中国部分省市糖尿病足调查及医学经济学分析

目的调查和分析2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足的分类分期和医疗费用。方法以统一的调查方法对全国11个省市、14家三级甲等医院2004年全年门诊和住院糖尿病足患者进行调查,包括病史回顾、体格检查、生化检查及医疗费用等,对足溃疡进行分类、分期和病因分析,以及采用踝肱动脉压比值确定下肢血管病变程度。结果共调查糖尿病足与周围血管病变患者634例。足病高发在年龄71~80岁、病程11~20年、文化程度初小及初中、月收入501~1500元的糖尿病患者。足病患者合并糖尿病并发症或相关病变依次为神经病变(68.0%)、高血压(57.4%)、视网膜病变(42.8%)、肾病(40.4%)、血脂异常(30.0%)、下肢动脉病变(28.7%)、冠心病(28.5%)、脑血管病(24.3%),吸烟率为38.8%。足溃疡诱因以物理因素(77.7%)为主。足溃疡和(或)坏疽患者中,溃疡以单发(57.3%)、Wagner1级和2级溃疡(63.2%)为主,合并坏疽者28.8%,部位多在足趾(88.0%),干性坏疽居多(49.1%)。足溃疡以混合型溃疡为主(60.4%),67.9%的溃疡合并感染。糖尿病足溃疡患者平均住院日数为26天,住院总费用为14906元。206例糖尿病足患者的主要费用的分布为药品费7661元、检查费2567元、治疗费1548元、处置-换药费771元。结论糖尿病足患者多为高龄、文化程度低、收入低者;多已合并大血管及微血管病并发症。足溃疡中单发、表浅及缺血溃疡多见,合并感染率高;医疗花费大,以药品花费最多。     

抗生素应用于糖尿病足溃疡局部的利与弊

长期住院治疗的糖尿病患者合并足感染比较多见,约15％的糖尿病患者会合并足部溃疡,糖尿病足溃疡患者中约有70％的患者合并感染。糖尿病足已成为截肢的首要原因。有调查显示,在我国大城市中,约有2％～4％的糖尿病患者因糖尿病足而住院,4％～10％的糖尿病住院患者合并糖尿病足溃疡。足部溃疡是糖尿病患者死亡的重要原因。本文对糖尿病足溃疡局部抗感染处理进行了总结,阐述如下。     

糖尿病足的诊断与治疗

糖尿病足是由于糖尿病血管、神经病变引起下肢异常的总称,因合并感染引起肢端坏疽者称糖尿病肢端坏疽,是糖尿病足发展的一个严重阶段[1].据报道,在美国1600万糖尿病患者中,有近25%的患者并发过足部溃疡;糖尿病足部溃疡多发于糖尿病病程10年以上者,病程超过20年以上者,45%患者存在有足部神经障碍性病变[2];在德国,Gulan等报道,糖尿病足部溃疡的发生率占糖尿病总数的15%,需要截肢(趾)者高达33%,而且不管截肢与否,糖尿病足部溃疡患者的死亡率高达29%,而在Wagner分级中4级上而未行手术治疗严重患者,死亡率达54%[3],由此造成的经济和社会负担也相当大,Benotmane报道,在1779名糖尿病住院患者中,有163例(占9.16%)因足部损害而住院,这163名患者总的住院天数为7247天,平均45天,总的住院费用达914,534.39美元,无论是住院天数,还是住院费用均随足部病变的严重程度而增加[4].因此,早期预防,早期治疗糖尿病足部溃疡,阻止病变向严重情况发展,不仅能减少糖尿病患者的足部溃疡的发病率,及其死亡率,而且还能减少治疗所带来的沉重的经济和社会负担.     

糖尿病足溃疡局部应用抗生素的利与弊

与其他糖尿病并发症相比，长期住院治疗的糖尿病患者中，足感染是最多见的。约15％的糖尿病患者可能出现足部溃疡，糖尿病足病在许多国家已是截肢的首位原因。在中国大城市的住院糖尿病患者中，约有2％～4％的患者因糖尿病足而住院，4％～10％的住院糖尿病患者合并糖尿病足溃疡。     

