瘢痕子宫再次妊娠并发前置胎盘197例临床分析

目的探讨剖宫产后瘢痕子宫再次妊娠并发前置胎盘对孕妇和围产儿结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年6月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院、重庆市妇幼保健院、重庆市急救医疗中心产科住院分娩的剖宫产后瘢痕子宫合并前置胎盘的孕妇197例,对其一般情况、术中情况、母儿结局等进行比较。结果前次择期剖宫产较阴道试产失败后剖宫产再生育时更易并发凶险型前置胎盘(45.1%vs.15.9%,P0.05)。前次择期剖宫产后再次妊娠并发凶险型前置胎盘的孕妇发生胎盘植入、产后出血、大出血(1000 m L/24 h)、子宫切除、弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)、输血及新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)入住率和早产儿发生率显著高于并发非凶险型前置胎盘的孕妇(68.1%vs.31.0%,36.2%vs.3.6%,31.9%vs.3.6%,26.1%vs.0,10.1%vs.1.2%,40.6%vs.4.8%,30.4%vs.6%,44.9%vs.14.3%,均P0.05)。结论前次择期剖宫产后再次妊娠并发凶险型前置胎盘的风险显著高于前次阴道试产失败的剖宫产孕妇,而且前次择期剖宫产孕妇再次妊娠合并前置胎盘的母儿不良结局发生率高。     

剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘孕妇胎盘植入的风险评估及不良结局预测全国多中心回顾性研究

目的探讨剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘孕妇的胎盘植入性疾病(PAS)影像学诊断及血管阻断方式对妊娠结局的影响。方法采用全国多中心回顾性研究, 于2018年1月1日至12月31日选取12家三级甲等医院的剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘的妊娠晚期单胎妊娠孕妇共747例。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析, 观察剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘孕妇严重不良结局(子宫切除、术中出血量≥1 000 ml、术中诊断PAS)的危险因素;观察产前超声和磁共振成像(MRI)检查在胎盘PAS及严重不良结局预测中的作用。根据是否行血管介入(子宫动脉栓塞术或腹主动脉球囊阻断术)分为阻断组(106例)与未阻断组(641例), 比较两组孕妇的母儿结局。结果 (1)一般情况:747例剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘孕妇的子宫切除率为10.4%(78/747), 术中出血量≥1 000 ml者占55.8%(417/747), 术中确诊PAS者占47.5%(355/747)。子宫破裂的发生率为0.8%(6/747)。(2)严重不良结局的危险因素:子宫切除的危险因素是血管阻断方式和术中出血量, 子宫动脉栓塞术者子宫切除...     

胎盘植入的高危因素及球囊预置阻断技术在预防胎盘植入产后出血中的临床价值

目的:研究影响胎盘植入程度的临床危险因素,评估髂内动脉球囊预置技术在控制不同程度胎盘植入患者产后出血中的价值。方法:收集2012年1月至2019年6月于上海瑞金医院产科剖宫产终止妊娠的胎盘植入孕妇108例,根据胎盘植入肌层的深度分为粘连组(PA组)60例和重度植入组48例。采用单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析影响胎盘植入程度的临床危险因素。重度植入组(胎盘植入PI组45例+穿透性胎盘PP组3例)中,22例术前诊断,行髂内动脉球囊预置,26例未行髂内动脉球囊预置。比较两组患者的年龄、孕周、住院费用、出血量、术后血红蛋白(Hb)变化情况、产后出血率、输血率、子宫切除率、新生儿窒息评分,以及晚期产后出血、产褥期感染及下肢深静脉血栓等并发症发生情况。结果:多因素分析显示,年龄、既往剖宫产术史和此次妊娠前置胎盘是影响胎盘植入严重程度的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。与未预置组比较,预置组的术后血红蛋白(Hb)下降少,产后出血率及术后输血率减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组的子宫切除率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。远期随访48例重度植入患者,无晚期产后出血、产褥期感染及下肢深静脉血栓等并发症发生。结论:年龄、既往剖宫产术史和此次妊娠前置胎盘是影响胎盘植入严重程度的独立危险因素,需加强对此类孕妇的孕期监控。术前行髂内动脉球囊预置术,能明显减少重度胎盘植入患者剖宫产产后出血率,减少术后血红蛋白(Hb)下降及减少输血率,是控制出血的有效手段。     

