞痛组比较差异有显性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。冠状动脉各分支狭窄程度两组间差异无显性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。２０例伴有心肌梗死的不稳定性心绞     

同型半胱氨酸水平与冠状动脉斑块易损性相关性的研究

目的:探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平(HCY)与冠状动脉斑块易损性的相关性。方法:入选2015年1月至2015年12月,我科首次接受冠状动脉内药物洗脱支架置入术治疗的的冠心病患者78例,对病变部位进行血管内超声检查(IVUS),根据其特征分为易损斑块组(49例)及稳定型斑块组(29例)。比较两组患者的一般资料及HCY水平并对冠状动脉病变部位IVUS图像进行定量和定性分析。结果:与稳定斑块组相比,易损斑块组HCY水平显著增加(P0.01);其病变处血管面积(EEMA)、斑块面积(PA)、斑块负荷(PB)、偏心指数(EI)、正性重构及脂质斑块均显著增加(P0.05);负性重构更多见于稳定斑块组(P0.01)。HCY与EEMA、PA、PB、EI、正性重构及脂质斑块呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:高同型半胱氨酸水平增加冠心病患者病变血管斑块的不稳定性,联合IVUS检查有助于对冠状动脉易损斑块的判断。     

冠状动脉轻中度病变斑块成分与重构指数关系的IVUS研究

选择经冠状动脉造影确诊为单一轻中度病变的冠心病患者63例，对罪犯血管行血管内超声（IVUS）检查，对病变进行定性和定量分析。根据斑块回声分为软斑块、硬斑块（纤维斑块、钙化斑块、混合斑块）、脂核斑块、斑块破裂。重构指数（RI）=病变处血管横截面积／平均参考血管面积。RI≥1.05为正性重构；RI〈1.05为无、负性重构。结果63处病变中，34处（54％）正性重构，29处（46％）无、负性重构。正性重构病变部位的斑块面积和血管面积较大，斑块组成多为软斑块、脂核斑块，偏心斑块较多。钙化较少。正性重构患者多表现为ACS。两组进行多因素回归分析后，斑块组成和临床表现在两组中的差别仍具有统计学意义。认为正性重构病变性质以软斑块、脂核斑块、偏心斑块为主，并且钙化较少，负性重构钙化的成分比较多，冠状动脉重构形式与临床表现及斑块组成有关。     

血管内超声对变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变特征的研究

目的:探讨血管内超声对变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变特征。方法:变异型心绞痛患者10例,稳定型心绞痛患者13例。对每例患者行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查。对病变斑块的性质、形态、部位、血管管腔面积狭窄程度、血管重构指数等指标进行分析。结果:变异型心绞痛组与稳定型心绞痛组最小斑块厚度、斑块偏心指数、局部面积狭窄率、管腔面积狭窄率指标差异有统计学意义。IVUS检测血管重构指数、正性重构、负性重构在2组差异有统计学意义。结论:变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉血管内目标斑块以偏心性纤维化斑块为主,血管管腔面积狭窄程度以轻中度狭窄为主,血管重构以正性重构为主。变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉有粥样硬化斑块的形成,管腔有不同程度的狭窄。     

血管内超声在分辨急性冠状动脉综合征合并血栓性病变时的局限性

<正> 急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndromes,ACS)是指冠状动脉病变致严重狭窄或闭塞产生的一组临床综合征,包括不稳定性心绞痛、急性心肌梗死和猝死,主要由于不稳定的动脉粥样硬化斑块(或称易损斑块)受侵蚀或破裂继发血栓引起。易损斑块破裂的临床表现取决于继发血栓及相应冠状动脉血流减少形成的程度,许多病变可通过破裂、附壁血栓形成或斑块重构而增长。因此,临床上根据易损斑块的各种特性早期识别,并给予适当处理,对ACS的防治具有重要意义。     

急性冠脉综合征病变的血管内超声研究

目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)冠状动脉粥样斑块病变的血管内超声(IVUS)特点.方法 应用IVUS观察35例稳定型心绞痛(SA)和49例急性冠脉综合征(包括急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛)患者冠脉病变处的粥样硬化斑块的特征.结果 ACS组患者冠脉病变处以软斑块为主69.4% (34/49),SA患者冠脉病变处以硬斑块为主77.1% ( 27/35),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中ACS组不稳定斑块和斑块破裂,血栓形成病变占总病变的57.2%,与SA组(8.6%)相比具有显著差异性(P＜0.01);同时两组患者斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数相比差异亦具有显著性(P＜0.01);ACS患者主要以正性重构为主(59.2%),而SA患者主要以负性重构为主(57.1%),二者均有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论 ACS组软斑块及斑块破裂、血栓形成、血管正性重构发生率明显高于SA组,IVUS检查是在体观察粥样斑块的良好手段,并可以指导治疗策略.     

