3,5-二碘-L-甲状腺素对白色脂肪棕色化的作用

目的 探究3,5-二碘-L-甲状腺素(T2)诱导白色脂肪棕色化的作用.方法 3T3-LI脂肪前体细胞诱导分化并用油红O染色进行鉴定;细胞分化过程中予不同浓度梯度(1 nmol/L、10 nmol/L、100 nmol/L)的T2处理,待细胞分化成熟后,分别用实时荧光定量PCR、Western印迹检测解耦联蛋白-1(UCP-1)表达水平的变化;仅予高浓度(100 nmol/L) T2处理,Western印迹法检测其他棕色脂肪功能性基因,包括诱导细胞死亡DNA片段化因子α样效应因子A(CIDEA)、过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ协同刺激因子-1α(PGC-1α)蛋白表达变化.结果 3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞呈成纤维细胞样形态,胞浆中无脂滴;诱导分化成熟后光镜下油红O染色可见细胞内大量环状脂滴.在细胞分化过程中予不同浓度T2干预后,分化成熟的脂肪细胞上UCP-1 mRNA水平均有升高(t=3.97、11.77、17.7,P均＜0.05),蛋白表达水平也均有改变(t=13.31、14.55、23.62,P均＜0.05),且在高浓度(100nmoL/L)下最明显.在高浓度T2(100 nmol/L)干预下,成熟脂肪细胞的棕色脂肪其他功能性基因蛋白CIDEA、PGC-1α水平表达增加(t=15.92、17.36,P均＜0.05).结论 T2可诱导由3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞分化而来的成熟白色脂肪细胞表达棕色脂肪功能性基因.     

3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化

目的 探讨体外培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化与脂肪细胞分化、脂质积聚之间的关系.方法 应用3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、胰岛紊、地塞米松联合方案诱导其分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,采用油红0染色观察脂肪细胞分化及脂质聚集情况,并应用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术检测chemerin基因表达的变化.结果 3T3 -L1脂肪细胞分化过程中,chemerin mRNA表达水平逐渐升高,分化至第6天达到较高水平且逐渐趋于稳定.利用Western印迹可观察到,随着脂肪细胞分化成熟.chemerin基因的蛋白表达水平逐渐增高.结论 chemerin mRNA及蛋白质在脂肪细胞分化成熟过程中表达水平升高,提示其很有可能参与了脂肪细胞分化和脂质聚集.     

microRNA-200c对3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞分化的调控作用

目的 探讨microRNA(miRNA)-200c对3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分化的影响.方法 利用实时PCR检测miRNA-200c在小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向脂肪细胞分化过程及向骨细胞分化过程中的表达.通过将miRNA-200c类似物、miRNA-200c抑制剂转染至3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞,从而在细胞中增强或抑制miRNA-200c的表达,油红O染色检测转染后3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞诱导成熟后的脂滴形成情况.实时PCR检测转染后脂肪细胞特异性转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)和表征基因aP2在成脂过程中的表达变化.结果 实时PCR结果显示,在小鼠骨髓MSCs诱导成脂后miRNA-200c表达升高(t=24.709,P＜0.01),而诱导成骨后,miRNA-200c表达下降(t=8.783,P＜0.01).转染miRNA-200c类似物后,3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞中脂滴明显增多,PPARγ和aP2表达显著升高(t=7.674、9.657,P均＜0.01);转染miRNA-200c抑制剂后,3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞中脂滴明显减少,PPARγ、aP2表达显著降低(t=9.483、6.419,P均＜0.01).结论 miRNA-200c能够促进3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞分化.     

