早期开角型青光眼的视网膜神经纤维层缺损及相关临床特点

目的观察早期原发性开角型青光眼（primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG）及正常眼压性青光眼（normal tension glaucoma,NTG）的弥漫性及局限性视网膜神经纤维层缺损（retinal never fiber layer defect,RNFLD）的分布及相关的临床特点。方法通过对立体眼底像的观察,明确81例POAG及70例NTG的RNFLD类型,分析弥漫性及局限性RNFLD在两型青光眼中的分布,比较两型RNFLD患者未治疗的最高眼压及视盘出血发生比例的不同。结果81例POAG中,78例出现RNFLD,其中弥漫性RNFLD50例,局限性RNFLD28例。70例NTG中,弥漫性RNFLD27例,局限性RNFLD43例,两型青光眼的RNFLD的分布相比较,差异有显著性（χ     

用谱域OCT检测青光眼局限性视网膜神经纤维层缺损

目的评价新一代谱域OCT（SD—OCT）对青光眼局限性视网膜神经纤维层缺损（RNFLD）的识别能力。设计前瞻性病例系列。研究对象眼底立体像存在局限性RNFLD的青光眼患者44例（53眼）,非青光眼对照者53例（53眼）。方法采用SD-OCT以视盘为中心环形扫描检查,扫描直径3．46mm。Kappa检验分析眼底立体像与SD—OCT两种方法对局限RNFLD部位检测一致性,并比较两种方法所检测局限RNFLD的位置及宽度对应关系。主要指标敏感性与特异性,k值,Pearson相关系数。结果自带数据库的SD-OCT显示局限性RNFLD的敏感性为92．8％,特异性为96．4％。它与眼底立体像显示局限RNFLD总体一致率94．39％（101／107）,K值为0．912（P=0．000）。两种方法检测的局限性RNFLD位置Pearson相关系数r=0．987（P=0．000）,宽度Pearson相关系数r=0．932（P=0．000）。结论SD—OCT具有较好的发现局限性RNFLD的能力,且与眼底立体像有很好的检测一致性。在临床上可作为青光眼RNFLD的有效检测手段,对青光跟RNFLD的进展随诊观察具有潜在价值。     

青光眼的视网膜神经纤维层缺损及视盘参数改变

青龙眼的主要病理过程是视网膜神经纤维及视乳头盘沿的丢失。青光眼的视网膜神经纤维层缺损可分为局部缺损和弥漫缺损，这两作缺损的存在可能预示着存在两种或多种造成青光眼视神经损害的机制。本文总结分析了75例开角型青光眼及慢性闭角型青光眼病人131只眼的彩色立体眼底象．根据视网膜神经纤维层损害形态的不同，将131只限分为局限性RNFLD；弥漫性RNFLD；混合性RNFLD三组。对各组眼的视盘参数进行定最测量并参照Airaksinen法对视网膜神经纤维层进行半定量评估，根据视杯扩大的形态及盘沿面积的大小将各组中的病眼分为0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ几个阶段，采用SYSTAT统计软件对三组病人的c／D、沿盘面积比进行对比分析；且对各级RNFLD的半定量值与盘沿面积进行直线相关及回归分析。结果表明三组间的C／D及沿盘面积比存在着相当显著性差异（P＝0．000），且局部缺损组主要处于青光眼的早期和中期，混合缺损组主要分布于中期，弥漫缺损组主要分布于中晚期。视网膜神经纤维层缺损的半定量值与盘沿面积低度相关。青光眼视网膜纤维层缺损的不同形态表现，不同缺损形态组的视盘参数的差异及视杯扩大形式的差异，可能预示着存在多种造成青光眼视神经损害的机制。     

先天性视盘缺损

本病常单眼患病,视力一般较差,但据视盘缺损程度不同可有较大差异。视野检查生理盲点扩大。眼底表现为视盘异常增大,视杯大而深,盘沿丢失,可合并有局限性或弥漫性视网膜神经纤维层缺损（RNFLD）,偶可伴有脉络膜缺损。根据眼压有无异常、双眼视盘面积不对称、损害呈非进行性等特征易于与青光眼鉴别。     