1995～1999年糖尿病住院费用分析

目的 分析近5年糖尿病患者住院费用的增长及分布情况。方法 采用总后勤部信息统计中心制发的全军病案首页,按照国际疾病分类法,抽取1995－1999年住院的糖尿病病案。结果 5年内我院共收住948例、1509例次糖尿病患者。年人均住院费用以及药费、检查费、床位护理费和住院天数分别由1995年2382元、950元、621元、524元增至1999年的4850元、1734元、1198元、1564元,分别增加了103．7％、82．5％、92．9％、198．5％,住院天数则减少2天。糖尿病合并单纯性脑梗塞、单纯性高血压、胆囊炎和／或胆结石、上呼吸道感染的人均医疗费用分别为无糖尿病的同类病变患者的2．02、1．89、1．32、3．70倍,住院日则分别延长9．7日、2．0日、10．8日和9．1日。同一年龄段糖尿病合并胆囊炎和／或胆结石的患者与对照者比较,前者住院总费用、药费、检查费、床位护理费和其它费用均明显高于后者,统计学有非常显著性差异。结论 近5年来,糖尿病的住院费用增加了一倍以上,其中床位护理费增加近2倍;因其它疾病住院的糖尿病显著性差异。结论 近5年来,糖尿病的住院费用增加了一倍以上,其中床位护理费增加近2倍;因其它疾病住院的糖尿病患者的医疗费用明显高于无糖尿病的同类病变者。本文强调要加强糖尿病防治工作,重视该病的卫生经济学研究。     

老年糖尿病患者足病变的诊断与防治

糖尿病足的定义是发生于糖尿病患者的与局部神经异常和下肢远端外周血管病变相关的足部感染、溃疡和／或深层组织破坏。国外的资料说明，所有的因糖尿病有关问题的住院中，糖尿病足占到47％。糖尿病足溃疡和截肢所带来的医疗耗费巨大，在美国此项费用几乎相当于其余糖尿病并发症的医疗花费的总和。     

糖尿病足患者住院费用调查及影响因素的研究

目的调查糖尿病足(DF)患者住院费用,分析其影响因素。方法对2009~2015年901例、1146例次DF患者进行回顾性调查,分析住院时间、住院费用及构成等。结果 2015年平均发病年龄较2009年减少5.7岁(x~2=45.89,P0.001)。糖尿病合并症及并发症、Wagner分级、年龄对患者住院时间及费用均有影响(P0.05)。消费价格指数经调整后,住院费用先增长后下降,以2012年最多(27629.6元);住院时间整体呈下降趋势,2015年较2009年减少15.5 d(x~2=61.16,P0.001);患者合并多种并发症,且并发症患病率逐年增加。结论 2009~2015年,DF患者的医疗费用先增长后下降,住院时间明显减少;发病人群以男性居多,且具有高龄化、病程长、高费用等特点。糖尿病患者应及早采取措施,严格控制血糖,降低糖尿病并发症,预防DF的发生。     

糖尿病足病防治中应贯彻的基本原则：专业化处置、多学科协作和预防为主

糖尿病足是常见的糖尿病慢性并发症之一,给社会经济带来沉重负担.美国2007年的糖尿病医疗费用高达1160亿美元,其中糖尿病足溃疡的治疗费用占到33%以上[1].虽然我国尚无包括医疗费用在内的全国性糖尿病足病相关数据,但最近调查显示,糖尿病足溃疡已成为我国住院患者中慢性溃疡的主要原因,在慢性溃疡患者中所占的比例已从1996年调查时的4.9%升至2008年调查时的33.0%[2].糖尿病患者截肢后预后较差,李翔等[3]报道患者截肢后5年的病死率接近40%.因此,糖尿病足的防治有着重要的临床意义.国外糖尿病足防治和截肢率下降的成功经验告诉我们,在糖尿病足防治中应该贯彻3项基本原则,即专业化处置、多学科协作和预防为主.     

糖尿病足患者的临床特点及住院费用分析

目的　调查糖尿病足患者的临床特点以及影响住院费用的主要因素。方法　调查分析 6 3例因糖尿病足住院患者的临床特点、住院费用以及影响住院费用的主要因素。结果　 6 3例患者平均年龄 6 5岁 ,糖尿病病程9年 ,三分之二的患者是小学以下文化程度 ,有一半的患者治疗顺应性差 ,38%的患者HbA1c >10 % ;分别有 39%、30 %和 2 6 %的患者血胆固醇 >5 .17mmol/L、甘油三酯 >1.7mmol/L和HDL C <0 .9mmol/L ;6 3%的患者有吸烟习惯。合并高血压病 31例 (5 0 % ) ,其中分别有 2 1%、2 0 %的患者血压 >16 0 /95mmHg、>180 /10 5mmHg ;冠心病2 8例 (4 5 % ) ,慢性心功能不全的 7例 (11% ) ;脑血管疾病的 2 2例 (35 % ) ;神经病变 6 1例 (97% ) ;视网膜病变 37例(5 9% ) ;肾病 2 7例 (4 3% ) ,其中慢性肾功能衰竭 2例 (3% )。 9例合并表浅的足溃疡 ,2 1例合并软组织感染和足溃疡 ,19例足溃疡合并深部感染 ,5例足趾局限性坏疽 ,9例足的广泛坏疽。住院天数和住院费用的中位数分别为2 3d和 830 1元。患者有否高血压史 (而不是现在的血压值 )、HDL C水平降低、心电图异常和微血管病变在住院费用方面存在明显的差异。结论　有足病变的糖尿病患者文化程度低 ,微血管和大血管并发症发生率高 ,住院费用高 ,治疗上更需要多学科     