持续激活的Akt减少了 3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素蛋白的表达

目的 研究蛋白激酶B（Akt／PKB）的持续激活与灭活对3T3-L1脂肪细胞内脂联素蛋白表达的影响。方法 通过腺病毒表达系统将持续激活的Akt（myrAkt）和无酶活性的Akt（Akt-AA）导入3T3-L1脂肪细胞内，应用免疫印迹法检测3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素蛋白的表达。结果 表达myrAkt的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素明显减少，表达Akt-AA的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素无明显变化。结论Akt的激活抑制了3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素蛋白的表达，且Akt的激活是影响脂联素的充分条件，而不是必要条件。     

肿瘤坏死因子α和罗格列酮对30T3-L1细胞分化过程中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B表达的影响

目的 观察3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（PTP1B）蛋白水平的变化以及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）和罗格列酮在前脂肪细胞分化过程中对PTP1B表达的影响，探讨PTP1B在脂肪细胞分化中的作用。方法 体外培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞，分别采用3组诱导剂（完全诱导剂：3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤＋地塞米松＋胰岛素，C组），完全诱导剂加20μg/LTNF—α（CT组），完全诱导剂加10^-5mol／L罗格列酮（CR组）诱导脂肪细胞分化，以Western印迹方法检测各组脂肪细胞分化过程中PTP1B蛋白表达变化。结果 3组中PTP1B蛋白均表现为在前脂肪细胞中（第1天）表达最高，随着脂肪细胞分化成熟表达逐步降低，至第10天降至最低；与C组相比，CT组中脂肪细胞分化较为迟缓，其分化后期（第7～10天）PTP1B蛋白表达水平较C组显著增高；而CR组则表现为脂肪细胞分化活跃，其分化后期（第7～10天）PTP1B蛋白表达水平较C组显著降低。结论 在脂肪细胞分化成熟过程中PTP1B蛋白表达呈降低趋势：TNF—α及罗格列酮影响脂肪细胞胰岛素敏感性的作用可能与其调控PTP1B的表达有关。     

脂肪酸受体GPR120影响胰岛素受体底物-1的表达

目的 研究在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中G蛋白耦联受体120(GPR120)与胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的关系.方法 利用经典“鸡尾酒法”诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化,以未诱导组作为阴性对照,通过油红O染色法检测细胞内脂滴的形成情况,从而确定前脂肪细胞分化为脂肪细胞,再利用实时PCR方法检测GPR120 mRNA的表达水平.采用siRNA技术下调3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中GPR120的表达,以无关干扰组为阴性对照,干扰24 h后诱导细胞分化,诱导后于3T3-L1脂肪细胞培养液中加入软脂酸孵育24 h,分别用实时PCR和Western印迹方法检测3T3-L1脂肪细胞中IRS-1的表达水平.结果 诱导分化的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中,GPR120 mRNA表达量较未诱导组明显升高(P＜0.05);干扰GPR120表达后3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂滴体积和数量明显减小.另外,GPR120表达的量降低后,IRS-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 GPR120参与胰岛素信号通路中IRS-1的表达调控.     

性激素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞Visfatin表达的影响

目的 观察雌二醇、睾酮和孕酮对3T3-L1脂肪细胞Visfatin mRNA和蛋白表达的影响.方法 10-8mol/L～ 10-6 mol/L 雌二醇、睾酮或孕酮作用于3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞和前脂肪细胞,孵育过夜后收集细胞,分别采用RT-PCR和Westem blot检测Visfatin mRNA和蛋白的表达情况.结果 在3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞,与对照组相比,雌二醇和睾酮分别使Visfatin mRNA表达增加24％(1.74±0.31比1.40 ±0.18,P＜0.05)和28％(1.65±0.90比1.29±0.69,P＜0.05);而孕酮不影响成熟脂肪细胞Visfatin mRNA表达.雌二醇轻度增加成熟脂肪细胞Visfatin蛋白表达,但无统计学差异;10-6 mol/L睾酮使成熟脂肪细胞Visfatin蛋白表达增加134％(0.61±0.40比0.26±0.05,P＜0.05).与雌二醇和睾酮不同,孕酮使成熟脂肪细胞Visfatin蛋白表达下调32％(0.19±0.02比0.28±0.02,P＜0.05).在前脂肪细胞,与对照组相比,10-7 mol/L和10-6mol/L雌二醇使Visfatin mRNA表达增加70％(1.04±0.38比0.61±0.16,P＜0.01)和123％(1.36±0.41比0.61±0.16,P＜0.01);睾酮使Visfatin mRNA表达增加76％(1.02±0.24比0.58±0.36,P＜0.05);孕酮使前脂肪细胞Visfatin mRNA表达增加2.6倍(1.53±1.01比0.42 ±0.14,P＜0.05).结论 性激素通过促进或抑制脂肪细胞Visfatin基因或蛋白的表达,参与调节上述激素引起的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的病理生理过程.     