高眼压性和正常眼压性原发性开角型青光眼视神经损害特征的比较

目的探讨高眼压性原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)和正常眼压性青光眼(NTG)患者视神经损害的不同特点。方法应用德国Heidelberg公司生产的视网膜断层扫描仪对高眼压性POAG39例(47只眼)和NTG32例(38只眼)进行定量视盘参数和神经纤维层检查,并行眼底立体照相观察视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)缺损类型,检测静态定量视野,并对检查结果进行比较。结果(1)NTG组视盘总体参数和分区(除颞侧外)盘沿面积、沿/盘面积小于高眼压性POAG组,而C/D大于高眼压性POAG组;平均RNFL厚度和RNFL面积在颞下和颞上小于高眼压性POAG组;总体盘沿容积小于高眼压性POAG组,总体平均视杯深度和颞下视杯面积大于高眼压性POAG组,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<005)。两组颞侧视盘各参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>005)。(2)RNFL缺损类型高眼压性POAG组RNFL弥漫性缺损占5319%,局限性缺损占426%;NTG组弥漫性缺损占2105%,局限性缺损占5526%。两组RNFL缺损类型构成比比较,差异有统计学意义(P<001)。结论NTG较高眼压性POAG具有较大的C/D值、C/D面积比和窄盘沿面积,RNFL丢失严重。高眼压性POAG患者的RNFL以弥漫性缺损为主,NTG患者的RNFL以局限性缺损为主。两者视神经损害具有不同特点,其损害机制可能不同。(中华眼科杂志,2005,41136140)     

应用激光扫描眼底镜检查视网膜神经纤维层

目的评价激光扫描眼底镜检查视网膜神经纤维层缺损的敏感性和特异性,以及其在临床上的应用价值。方法选择原发性开角型青光眼４９例（９５只眼）,高眼压症１９例（３７只眼）,疑似青光眼患者４３例（８３只眼）,正常志愿者１８例（３４只眼）作为研究对象。所有研究对象均散瞳后应用４８８ｎｍ的蓝色氩激光为光源,１～３ｍｍ的共焦点光圈,获得４０°和２０°视角的视网膜神经纤维层图像,记录在录像带上。由具有相当经验的研究者判断有无视网膜神经纤维层缺损以及缺损类型。在回避了第一次结果的条件下,对６８只眼视网膜神经纤维层的情况进行不同观察者及两次观察的重复性研究。结果两次观察和不同观察者判断有无视网膜神经纤维层缺损以及缺损类型的一致性分别为高度和中到高度。激光扫描眼底镜检查视网膜神经纤维层缺损的敏感性为８０．０％,特异性为９４．１％。结论激光扫描眼底镜检查视网膜神经纤维层是一种方便、快捷、准确和安全地发现视网膜神经纤维层缺损的有效方法,对于提高青光眼的早期诊断率有一定的临床实用价值。     

儿童继发性青光眼致视网膜有髓神经纤维消失

儿童继发性青光眼致视网膜有髓神经纤维消失 男性,10岁。5年前因先天性白内障外院行白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术。术后不久眼压升高,最高达右眼38 mmHg,左眼42 mmHg,曾用3~4种局部降眼压药物控制眼压,但眼压控制不稳定。第一次本院就诊时眼底像见左图,视盘上方可见白色有髓神经纤维,盘沿形态正常。最后一次就诊时左眼上、下方盘沿消失,视盘上方有髓神经纤维因神经纤维层缺损而消失（右图）。     

初期青光眼性视盘和视网膜神经纤维层异常及进展

作者试图识别初期青光眼性视盘和视网膜神经纤维层改变,并分析这些变化后来是如何发展的。在患高眼压症的61例病的61只眼中,23(38％)只眼随访了10年发展为青光眼(5～15年范围内)。青光眼初期损害的体征,23只眼中10只眼视杯广泛性扩大,在23只眼中12只眼有神经纤维层广泛变薄而无局部改变。作者发现,23只眼中10只眼有局限性视盘损害,23只眼中11只眼有局限性视网膜神经纤维层损害,或有广泛性损害相混。23只眼中13只眼,视杯凹陷呈广泛性扩大,在颞上、颞下缘盘沿显著变窄。在眼压升高的病人中,初期青光眼性视盘和神经纤维层异常的表现和发展,其变异性似乎很大。     