辅助生殖技术单胎妊娠结局分析

目的:研究辅助生殖技术(ART)与自然受孕两种不同受孕方式单胎妊娠的妊娠结局。方法:回顾分析2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院住院分娩的妊娠≥20周的单胎妊娠病例资料。按受孕方法分为ART组及自然妊娠组,分析两组母儿结局,再按是否为高龄妊娠,比较ART组及自然妊娠组的母儿结局。结果:ART组孕妇的平均年龄、初产妇、定期产检、非足月胎膜早破(PPROM)、羊水量异常、子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠合并血小板减少症、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、剖宫产分娩、产钳/吸引产助产、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产、流产、胎儿窘迫及胎儿为男性发生率均高于自然妊娠组,ART组的住院天数更长,分娩孕周更低,转诊重症监护病房(ICU)、急性器官衰竭发生风险较低,ART组围产儿平均体重高于自然受孕组。高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组的妊娠期糖尿病、剖宫产分娩发生风险增加。非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、流产、PROM、羊水量异常、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产发生风险增加。ART组较自然妊娠组钳产/吸引产风险均增加,产妇转诊ICU及非规律产检发生风险均降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:ART受孕单胎妊娠并发症及新生儿不良结局发生率高于自然妊娠组孕妇,但其更注重孕期产检;在非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加,而高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加不明显。     

剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠孕妇继续妊娠55例临床结局观察

目的观察剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)孕妇继续妊娠的临床结局。方法回顾性分析2018年8月1日至2021年10月31日妊娠早期于陆军军医大学第二附属医院诊断为CSP并强烈要求继续妊娠的55例孕妇的妊娠结局。结果 55例孕妇中, 15例(27%, 15/55)于妊娠早期终止妊娠, 1例因子宫颈管扩张于孕23周行剖宫取胎术, 39例(71%, 39/55)继续妊娠至妊娠晚期行剖宫产术获得活产儿。39例剖宫产术分娩孕妇的中位分娩孕周为35+6周(范围:28+5～39+2周), 其中, 孕28+5～33+6周分娩7例, 孕34～36+6周分娩20例, 孕37～39+2周分娩12例;病理检查结果为胎盘正常3例(8%, 3/39), 粘连型胎盘植入4例(10%, 4/39), 植入型胎盘植入9例(23%, 9/39), 穿透型胎盘植入23例(59%, 23/39)。36例术后病理证实为胎盘植入性疾病(PAS)的孕妇中, 产前最后一次超声检查提示为前置胎盘者27例(75%, 27/36), 9例未提示合并前置胎盘。39例剖宫产术分娩孕妇的中位术中出血量1 000 ml(范围:300～3 500 m...     

胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及妊娠结局分析

目的探讨胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及妊娠结局。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年12月广州医科大学附属第三医院/广州重症孕产妇救治中心围产资料数据库中信息完整的单胎妊娠孕妇48 650例临床资料，将这些孕妇分为胎盘植入性疾病组和非胎盘植入性疾病组，分析胎盘植入性疾病的危险因素及其妊娠结局。 结果单因素分析显示，年龄≥35岁、高中教育水平及以下、孕次≥3次、经产妇、人工流产史、剖宫产史、体外受精－胚胎移植受孕、合并前置胎盘是胎盘植入性疾病的相关危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示，胎盘植入性疾病的独立危险因素为剖宫产史(OR＝2.254，95%CI：1.917～2.650)、体外受精－胚胎移植受孕(OR＝1.591，95%CI：1.212～2.089)、合并前置胎盘(OR＝28.282，95%CI：24.338～32.866)；与非胎盘植入性疾病产妇相比，患有胎盘植入性疾病产妇早产、剖宫产、产后出血、弥散性血管内凝血、产褥期感染、子宫切除、低出生体重儿、新生儿Apgar评分相对较低(1 min)、产妇入住重症监护病房的发生率明显升高(P<0.05)。 结论剖宫产史、辅助生殖受孕、合并前置胎盘是引起胎盘植入性疾病的独立危险因素，胎盘植入性疾病的妊娠结局不良。     

凶险性前置胎盘的妊娠结局及其与产后出血的高危因素分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘(PPP)的母婴结局及其与产后出血的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月上海市第六人民医院住院分娩的前置胎盘患者181例,PPP患者72例(PPP组,其中发生产后出血34例,非产后出血38例),无剖宫产史妊娠的前置胎盘患者109例(非PPP组)。比较PPP组和非PPP组孕妇的年龄、孕周、孕次、产后出血率、输血率、胎盘植入率、子宫切除率、早产率、新生儿窒息率之间的差异;采用单因素与二项分类Logistic回归分析PPP组发生产后出血的高危因素。结果:PPP妊娠总占比0.44%;PPP组孕妇年龄、孕次、产次、前壁胎盘率、中央型前置胎盘率、胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、产后出血量、产后出血发生率、子宫切除率、输血率、早产率均明显高于非PPP组(P0.05),PPP组分娩孕周与新生儿体质量明显低于非PPP组(P0.05)。单因素分析显示:PPP患者产后出血组胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、中央型前置胎盘率、二级及以下医院剖宫产史占比、非产程中剖宫产史占比、前置胎盘史占比明显高于无产后出血组(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:胎盘粘连与中央型前置胎盘是PPP患者产后出血的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:产后出血与早产是PPP主要的不良妊娠结局;对于前次剖宫产史此次妊娠合并中央型前置胎盘或胎盘粘连患者,应警惕产后出血发生;降低剖宫产率是防止PPP发生与减少产后出血的关键因素。     