稳定型心绞痛冠状动脉斑块结构与重构关系的研究

目的:探讨血管内超声对稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者冠状动脉(冠脉)病变斑块结构与血管重构关系的评估价值。方法:在冠脉介入治疗前应用血管内超声对SAP患者的冠脉病变进行研究。根据测定的重构指数(RI)将患者分为A组(负重构,RI<1.0)和B组(正重构,RI≥1.0),根据管腔面积狭窄率分为管腔面积狭窄率<70%组(轻中度狭窄组)和管腔面积狭窄率≥70%组(重度狭窄组)。结果:①与A组比较,B组近端参考段斑块负荷小,病变处的管腔面积和外弹力膜面积大、斑块负荷小,硬斑块所占比例少,病变处最大钙化弧度和长度小;②与轻中度狭窄组比较,重度狭窄组负重构多,软斑块少,病变处管腔面积小,病变处斑块面积和斑块负荷大,RI偏小,病变最大钙化弧度大。结论:不同程度管腔狭窄的SAP患者中,斑块钙化在负重构和严重管腔狭窄中占优势,负重构更常见于严重狭窄病变。     

稳定型与不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉内超声的对比研究

目的　应用血管内超声对稳定与不稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉病变进行对比分析。方法　 10 5例同时进行了选择性冠状动脉造影和血管内超声的患者 ,按心绞痛性质分为稳定型心绞痛组 (SA组 )和不稳定型心绞痛组 (UA组 ) ,比较两组患者冠状动脉狭窄程度、斑块形态和性质的差异。结果　两组冠状动脉造影显示的病变血管及狭窄程度差异无显著性 ;血管内超声显示 ,UA组病变以脂质斑块多见 ,SA组病变则以纤维斑块和钙化斑块更常见 ;SA组病变钙化的程度较UA组严重 ;UA组病变自发性内膜撕裂和血栓形成的比例明显高于SA组。结论　血管内超声显示 ,稳定型与不稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉病变在形态和性质上存在明显差异。     

Coronary arterial remodeling in differing clinical presentations of unstable angina pectoris--an intravascular ultrasound study

BACKGROUND: Coronary arterial remodeling influences the clinical presentation of ischemic heart disease; however, there is little information on the relationship between coronary arterial remodeling and the type of angina pectoris that patients manifest. HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to determine the difference of coronary arterial remodeling in patients with different types of angina pectoris. METHODS: We analyzed 100 patients with ischemic heart disease using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Intracoronary IVUS images of proximal reference (PR), distal reference (DR), and target lesion were recorded, and intraluminal area (LA) and external elastic membrane (EEM) were measured. We defined a remodeling index as 100 x (lesion EEM - [PR-EEM + DR-EEM]/2) / ([PR-EEM + DR-EEM]/2). Cases were classified into three groups according to the clinical history (Group 1a: de novo unstable angina pectoris, Group 1b: accelerating unstable angina pectoris, and Group 2; stable angina pectoris). RESULTS: The remodeling index in Group 1a was significantly larger than that in Groups 1b and 2 (18.6 +/- 28.5 vs. 5.3 +/- 27.1 and 18.6 +/- 28.5 vs. -2.7 +/- 17.6, p = 0.0347 and p = 0.0005, respectively), but there was no statistical difference in remodeling index between Groups 1b and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that positive coronary arterial remodeling is more prevalent in patients with new onset of angina pectoris. The specific type of coronary arterial remodeling may affect the clinical presentation of patients with coronary artery disease.     