RNA干扰技术沉默脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因对脂肪细胞合成甘油三酯及分泌内脂素的影响

目的观察RNA干扰技术沉默脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因后,脂肪细胞甘油三酯合成及内脂素分泌的变化。方法将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞采用体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞,将脂肪细胞与0～1 mmol/L不同浓度脂肪酸共孵育后,测定其甘油三酯及内脂素的浓度。构建针对脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的微小RNA质粒表达载体,将上述载体转染3T3-L1脂肪细胞,用逆转录聚合酶链反应和Western blot检测脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因及蛋白的表达,将0.5 mmol/L脂肪酸与沉默前后的脂肪细胞共孵育24 h,用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因沉默前后脂肪细胞内脂素mRNA表达的变化,并测定其甘油三酯及内脂素浓度的变化。结果随着脂肪酸浓度的增高,与其共孵育的脂肪细胞内甘油三酯浓度也随着增加(P<0.05),其分泌的内脂素浓度也随着增加(P<0.05);构建脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白微小RNA质粒载体,转染脂肪细胞后,能显著抑制脂肪细胞内脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白的mRNA及蛋白表达水平(P<0.05);沉默脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因后脂肪细胞内甘油三酯浓度明显低于沉默前(P<0.05),其分泌的内脂素浓度也明显低于...     

抵抗素结合多肽对3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化、脂代谢及葡萄糖转运体4基因表达的影响

目的观察抵抗素结合多肽（RBP）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化、脂代谢及葡萄糖转运体4（GLUT-4）基因表达的影响。方法构建大鼠抵抗素真核表达载体并转染3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞，获得稳定表达抵抗素基因细胞株；采用台盼蓝排斥试验，确定理想的RBP干预浓度，于诱导细胞分化第0天加入培养液；采用油红O染色，观察脂肪细胞分化及脂质积聚情况；采用RT-PCR技术检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因及GluT-4基因表达变化；采用全自动生化仪比色法，检测脂肪细胞内TG和游离脂肪酸FFAs含量的变化。结果（1）RBP浓度10^-12mol／L时，脂肪细胞活细胞数比例较高，且细胞形态无明显改变。（2）RBP对正常脂肪细胞分化进程无明显影响，RBP虽未影响抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞内脂滴的出现时间，但细胞内脂滴的数目明显减少。（3）RBP对正常脂肪细胞分化标志基因及抵抗素稳定表达细胞分化早期标志基因Pref-1的表达无明显影响，但明显下调抵抗素稳定表达细胞分化中晚期标志基因C/EBPα和FAS的表达水平。（4）RBP对正常脂肪细胞内TG、FFAs含量无影响，但可显著降低抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞内的TG、FFAs含量。（5）RBP干预对正常脂肪细胞及抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞中GluT-4基因的表达水平均无显著影响。结论RBP对正常3T3-L1脂肪细胞的分化、脂代谢、GluT-4基因表达均无明显影响，但能有效拮抗抵抗素基因，显著促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化及脂代谢。     

胰升血糖素样肽1对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响

目的探讨胰升血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。方法在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的不同阶段添加不同浓度梯度的GLP-1（7—36）,使用XTT比色法测定细胞增殖情况,油红O脂肪染色、异丙醇萃取法评价细胞分化情况,RT-PCR法测定不同分化阶段PPAR-ymRNA表达水平。结果高浓度GLP-1（10^-9～10^-7mool／L）能够减弱3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖能力;GLP-1在10^-11～10^-8mmoL／浓度梯度均存在抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞分化的作用,但对分化过程中PPARymRNA的表达水平均未见显著影响。结论本研究发现GLP-1能够抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化,提示脂肪细胞可能也是GLP-1减轻体重作用的潜在靶点。     