人工流产次数对剖宫产后再次妊娠母婴围产结局的影响

目的探究既往人工流产次数对于剖宫产术后再次妊娠母婴围产结局的影响。方法回顾分析广州医科大学附属第三医院等国内7省10家三级医院妇产科于2017年1月至2017年12月收治的剖宫产术后再次妊娠28周后分娩的孕妇,收集孕产妇的一般资料和本次妊娠情况,分析既往人工流产史对于剖宫产后再次妊娠的妊娠合并症及新生儿不良结局的影响。结果共纳入9468例孕妇,其中无流产史者5305例,有人工流产史者4163例,并根据人工流产次数分为人工流产1次组(2482例),人工流产2次组(1165例),人工流产≥3次组(516例)。4组孕妇的年龄、孕前体重、孕期增重、分娩孕周、产前出血、前置胎盘、胎盘植入、产后出血、新生儿转入NICU之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。二元logistic回归分析显示,与无流产史组相比,人工流产次数是剖宫产术后再次妊娠发生前置胎盘的独立危险因素(aOR11.44,95%CI为1.19~1.76;aOR22.18,95%CI为1.73~2.73,aOR33.65,95%CI为2.78~4.78);同时,人工流产史是产后出血的独立危险因素(aOR11.48,95%CI为1.10~1.98;aOR21.62,95%CI为1.12~2.36;aOR33.29,95%CI为2.20~4.93)。人工流产≥2次是胎盘植入的独立危险因素(aOR21.87,95%CI为1.39~2.50;aOR34.22,95%CI为3.08~5.77)。结论既往人工流产次数是瘢痕子宫再次妊娠孕妇发生前置胎盘、产后出血的独立危险因素。人工流产次数增加,可能会增加剖宫产后再次妊娠孕妇发生胎盘植入的风险。     

胎盘植入性疾病管理流程改进对母儿结局的影响

目的评价管理流程的改进在胎盘植入性疾病(placenta accreta spectrum disorders, PAS)中的作用和对母儿结局的影响。方法回顾性收集2019年1月到2022年12月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院分娩并最终诊断为PAS伴前置胎盘的164例孕妇资料, 根据改进时间分为改进前组(2019年1月至2020年12月, n=96, 包括双胎妊娠1例)和改进后组(2021年1月至2022年12月, n=68, 均为单胎妊娠)。改进措施包括:将计划终止妊娠孕周由改进前的34～36周, 推迟至37周;改进前以妊娠期贮存式自体备血为主, 改进后增加了自体血回收技术的使用;腹壁切口改进前为下腹正中纵切口, 改进后为原手术切口;子宫切口改进前为避开胎盘位置, 改进后为根据术前超声PAS分级和术中情况, 可选用子宫下段切口穿过胎盘;子宫下段和膀胱界面的分离时机改进前是在完成胎儿娩出和止血带或沙氏钳临时阻断血流后, 改进后是在胎儿娩出前。采用t检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法等统计学方法, 比较2组母儿结局。结果与改进前组比较, 改进后<37周的分娩率显著下降[83.3%...     

中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入59例临床分析

目的:探讨中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素及围生期处理。方法:回顾性分析2000年1月~2009年12月四川大学华西第二医院产科收治的896例中央性前置胎盘患者(其中59例并发胎盘植入)的临床资料。结果:(1)我院近10年来中央性前置胎盘的发生率为2.26%(896/39726),中央性前置胎盘中并发胎盘植入的发生率为6.58%(59/896);(2)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素包括:孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥2次、剖宫产史;(3)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者产时产后出血量明显多于未并发胎盘植入者(2χ=70.944,P=0.000),并发胎盘植入者平均出血量高达2846.19m l;(4)所有中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者均采用手术治疗,其中子宫切除率为25.42%(15/59),保守性手术为局部缝扎、局部切除、宫腔填塞、B-Lynch缝合和子宫动脉结扎等,而未并发胎盘植入者子宫切除率为0.96%(8/837)。结论:(1)对高龄的、有剖宫产史或多次流产史的中央性前置胎盘患者应警惕并发胎盘植入;(2)为减少中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入因严重的产时产后出血对母儿造成的危害,强调终止妊娠前的充分准备;(3)治疗上保守性手术和子宫切除都很重要。     