糖尿病足部溃疡的原因及对策

糖尿病足部溃疡的原因 专家提出，糖尿病足部溃疡的原因主要是糖尿病神经病变、糖尿病血管病变，以及在此基础上合并感染。单纯因为糖尿病血管病变引起者占15％左右，单纯因为糖尿病神经病变引起者占30％左右，而多数糖尿病足部溃疡患者同时存在糖尿病血管病变和糖尿病神经病变。     

The prevalence and nature of podiatric problems in elderly diabetic patients

To determine if diabetes in the elderly is associated with increased prevalence of podiatric problems, a random sample of diabetic patients (n = 74) was compared to a group of elderly non-diabetic patients (n = 79). The two groups were comparable in age (range 70-90 years), smoking habits, and consumption of alcohol. The mean duration of diabetes was 14.5 +/- 11.7 years (+/- SD), and mean serum fructosamine level was 3.3 +/- 0.66 mmol/L. The number of medical diagnoses and medications used was significantly higher in the diabetic group. Diabetic patients had modestly higher prevalence of neuropathy, vascular disease, kidney disease, and eye complications. The most common podiatric problem in both groups was elongated toenails. The prevalence of podiatric problems such as cellulitis, amputation, tinea pedia, onychomycosis, calluses, bunions, and hammer toe deformity were not increased in diabetic patients. Active foot ulcers were more common in diabetic patients (13/74 vs 5/79, P less than 0.05). It is concluded that diabetes in the elderly, unlike in young patients, increases the risk of foot problems only marginally.     

High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study

Aims/hypothesis Large clinical studies describing the typical clinical presentation of diabetic foot ulcers are limited and most studies were performed in single centres with the possibility of selection of specific subgroups. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of diabetic patients with a foot ulcer in 14 European hospitals in ten countries. Methods The study population included 1,229 consecutive patients presenting with a new foot ulcer between 1 September 2003 and 1 October 2004. Standardised data on patient characteristics, as well as foot and ulcer characteristics, were obtained. Foot disease was categorised into four stages according to the presence or absence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and infection: A: PAD −, infection −; B: PAD −, infection +; C: PAD +, infection −; D: PAD +, infection +. Results PAD was diagnosed in 49% of the subjects, infection in 58%. The majority of ulcers (52%) were located on the non-plantar surface of the foot. With regard to severity, 24% had stage A, 27% had stage B, 18% had stage C and 31% had stage D foot disease. Patients in the latter group had a distinct profile: they were older, had more non-plantar ulcers, greater tissue loss and more serious comorbidity. Conclusions/interpretation According to our results in this European cohort, the severity of diabetic foot ulcers at presentation is greater than previously reported, as one-third had both PAD and infection. Non-plantar foot ulcers were more common than plantar ulcers, especially in patients with severe disease, and serious comorbidity increased significantly with increasing severity of foot disease. Further research is needed to obtain insight into the clinical outcome of these patients.     

An economic evaluation of the cost of diabetic foot ulcers: results of a retrospective study on 239 patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost of foot ulcers in diabetic patients. METHODS: Retrospective pharmacoeconomic study using direct and indirect costs (sick leave days) from the perspective of French social security system. RESULTS: 239 patients were included in the study by 80 physicians who treat diabetic patients suffering from foot ulcers. Initially identified by telephone survey, these physicians were primarily endocrinologists/diabetologists, general practitioners and surgeons. Average monthly costs in the treatment of foot ulcers were 697 euro; for outpatient care, 1556.20 euro; for hospital care (day treatment and short stays), and 34.76 euro; for sick leaves. When hospitalization was required, it represented approximately 70% of the average cost for foot ulcers. The portion of outpatient costs was principally generated by medical and paramedical treatments, and interventions carried out by healthcare personnel. On the other hand, medication only represented 10% of total costs. The initial severity of the pathology was a determinant clinical factor of high healthcare costs. In addition, the more recent the lesion was, the higher the cost of treatment. Amputation and follow-up by specialists were correlated to high costs as well, a logical result of these clinical factors. CONCLUSION: This analysis is the first to evaluate the cost of treating foot ulcers in such a large population of diabetic patients. The economic outcomes should help direct public authorities in their choices, particularly as regards the interest of treating these diabetes-related complications as early as possible.     