Thiazolidinedione- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mRNA in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are antidiabetic insulin-sensitizing agents that bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and have potent adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, TZDs markedly decreased PPARgamma mRNA levels without reducing the expression of genes that are positively regulated by PPARgamma, such as adipocyte lipid-binding protein 2 (aP2) or lipoprotein lipase-(LPL). PPARgamma mRNA levels were also downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), an antiadipogenic cytokine. We propose that the downregulation of PPARgamma is not the common denominator of the metabolic effects of TZDs and TNFalpha on mature adipocytes.     

Mechanism of regulation of the 422(aP2) gene by cAMP during preadipocyte differentiation.

During differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes, expression of the gene encoding adipocyte 422(aP2) protein is activated. We have shown that the first 248 base pairs of the 422(aP2) gene promoter (which lacks a consensus cAMP response element) are sufficient to confer inducibility of a reporter gene by cAMP in preadipocytes. We now demonstrate by deletion analysis that this DNA segment contains overlapping negative and positive regulatory elements. The positive regulatory element contains a consensus activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding sequence. The effect of the negative regulatory element is observed in preadipocytes but not in fully differentiated adipocytes, suggesting that it is an important component of the regulatory mechanism governing expression of the 422(aP2) gene during differentiation. cAMP activates the 422(aP2) promoter in confluent preadipocytes but not in proliferating preadipocytes or fully differentiated adipocytes. The stimulatory effect of cAMP is abolished by deletions that enter the negative element, suggesting that cAMP increases expression by relieving the inhibitory effect of the negative regulatory element.     

Identification of S100A16 as a novel adipogenesis promoting factor in 3T3-L1 cells

S100A16 is a member of S100 protein super family that carries calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. Its expression is ubiquitous and elevated in various types of tumors. The functions of S100 proteins are still being defined, although many members of S100 protein family are traditionally considered as markers of tumor tissues. Using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model, we investigated the expression and function of S100A16 during differentiation into adipocytes as well as the potential roles of S100A16 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. We found that the expression of S100A16 was increased during differentiation and that elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) via calcium ionophores led to its nucleus exclusion. Overexpression of S100A16 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes increased their proliferation and markedly enhanced adipogenesis but resulted in significant reduction of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and phosphorylation of AKT. In contrast, suppression of S100A16 expression with two different types of RNA interference significantly inhibited adipogenesis and preadipocyte proliferation. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that S100A16 could physically interact with tumor suppressor protein p53, also a known inhibitor of adipogenesis. Overexpression or RNA interference-initiated reduction of S100A16 led to the inhibition or activation of the expression of p53-responsive genes, respectively. Interestingly, Western blot assays showed that S100A16 protein levels were markedly higher in the adipose tissues of diet-induced obese mice and the ob/ob mice than that in control lean mice. Thus, we reveal for the first time that S100A16 protein is a novel adipogenesis-promoting factor and that increased expression of S100A16 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can have a negative impact on insulin sensitivity.     

肿瘤坏死因子α对人脂联素3T3-L1细胞PPARγ2 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）对稳定表达人脂联素3T3-L1细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR）γ2 mRNA表达的影响，为进一步研究脂联素功能提供了实验基础。方法重组脂联素真核表达质粒（pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN）脂质体法稳定转染3T3-L1细胞。用TNF-α（100ng／m1）处理未转染、转染空载载体、转染pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN的3T3-L1细胞，RT-PCR检测PPARγ2 mRNA的表达量。结果（1）稳定转染了pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN的未分化和已分化3T3-L1细胞中，PPARγ2表达量较未转染组明显增加（P〈0.01）。（2）TNF-α可明显抑制PPARγ2 mRNA的表达（P〈0.05）。（3）稳定转染pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN可改善TNF-α抑制作用（P〈0.05）。结论稳定转染pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN可明显增加未分化和已分化的3T3-L1细胞PPARγ2 mRNA表达。TNF-α抑制PPAR-γ2 mRNA表达，而转染pcDNA3．1^＋-hADPN可改善TNF-α抑制作用。     