视盘出血在正常眼压青光眼中的形态学分析

目的 对正常眼压性青光眼（NTG）患者，前瞻性评估视盘出血和视网膜神经纤维层缺损及盘周萎缩弧之间的形态学关系。 方法 患者行每月1次眼底照相，眼底立体照相和计算机图像分析系统定性及定量评估视盘出血与神经纤维层缺损及萎缩弧的关系。 结果 NTG出血组37位患者42只眼有50处眼底视盘出血，出血眼中有35只有神经纤维层缺损，发生率83.3%（35/42）。非出血组35位患者40只眼中神经纤维层局限缺损为21个，发生率52.5%（21/40），两组间神经纤维缺损发生率无统计学意义（χ2=1.403, P=0.236，P＞0.05）。出血组和非出血组两组间β区萎缩弧的发生率差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.008, P=0.008，P＜0.01)，出血组β区萎缩弧面积(2.05±0.88) mm2，非出血组β区面积(1.42±0.53) mm2，两组比较有统计学意义（t=-2.785, P=0.008）。β区萎缩弧范围在出血组：(164.00±49.87)°，非出血组(128.42±40.04)°，两组间比较有统计学意义（t=-2.618, P=0.012，P＜0.05)。随诊中出血组和非出血组盘沿丢失发生率组间比较有统计学意义（χ2=5.802, P=0.016，P＜0.01），但组间比较随诊视野损害的发生率则无统计学意义。 结论 NTG中视盘出血和神经纤维层缺损及萎缩弧之间有密切的关系。随诊中发现出血组较非出血组有更多的盘沿丢失和萎缩弧面积改变，提示NTG视盘出血是疾病进展的危险因素。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22: 232-235)     

发育性青光眼小梁切除术后减压性视网膜出血

患者男性,24岁。双眼高度近视合并发育性青光眼。右眼:矫正视力0.06(-7.00DS),局部滴用三种降眼压药物情况下眼压51.9mm Hg。眼底C/D 0.9~1.0,各象限盘沿均明显窄,视盘血管明显移位,弥漫性视网膜神经纤维层缺损(图A)。视野颞侧10°视岛。遂行复合式小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C治疗。术后6天,矫正视力0.06,眼压7.1 mm Hg。滤过泡弥散,前房中深,视盘杯缩小,     

Comparative study of retinal nerve fiber layer damage in Japanese patients with normal- and high-tension glaucoma

PURPOSE: To look for possible differences in the pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) damage induced by normal- and high-tension glaucoma. METHODS: The study included randomly selected eyes from 27 patients with open-angle, high-tension glaucoma (mean age, 54.7 +/- 15.0 years; range 21-74 years) and from 19 age-matched patients with normal-tension glaucoma (mean age, 55.7 +/- 11.9 years; range 35-83 years). Eyes were examined using scanning laser polarimetry. RESULTS: The ratio between the superior and inferior quadrant thickness, or symmetry, was significantly lower in patients with high-tension glaucoma (1.00 +/- 0.22) than in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (1.18 +/- 0.32). Similarly, the ratio of the superior to the nasal quadrant thickness was significantly lower in patients with high-tension glaucoma (1.56 +/- 0.38) than in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (1.80 +/- 0.29). No statistically significant differences in the other parameters were detected between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results show that the pattern of RNFL change is different in patients with high- and low-tension glaucoma. The thickness of the RNFL is reduced symmetrically in the superior and inferior quadrants in high-tension glaucoma, whereas a more localized defect on the inferior RNFL occurs in normal-tension glaucoma.     

正常眼压性青光眼与高眼压性青光眼视神经图像分析的对比研究

目的 探讨正常眼压性青光眼 (normal-tension glaucoma, NTG)与高眼压性青光眼(high-tension glaucoma, HTG)视盘和视神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer, RNFL)损害的差异。 方法 选择具有青光眼性视神经损害或RNFL缺损、相应的视野缺损的青光眼患者,NTG至少2次24 h眼压曲线和多次眼压测量均≤21 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)，HTG的眼压至少2次测量≥25 mm Hg。患者进行详细的眼科检查，同时用扫描激光偏振仪(scanning laser polarimetry, SLP)、光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography, OCT）和海德堡视网膜成像仪(Heidelberg retinal tomography, HRT)定量测定视盘形态和RNFL厚度。比较两组视盘总体和相同象限测量参数。 结果 30例 NTG和 19例 HTG (共49只眼)患者的平均年龄分别为(59.6±8.6)岁(39～71岁)和(59.2±12.3)岁(36～75岁)。两组间视野缺损的平均偏差(mean deviation, MD)差异不显著(P＞0.05)。HRT测量的视盘 C/D面积比，除鼻侧象限外,NTG者视盘总体和上、下、颞侧3个象限均显著大于HTG者(P＜0.05 ),而盘缘面积小于HTG者(P＜0.05)；两组间其他视盘参数差异不显著。3种激光扫描技术所测定的总体和象限RNFL厚度，两组间差异不显著。 结论 NTG趋向大 C/D面积比和窄盘缘面积。RNFL缺损的形态分布须更精细和节段性分析。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2002, 18: 109-112)     