In hospital care for diabetic foot: a comparison between the estimated cost and the SUS reimbursement

This study aimed to analyze costs for treating patients with diabetic foot cared by the public Brazilian Health System (SUS), comparing the estimated cost with the amount of SUS reimbursement. A cohort prospective study carried out in hospitals that provide services for the Unified Health System in Sergipe, involving 109 hospitalization episodes of patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. We follow these patients day by day and estimated the hospital direct cost and the SUS reimbursement. All patients had type 2 diabetes and the majority of ulcers (64.2%) were classified as Wagner 4 or 5. Forty-three (39.4%) healed without amputation and fifty-two (47.7%) healed with amputation. Fourteen (12.8%) patients died. Hospital direct cost ranged from R$ 943.72 to R$ 16,378.85; with an average of R$ 4,461.04. The SUS reimbursement varied from R$ 96.95 to R$ 2,410.18, with an average of R$ 633.97, usually seven times low. Smaller difference between costs occurred in patients from the Beneficent hospital and higher rates occurred in those treated with minor amputation.     

The effect of creatinine clearance on the short-term outcome of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers

Reduced creatinine clearance is related to an increased risk for diabetic foot ulcer development. Wound healing has been reported to be worse in diabetic patients with impaired kidney functions than general diabetic population. This study aimed to investigate the effect of creatinine clearance on the short-term outcome of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.Data from 147 neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer episodes were included in this observational study. Patients were admitted to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital between January 2003 and June 2008. Patients were excluded if they had limb ischemia. Diabetic nephropathy was investigated by 24 h urinary albumin excretion and serum creatinine levels. Creatinine clearance was calculated according to Cockcroft–Gault formula. Foot ulcers were followed up for 6 months to determine the outcome.Our short-term follow-up revealed that neuropathic diabetic ulcers healed worse in patients with decreased creatinine clearance than in those who had normal creatinine clearance. Amputation rates were also found to be higher.Our results suggest that creatinine clearance is an important factor affecting wound healing in patients with neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.     

Association of diabetic foot ulcers with chronic vascular diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes

ContextDiabetes mellitus is a common disease which is prevalent globally, presenting with chronic complications and constitutes a major risk to the patient. Diabetic foot ulcers are the single biggest risk factor for non-traumatic lower limb amputations in persons with diabetes. We aimed to screen for the chronic vascular diabetic complications in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and to assess the association of diabetic foot ulcers with these complications in the study group.Subjects and methodsThis cross-sectional study included 180 type 2 diabetic patients (aged 30–70 years) with diabetic foot ulcers who attended the Outpatient Clinic of Diabetes in Alexandria Main University Hospital. Full diabetic foot examination was done to all study subjects. DFUs were assessed using University of Texas Diabetic Wound Classification System. HbA1c, LDL-C, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured for all study subjects. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using CKD-EPI equation. Fundus examination was done for all study subjects.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) was 86.1% and 90% respectively among the study group. 86.7% of patients had neuropathic DFUs, 11.1% of them had ischemic DFUs and 2.2% had neuro-ischemic DFUs. Regarding diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as risk factors for developing DFU, the prevalence of both of them respectively was 82% and 20% among the study group. There was statistically significant association between both DKD, DR and peripheral neuropathy. There was also statistically significant association between both DKD, DR and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).ConclusionChronic vascular diabetic complications are common among type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcers. There is statistically significant association between these complications and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an increasing problem in a diabetic foot clinic.