冠心病患者血浆血栓调节蛋白水平的测定及其临床意义

目的　测定冠心病患者血浆血栓调节蛋白 ( throm bom odulin,TM)水平并探讨其临床意义。方法　急性心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛、稳定型心绞痛三组患者及正常对照组 ,抽取血浆并用酶联免疫吸附试验测量其血浆 TM水平。结果　急性心肌梗死组、不稳定型心绞痛组、稳定型心绞痛组血浆 TM水平均高于正常对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;急性心肌梗死组与不稳定型心绞痛组间患者血浆 TM水平没有显著性差异 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,但均高于稳定型心绞痛组和正常对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆可溶性 TM水平是反映冠心病患者内皮细胞损伤程度和范围的良好标志 ,对急性心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛、稳定型心绞痛的鉴别有一定的临床指导意义     

Comparison of levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with acute myocardial infarction versus unstable angina pectoris versus stable angina pectoris

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important for resorption of extracellular matrixes and may degrade the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque, thus contributing to coronary plaque rupture. Histologic studies have shown MMP expression in lesions of acute coronary syndrome. In this study, we evaluated the relation between plaque morphology as obtained by intravascular ultrasound before percutaneous coronary intervention and serum MMP levels in patients who had coronary artery disease. We enrolled consecutive 47 patients who had acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 23 who had unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 19 who had stable effort angina pectoris and underwent intravascular ultrasound before percutaneous coronary intervention followed by successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Peripheral blood was obtained from all patients before angiography and serum levels of MMP-1,-2, and -9 were analyzed. Serum levels of MMP-9 in the AMI and UAP groups were significantly higher than that in the stable effort angina pectoris group (p = 0.007 and 0.04, respectively). From the intravascular ultrasound findings before percutaneous coronary intervention, plaque rupture was detected in 26 patients (55%) in the AMI group and in 11 patients (48%) in the UAP group. In these 2 groups, patients with plaque rupture had significantly higher levels of MMP-9 than patients who did not have plaque rupture (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that MMP-9 was the only independent predictor of plaque rupture (p = 0.004). In conclusion, high levels of MMP-9 in patients who have AMI and UAP are related to the presence of plaque rupture in the culprit lesion.     

Coronary artery calcification revisited

Calcification is a common finding in human coronary arteries. However, there is conflicting evidence for a link between calcification and plaque instability. Current intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) technology allows a definitive detection of the calcification and measurement of the vessel wall. Using preinterventional IVUS images, we clarified that in patients with acute myocardial infarction, small "spotty" calcifications prevailed, associated with a fibrofatty plaque and positive remodeling. Conversely, in patients with stable angina pectoris, extensive calcification was frequent. IVUS allows the detection of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries, by identifying not only a large lipid core and positive remodeling, but also a spotty pattern of calcification.     

Intracoronary temperature in patients with coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES: Measurements of changes in plaque temperature may predict plaque rupture. The present study investigated variations in temperature within the atherosclerotic coronary artery using a pressure guide wire with thermal sensor (dual sensor guide wire). METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients (78 lesions), who had no significant lesion at the orifice of the culprit coronary artery, were studied. The patients had acute myocardial infarction (22 patients), unstable angina pectoris (20 patients), and stable angina pectoris (35 patients). The thermal sensor was calibrated at the orifice of the coronary artery, and then inserted into the culprit coronary artery. deltaT was defined as the difference between the intracoronary temperature at the position of the pressure gradient and at the orifice. deltaT was higher in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris than in patients with stable angina pectoris (0.09 +/- 0.07 and 0.07 +/- 0.07 vs 0.03 +/- 0.04 degrees C, p < 0.001, p = 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in deltaT between patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris (p = 0.48). Patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris showed a significant relationship between deltaT and C-reactive protein (r = 0.59, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: The variations in intracoronary temperature of the culprit coronary arteries in patients with acute coronary syndrome were higher than those in patients with stable angina pectoris. These variations may be related to inflammation of vulnerable plaque.     

C反应蛋白水平与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病(CHD)与C反应蛋白(CRP)之间的关系.方法 测定50例正常对照人群和80例经冠状动脉造影证实为CHD患者血浆的CRP水平,其中单支病变30例、双支病变25例、三支病变25例;稳定型心绞痛31例、不稳定型心绞痛25例,急性心肌梗死24例.结果 CRP 水平在稳定型心绞痛组、不稳定型心绞痛组、急性心肌梗死组依次增高;稳定型心绞痛组(F=1.826,P＜0.05)、不稳定型心绞痛组(F=4.232,P＜0.01)及急性心肌梗死组(F=6.745,P＜0.01)的CRP水平均明显高于对照组,在冠心病组中,双支病变组(F=7.925,P＜0.01)以及三支病变组(F=9.467,P＜0.01)中CRP 水平也明显高于对照组.结论 CRP水平与冠心病和冠脉病变程度相关.