OCT检测视网膜神经纤维层厚度及视盘参数在青光眼早期诊断应用

目的 通过光学相干断层成像术(OCT)检测视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度及视盘结构参数,结合视野改变,探讨OCT在青光眼早期诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用OCT对34只眼疑似闭角型青光眼(SG)患者、36只眼慢性闭角型青光眼(CACG)早中期患者、10只眼正常人行RNFL及视盘扫描,观察各组的RNFL厚度及视盘结构的图像特征;将各象限RNFL厚度和平均RNFL厚度的均数进行总体比较及任意两组间比较;将视乳头水平、垂直杯盘比及杯/盘面积比的均数进行比较;将平均RNFL厚度与视野指数进行相关分析.结果 三组间各象限RNFL厚度、平均RNFL厚度、视盘参数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);正常人与SG组下方、上方及平均RNFL厚度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);正常人与CACG早中期组各象限RNFL厚度及平均RNFL厚度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);CACG早中期组与SG组上方、下方、鼻侧及平均RNFL厚度差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the fellow eyes of normal-tension glaucoma patients with unilateral visual field defect

PURPOSE: To quantitatively evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the fellow eyes of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with unilateral visual field defect. DESIGN: Observational case-control study. METHODS: Twenty-nine NTG patients with unilateral visual field defect were enrolled in this study. All 29 fellow eyes showed normal visual field. Thirty-one normal eyes of 31 subjects served as controls. The RNFL thickness around the optic disk was determined using Fast RNFL thickness (3.4) of optical coherence tomography. Average and segmental (4 quadrants and 12 clock- hours) RNFL thickness measurements were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: RNFL thicknesses were significantly different among the three groups in the average, superior quadrant (11 and 12 clock-hour segments), and inferior quadrant (6 clock-hour segment) (P = .00, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests). CONCLUSIONS: RNFL thickness reductions are already present in the fellow eyes of NTG patients with unilateral visual field defect.     

Localized wedge-shaped defects of retinal nerve fiber layer and disc hemorrhage in glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate frequencies of localized wedge-shaped defects of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in eyes with and without disc hemorrhage in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This study also aims to define a topographic correlation between disc hemorrhage and localized RNFL defects in POAG. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: The authors studied 83 eyes of 83 patients with NTG (male/female = 23/60; age, 58.8+/-12.9 years) and 20 eyes of 20 patients with POAG (male/female = 9/11; age, 61.6+/-11.4 years); subjects in both groups had developed new disc hemorrhage at the time of enrollment. The authors randomly selected 45 eyes of 45 patients with NTG (male/female = 20/25; age, 62.0+/-9.3 years) and 24 eyes of 24 patients with POAG (male/female = 13/11; age, 56.3+/-14.5 years) with no history of disc hemorrhage during the follow-up period of more than 2 years. METHODS: Visual field in the patients with POAG was matched to that of the patients with NTG regarding global indices for both the hemorrhage and the nonhemorrhage groups. Localized wedge-shaped defects of RNFL were identified by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy using an argon-blue laser. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency of localized RNFL defects and the relationship between the locations of disc hemorrhages and localized RNFL defects were determined. RESULTS: Localized wedge-shaped defects of RNFL occurred significantly more often in the hemorrhage group than in the nonhemorrhage group in both NTG (Fisher's exact probability test, P < 0.0001) and POAG (P < 0.05) patients. Regardless of the presence of disc hemorrhage, there was no significant difference in the frequency of localized RNFL defects between patients with NTG and those with POAG. Most disc hemorrhages were present in the vicinity of the border between localized RNFL defects and relatively healthy-looking RNFL in both patients with POAG and those with NTG. CONCLUSION: Disc hemorrhage is associated with localized damage of RNFL in both NTG and POAG.     