AIM: To study the prevalence of pathogenic organisms and the prevalence and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in foot ulcers in diabetic patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of wound swabs taken from infected foot ulcers in diabetic patients, selected from an outpatient diabetic foot clinic. Seventy-five patients (79 ulcers) with positive wound swabs were included. Size of ulcer and time to healing, in particular for MRSA-infected ulcers, were measured in all patients. RESULTS: Gram-positive aerobic bacteria were the commonest micro-organism isolated (56.7%) followed by gram-negative aerobic bacteria and anaerobes (29.8% and 13.5%, respectively). Of the gram-positive aerobes, S. aureus was found most frequently and 40% were MRSA. MRSA was isolated more commonly in patients treated with antibiotics prior to the swab compared to those who had not received antibiotics (P = 0.01). Patients whose foot ulcers were infected by MRSA had longer healing time than patients whose ulcers were infected by methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (mean (range) 35.4 (19-64) and 17.8 (8-24) weeks, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: MRSA infection is common in diabetic foot ulcers and is associated with previous antibiotic treatment and prolonged time to healing. Further studies are required to assess the need for antibiotics in treating foot ulcers in diabetes and to assess the optimum therapeutic approach to this problem.     

住院患者入院时血糖水平与医疗费用、疾病预后的相关研究

目的探讨住院患者人院时不同血糖水平与住院时间、医疗费用及疾病预后的关系。方法选取2009年11月至2011年7月期间人院的4868例患者,按入院24h内测得的血糖水平分为非高血糖组3429例、高血糖组1439例,后者包括糖尿病和应激性高血糖患者;根据患者年龄分为非老年组（年龄〈60岁）2532例和老年组（年龄≥60岁）2336例;其中278例冠心病患者再分为高血糖组120例和非高血糖组158例。各组间进行有关数据比较。结果高血糖组患者的住院天数、医疗费用和总病死率均显著高于非高血糖组（中位数住院日：15vs10d,P〈0．01;中位数医疗费用：14064．7vs8980．9元,P〈0．01;死亡率：2．92％vs0．61％,P〈0．01）。按年龄分组后,无论是非老年组还是老年组中糖尿病和应激性高血糖患者的医疗费用均明显高于非高血糖患者,住院日明显延长;应激性高血糖患者的医疗费用明显高于糖尿病患者;非老年组中应激性高血糖患者的死亡率明显高于非高血糖患者,但与糖尿病患者相比无明显差异,老年组糖尿病和应激性高血糖患者的死亡率无明显差异,但均明显高于非高血糖患者。冠心病患者中糖尿病和应激性高血糖患者与非高血糖患者的年龄无明显差异,前两组的医疗费用明显高于非高血糖组,住院日更长（分别为14,15和12d）、死亡率更高（分别为6．41％,7．14％和0．63％）。结论入院时高血糖水平预示患者有更高的医疗花费、更长的住院时间和更高的死亡率。     

中国部分省市糖尿病足病临床资料和住院费用等比较

目的比较2004年和2012年的糖尿病足病患者的临床资料、溃疡特点、预后及住院费用。方法以统一的方法调查2004年全国10个省市14家三甲医院和2012年全国11个省市15家三甲医院住院糖尿病足病患者,包括病史、生化检查、足溃疡分类分期和预后及住院费用等。采用t检验、χ2检验和u检验比较两组有关数据,住院费用进行消费价格指数校正。结果2004、2012年糖尿病足病患者分别为386例、682例。2012年与2004年相比,患者的年龄、文化程度、糖尿病病程、腰臀比、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸、血脂异常的检出率、脑血管病和外周动脉病变及糖尿病周围神经病变的患病率、溃疡性质及住院费用的差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。与2004年相比,2012年患者的足病病程短[1（1～6）比6（1～16）月,u＝-7.955,P＜0.05]、男性比例高（65.2％比58.5％,χ2＝4.738,P＜0.05）;吸烟率（45.8％比39.0％,χ2＝4.602,P＜0.05）、饮酒率（41.1％比19.1％,χ2＝51.179,P＜0.05）高;空腹血糖、餐后血糖、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低（ t＝-2.987、-2.855、-4.91、-3.748;均P＜0.05）;高血压、冠心病、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变的患病率升高（χ2＝47.572、13.297、9.638、4.329;均P＜0.05）;足溃疡的感染率、Wagner 3级以上比例及Texas D期比例升高（χ2＝6.787、40.880、11.028,均P＜0.05）;总截肢率升高,但大截肢率降低、愈合率升高（χ2＝8.838、8.908、107.773,均P＜0.05）,住院天数缩短[18（12～32）比21（15～32）d,u＝-3.349,P＜0.05]。结论2012年与2004年的糖尿病足病患者具有高龄、男性居多、文化程度低、糖尿病病程长、血糖控制差、心血管危险因素及糖尿病并发症多、住院费用高的特点。2012年与2004年相比,糖尿病足病患者合并症及并发症更多、足溃