糖尿病足部溃疡的原因及对策

糖尿病足部溃疡的原因 专家提出，糖尿病足部溃疡的原因主要是糖尿病神经病变、糖尿病血管病变，以及在此基础上合并感染。单纯因为糖尿病血管病变引起者占15％左右，单纯因为糖尿病神经病变引起者占30％左右，而多数糖尿病足部溃疡患者同时存在糖尿病血管病变和糖尿病神经病变。     

糖尿病足的诊断与治疗

糖尿病足是由于糖尿病血管、神经病变引起下肢异常的总称，因合并感染引起肢端坏疽者称糖尿病肢端坏疽．是糖尿病足发展的一个严重阶段。据报道，在美国1600万糖尿病患者中．有近25％的患者并发过足部溃疡；糖尿病足部溃疡多发于糖尿病病程10年以上者，病程超过20年以上者，45％患者存在有足部神     

糖尿病足病防治与多学科协作

根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义，糖尿病足是与局部神经异常和下肢远端外周血管病变相关的足部感染、溃疡和／或深层组织破坏。国际糖尿病足工作组将糖尿病足溃疡定义为糖尿病患者踝以下的累及全层皮肤的创面，而与这种创面的病程无关。大约80％以上的糖尿病患者的截肢起因于糖尿病足溃疡。     

糖尿病足病防治与多学科协作

根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义，糖尿病足是与局部神经异常和下肢远端外周血管病变相关的足部感染、溃疡和／或深层组织破坏。国际糖尿病足工作组将糖尿病足溃疡定义为糖尿病患者踝以下的累及全层皮肤的创面，而与这种创面的病程无关。大约80％以上的糖尿病患者的截肢起因于糖尿病足溃疡。     

足部的需要

糖尿病足是指因糖尿病血管病变和（或）神经病变和感染等因素，糖尿病患者足或下肢组织破坏的一种病变，是糖尿病患者截肢、致残的主要原因之一。通过对糖尿病足部溃疡的预防，对糖尿病足病的早期诊断和积极管理，90％以上的截肢是可以预防的，减轻患者经济负担，提高生活质量。     

糖尿病遇上合并症，该如何运动

糖尿病往往不会单打独斗,糖尿病患者除血糖升高外,常合并高血压、血脂紊乱等疾病。如果糖尿病及其合并症长期得不到控制,还会发生多种其他并发症,如糖尿病周围神经病变、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病周围血管病变、糖尿病足部溃疡、糖尿病眼病、糖尿病心血管疾病等。     

国际糖尿病足工作组和中华医学会糖尿病学分会糖尿病足诊治指南的解读与比较

为寻找糖尿病足诊疗规律,本文对比研究了国内外糖尿病足指南。本文从指南制定使用的方法学、内容划分、高危足预防、糖尿病足溃疡减压、糖尿病足溃疡周围血管病变、糖尿病足感染、糖尿病足溃疡愈合、糖尿病足溃疡分类这几个部分,比较了国际糖尿病足工作组2019年糖尿病足指南和中华医学会糖尿病学分会2019年糖尿病足指南。糖尿病足预防非常重要,溃疡减压以不可拆卸支具为主;存在外周动脉疾病时,要掌握手术适应证并采取合理治疗方法;有感染时,要根据严重程度不同选择不同的抗感染方法(含手术清创)。促进创面愈合的方法很多,但证据等级多不高;溃疡分类多,但无一能涵盖诊治全部需求。我国医护人员应当将国内外指南与当地医疗条件相结合、规范化地诊治糖尿病足。     

糖尿病足病防治中应贯彻的基本原则：专业化处置、多学科协作和预防为主

糖尿病足是常见的糖尿病慢性并发症之一,给社会经济带来沉重负担.美国2007年的糖尿病医疗费用高达1160亿美元,其中糖尿病足溃疡的治疗费用占到33%以上[1].虽然我国尚无包括医疗费用在内的全国性糖尿病足病相关数据,但最近调查显示,糖尿病足溃疡已成为我国住院患者中慢性溃疡的主要原因,在慢性溃疡患者中所占的比例已从1996年调查时的4.9%升至2008年调查时的33.0%[2].糖尿病患者截肢后预后较差,李翔等[3]报道患者截肢后5年的病死率接近40%.因此,糖尿病足的防治有着重要的临床意义.国外糖尿病足防治和截肢率下降的成功经验告诉我们,在糖尿病足防治中应该贯彻3项基本原则,即专业化处置、多学科协作和预防为主.     