频域光学相干断层扫描（OCT）测量视盘参数及视网膜厚度在早期青光眼诊断中的作用

目的　探讨频域光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography,OCT）测量视盘参数及视网膜厚度在早期青光眼诊断中的作用。方法　采用频域OCT测量40例（40眼）健康志愿者（对照组）和85例（85眼）原发性开角型青光眼（primary open angle glaucoma,POAG）患者［早期青光眼亚组（n=36）和进展期青光眼亚组（n=49）］视盘参数及视网膜神经纤维层（retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL）厚度,比较各组RNFL厚度、视盘参数并与视野平均缺损（mean deviation,MD）值进行相关性分析,采用ROC曲线下面积评估视盘周围区RNFL厚度及视盘参数在青光眼中的诊断效果。结果　POAG组患者颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方象限RNFL厚度和全周RNFL厚度均显著低于对照组（均为P<0.05）,且与早期青光眼组比较,进展期青光眼组患者颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方象限RNFL厚度和全周RNFL厚度均显著降低（均为P<0.05）。各组除视盘面积外,其他视盘参数比较差异均具有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,POAG组患者视盘颞侧、上方、下方象限RNFL厚度及全周RNFL厚度与MD均呈负相关（均为P<0.05）,而视盘参数中视杯容积和视杯/视盘面积比与MD均呈正相关（均为 P<0.05）,盘缘面积、盘缘容积和视盘容积与MD均呈负相关（均为P<0.05）。经ROC曲线分析显示,视盘周围区下方象限RNFL厚度的曲线下面积最大为0.886,其特异度和敏感度分别为0.775和0.924;视盘参数中视杯/视盘面积比曲线下面积最大,其特异度和敏感度分别为0.741和0.815。结论　OCT检测视盘结构和RNFL厚度能够用于青光眼早期诊断,且具有较高敏感度和特异度。     

Asymmetry in intraocular pressure and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal-tension glaucoma.

The etiology of glaucoma is most probably multifactorial. This study intended to investigate the asymmetry in intraocular pressure (IOP) and that in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in normal-tension glaucoma patients. Two diurnal tension curves, obtained within 3 months and counting at least five IOP readings each, including an early morning IOP measurement upon awaking, were obtained in 15 normal-tension glaucoma patients. None of the patients received IOP-lowering therapy. IOP asymmetry was present in at least three readings and was always in the same direction. The optic nerve was imaged in both eyes in each patient by means of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). The interocular difference in RNFL thickness and the RNFL cross-sectional area were correlated with the interocular difference in IOP by means of Spearman's rank correlation factor. Nine female and 6 male normal-tension glaucoma patients (mean +/- SD age was 62. 4 +/- 16.9 years) were included in this study. Interocular IOP asymmetry varied between 0.30 and 4 mm Hg. Strong negative correlations were found between interocular asymmetry in IOP and interocular asymmetry in RNFL thickness asymmetry (R = -0.652, p = 0. 0083) and interocular asymmetry in RNFL cross-sectional area (R = -0. 702, p = 0.0034). The present results demonstrate for the first time a more marked thinning of the neuroretinal nerve fiber layer in the eye with the higher IOP in normal-tension glaucoma patients.     

Optic nerve head appearance in juvenile-onset chronic high-pressure glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the appearance of the optic nerve head in chronic high-pressure glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma. DESIGN: Clinic-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 52 eyes with normal-pressure glaucoma and 28 eyes with juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma that served as models for chronic high-pressure glaucoma. METHODS: Color stereo optic disc photographs and wide-angle retinal nerve fiber layer photographs were morphometrically examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects; parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy; disc hemorrhages; optic cup shape; retinal arteriole narrowing. RESULTS: Both study groups did not vary significantly in count of localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects, size of parapapillary atrophy, optic cup depth, steepness of disc cupping, rim/disc area ratio, diameter of retinal arterioles, and frequency and degree of focal retinal arteriole narrowing. In normal-pressure glaucoma versus juvenile open-angle glaucoma, localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects were significantly broader, disc hemorrhages were found significantly more often and were larger, and neuroretinal rim notches were present more frequently and were deeper. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic high-pressure glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma show morphologic similarities in the appearance of the optic nerve head. The lower frequencies of detected disc hemorrhages and rim notches in high-pressure glaucoma may be due to a smaller size of hemorrhages and localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects in high-pressure glaucoma. Both glaucoma types have morphologic features in common, suggesting that they may possibly belong to a spectrum of the same pathologic process.     

Comparison of glaucomatous parameters in normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography 3000

This study was performed to evaluate optic disc appearance, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and macular thickness in normal, ocular hypertensive (OHT) and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) 3000. One hundred fifty-eight eyes of 167 consecutive subjects were enrolled: 60 normal, 53 OHT, and 54 glaucomatous. OCT topographic parameters of cup diameter, cup area, rim area, and cup/disc area ratio were significantly less in OHT eyes than in normal eyes and were significantly less in glaucomatous eyes than in normal and OHT eyes. RNFL was significantly thinner in OHT eyes than in normal eyes in the inferior quadrant, and in glaucomatous eyes than in OHT and normal eyes in the mean and for all four quadrants. Macular thickness was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in OHT and normal eyes throughout all subdivisions. Optic disc parameters, and RNFL and macular thickness measurements made with OCT may be useful in the clinical assessment of glaucoma.