Resistin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between resistin (a potential link between obesity and type 2 diabetes) and preadipocyte differentiation. DESIGN: A rat resistin expression vector was transfected into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiation was compared between normal 3T3-L1 cells, rat resistin-transfected cells and non-transfected cells grown in conditioned medium taken from resistin-expressing cultures. METHODS: The rat resistin gene was inserted into the pDual GC and pEFGP-N2 expression vectors for examination of the effects of resistin overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells before and after differentiation was stimulated with 3-isobutyl-1-methyxanthine (MIX), insulin and dexamethasone (DEX). Smaller conserved fragments were inserted into short interference RNA (siRNA) expression vectors, for examination of the effect of targeted resistin inhibition on differentiation of resistin-overexpressing 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS: Prior to stimulation, the resistin-transfected 3T3-L1 cells contained many more small lipid droplets than did non-transfected 3T3-L1 cells. Following stimulation, differentiation in the resistin-transfected 3T3-L1 cells was dramatically promoted, especially in the early stages. Stimulation of differentiation was also observed in non-transfected 3T3-L1 cells grown in resistin protein-containing conditioned medium. The expression of adipocyte differentiation-associated markers such as CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBPalpha), retinoid X receptor (RXRalpha) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was upregulated in resistin-overexpressing cells, whereas expression of preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1), an inhibitor of preadipocyte differentiation, was downregulated. In addition, expression of two of the three tested siRNAs inhibited the adipoconversion process, providing further evidence that resistin promotes the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes. CONCLUSION: Resistin can promote preadipocyte differentiation. Based on this, we propose that resistin may be an important candidate mediator of obesity-induced insulin resistance.     

分泌型卷曲相关蛋白/β-联蛋白信号通路对脂肪形成的影响

目的:探讨分泌型卷曲相关蛋白(sFRP5)和经典Wnt信号通路在脂肪细胞形成中的作用及机制。方法:诱导3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分化,用过表达sFRP5的携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组腺病毒(Ad-sFRP5-GFP)感染3T3-L1细胞并诱导成熟,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测经典Wnt下游靶基因和脂肪分化相关基因mRNA水平的变化。3T3-L1细胞分化成熟后,进行油红染色,观察过表达sFRP5对脂滴形成的影响;提取核浆蛋白,用蛋白质印迹法检测sFRP5对β-联蛋白核转位的影响。结果:3T3-L1细胞分化成熟后期,sFRP5、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ2(PPARγ2)表达均显著增加,同时,细胞周期蛋白D1表达显著下调。而诱导分化成熟后,过表达sFRP5的3T3-L1细胞周期蛋白D1无显著改变。与空载对照组相比,过表达sFRP5的3T3-L1细胞脂滴形成无明显变化。给予3T3-L1细胞重组小鼠sFRP5直接刺激或感染Ad-sFRP5-GFP,均未明显改变β-联蛋白核转位。结论:sFRP5的表达随着脂肪细胞分化而显著增加,但不影响体外脂肪细胞分化,sFRP5在体外不直接通过拮抗Wnt/β-联信号通路的方式发挥作用。     

抵抗素在3T3-L1前脂细胞分化前后表达量的变化

目的检测3T3-L1前脂细胞诱导分化为脂肪细胞前后抵抗素基因表达量的变化情况，为阐明抵抗素在细胞分化过程中所起作用并为研究其与胰岛素抵抗（珉）及2型糖尿病的相关性奠定基础。方法用地塞米松、甲基异丁基黄嘌呤与胰岛素联合诱导法抽提诱导分化前后细胞总RNA，半定量RT-PCR检测抵抗素基因表达量。结果抵抗素在3T3-L1细胞诱导前后表达量明显上升。结论抵抗素在3T3-L1细胞分化过程中表达量的提高，提示其很有可能在鼠脂肪细胞产生珉的过程中发挥积极作用。