远离糖尿病足——许樟荣教授访谈录

糖尿病足是糖尿病下肢神经病变、血管病变的结果。糖尿病病人因糖尿病足而造成截肢者，要比非糖尿病者高5～10倍，糖尿病足是引起糖尿病病人肢体残废的主要原因，严重地威胁着糖尿病患者的健康。糖尿病足早期有哪些蛛丝马迹？它的症状如何？能不能防治？当代糖尿病足病问题研究专家专家许樟荣教授将为您一一解答。     

于世界糖尿病日重谈糖尿病足的诊治与预防

糖尿病足治疗困难，医疗费用高。临床处理时，首先要明确糖尿病足的主要病因因素，如神经性、缺血性或神经缺血性以及是否合并感染，并根据常用的糖尿病足Wagner分级法来判断糖尿病足的严重程度，以采取相应的治疗措施，如神经性溃疡应减轻局部压力和纠正局部的畸形，周围血管病变则采用内科治疗和介入或外科治疗，感染的局部处理和全身用药等。糖尿病足的防治必须强调多学科合作和综合治疗，预防的重点在于开展糖尿病足危险因素筛查并给予纠正。     

Abnormalities of ascorbic acid metabolism and diabetic control: differences between diabetic patients and diabetic rats

Ascorbic acid is required in the synthesis of collagen and is also an important anti-oxidant. In a previous study, plasma ascorbic acid concentration was found to be decreased in diabetic patients but there was no relationship with blood glucose level. In the current study of diabetic patients, both plasma ascorbic acid and its urinary excretion correlated inversely with glycosylated hemoglobin level. Plasma ascorbic acid was also lower in diabetic rats but urinary ascorbic acid was elevated. The divergent trend in urinary ascorbic acid excretion observed in diabetic patients and diabetic rats may be due to difference in the ability of these two species to synthesize ascorbic acid. Difference in renal reabsorption of ascorbic acid may also be a relevant factor. The lower plasma and urinary ascorbic acid levels in diabetic patients with more severe hyperglycaemia indicates that this group of patients is particularly at risk of developing deficiency of this vitamin. As ascorbic acid has many important functions in the body, it may be necessary to supplement this vitamin in patients with chronically poorly controlled diabetes.     

老年糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变的患病率及相关危险因素。方法测定190例60岁及以上2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、C肽等各生化指标并检测眼底,根据眼底病变程度将患者分为糖尿病无视网膜病变(无病变组)、无增殖期视网膜病变(无增殖期组)及增殖期视网膜病变(增殖期组)3组,比较各组糖尿病病程及糖化血红蛋白等检测指标。结果无病变组103例,无增殖期组59例,增殖期组28例。3组糖尿病病程分别为(121.1±93.3)(、149.6±112.1)及(182.2±83.6)个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);糖化血红蛋白分别为(8.7±2.3)、(9.7±2.1)及(9.5±1.8)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);尿白蛋白(56.0±185.6)、(234.2±535.1)及(229.9±513.9)mg/L,(P<0.01)。Logistic回归结果显示糖尿病病程、尿白蛋白和糖化血红蛋白是糖尿病视网膜病变的独立危险因素(OR值分别为1.004、1.002和1.143)。结论在老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者中,糖尿病病程、尿白蛋白和糖化血红蛋白是3个独立的危险因素。     

The diabetic hand

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia with resultant morbidity and mortality related to its microvascular and macrovascular complications. In addition diabetes is also associated with several musculoskeletal disorders of the hand, that can be debilitating. There is increased incidence of these abnormalities in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population, related to disease duration but not to the age or sex. Typical diabetes associated hand condition include the palmar flexor tenosynovitis, Dupuytren's contracture, syndrome of limited joint mobility, carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot arthropathy and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Maintaining good glycaemic control by exercise, diet and drugs improves or prevents the development of these hand rheumatic condition. In this brief report we review the rational therapeutic approach to these disorders.     

The diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as “a distinct entity characterized by the presence of abnormal myocardial performance or structure in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease, hypertension, and significant valvular disease”. The diagnosis stems from the detection of myocardial abnormalities and the exclusion of other contributory causes of cardiomyopathy. It rests on non-invasive imaging techniques which can demonstrate myocardial dysfunction across the spectra of clinical presentation. The presence of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure, and the 75% of patients with unexplained idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were found to be diabetic. Diabetic patients with microvascular complications show the strongest association between diabetes and cardiomyopathy, an association that parallels the duration and severity of hyperglycemia. Metabolic abnormalities (that is hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipemia) can lead to the cellular alterations characterizing diabetic cardiomyopathy (that is myocardial fibrosis and/or myocardial hypertrophy) directly or indirectly (that is by means of renin-angiotensin system activation, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, alterations in calcium homeostasis). Moreover, metabolic abnormalities represent, on a clinical ground, the main therapeutic target in the patients with diabetes since the diagnosis of diabetes is made. Since diabetic cardiomyopathy is highly prevalent in the asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients, screening for its presence at the earliest stage of development can lead to prevent the progression to chronic heart failure. The most sensitive test is standard echocardiogram, while a less expensive pre-screening method is the detection of microalbuminuria.     

Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis

In a study over 15 years, 740 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in 505 patients. A total of 113 patients had more than one episode. The majority (90%) of recurrences were within 4 years of the initial episode. Taking a definition of recurrent ketoacidosis as three or more episodes within 4 years, 39 patients were identified. Two subgroups appeared prone to such frequent recurrences, namely girls less than 20 years of age and women more than 59 years of age. A variety of causes of recurrent episodes was noted in the young patients but in the older patients other chronic illnesses complicated the diabetes. The need for good domiciliary supervision of elderly chronic sick patients who require insulin is emphasized.