Placenta accreta: depth of invasion and neonatal outcomes

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes between women with placenta accreta and placenta increta or percreta. Methods: This was a single institution retrospective cohort study of women with abnormal placentation (placenta accreta, increta, and percreta) who delivered from 1982–2002. Cases were divided into superficial invasion (placenta accreta) and deep invasion (placenta increta or percreta), and compared. The primary outcomes studied were gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and size for gestational age. Results: 103 viable pregnancies with abnormal placentation were observed (1.6/1000 pregnancies). Cases of deep invasion had higher parity and were more likely to have had a prior cesarean delivery. The mean gestational age at delivery was 33 5/7 weeks with deep placental invasion and 35 2/7 weeks in the superficial invasion group (p = 0.18). Rates of preterm birth were 64.7% and 52.3% (p = 0.43) and low birthweight were 24% and 29% (p = 0.76) in the deep and superficial invasion groups respectively. There were no differences in the remaining outcomes. Conclusions: Neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by placenta increta and percreta are not different than those with placenta accreta.     

疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘的围手术期并发症及母儿预后

目的:探讨疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘的围手术期出血及严重并发症的发生情况及处理措施,分析和介绍腹主动脉球囊阻滞控制术中出血的效果。方法:2005年1月至2013年11月在我院产科分娩的疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘患者共97例。根据术中胎盘与子宫附着情况分为3组,其中胎盘植入组39例,胎盘粘连组18例,正常剥离组40例。胎盘植入组中有5例于剖宫产术中行腹主动脉下段球囊阻滞。分析各组患者产前、术中及术后的出血、输血、严重并发症及母儿预后情况。结果:(1)胎盘植入组的产前出血率为43.6%,明显低于胎盘粘连组(67.7%)及正常剥离组(72.5%)(P0.05),后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。胎盘植入组、胎盘粘连组和正常剥离组的术中平均出血量分别为(1990±1226)ml、(950±300)ml和(625±383)ml,围手术期平均出血量为(2208±1409)ml、(1189±822)ml和(773±554)ml,3组的术中和围手术期平均出血量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。胎盘植入组中37例(94.9%)输血,平均输血量为(2005±1198)ml;胎盘粘连组中16例(88.7%)输血,平均输血量为(963±393)ml;正常剥离组23例(57.5%)输血,平均输血量为(1091±833)ml。胎盘植入组的输血率和输血量均显著高于胎盘粘连组及正常剥离组(P均0.01),后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)胎盘植入组中,行腹主动脉球囊阻滞的5例患者的出血量中位数为1000ml,平均1020ml,明显低于未行球囊阻滞者(中位数2000ml,平均2135ml)(P0.01)。(3)胎盘植入组和胎盘粘连组分别有26例(66.7%)和1例行子宫切除术。(4)无孕产妇死亡。1例胎盘植入患者术中出血6000ml,一度心脏骤停,抢救成功,病愈出院。1例孕29周重度窒息新生儿死亡,其余新生儿均存活病愈出院。结论:疤痕子宫合并中央性行前置胎盘患者,胎盘植入发生率高,围手术期出血量及输血量大,子宫切除率高,术前应做好大量输血准备。腹主动脉球囊阻滞是一种有效的控制出血的措施。     

Placenta accreta/percreta/increta: a cause of elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and abnormal placental adherence (placenta accreta/percreta/increta). METHODS: We reviewed the MSAFP levels of 11 women who had cesarean hysterectomies because of placenta accreta/percreta/increta. The control group consisted of 14 women who delivered by cesarean because of placenta previa but who had no abnormal placental adherence. RESULTS: Five of the 11 women with placenta accreta/percreta/increta had elevated MSAFP, whereas all 14 controls had normal levels. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a significant association between elevated MSAFP and placenta accreta/percreta/increta (P = .017). Patients with an unexplained elevation of MSAFP as well as placenta previa may be at increased risk for abnormal placental adherence.     

Placenta previa increta/percreta in Japan: a retrospective study of ultrasound findings, management and clinical course

AIM: Placenta accreta is an abnormally firm attachment of placental villi to the uterine wall, which may cause postpartum hemorrhage resulting in maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the incidence, clinical background and prognosis of placenta previa increta/percreta treated with different modalities in Japan. METHODS: Medical records of cases with placenta previa increta/percreta in eight tertiary centers between January 1994 and December 2004 were reviewed. Placenta accreta without actual invasion into the myometrium confirmed by pathology was not included in placenta increta/percreta. Details of obstetric history, maternal background, ultrasonographical findings, the course of delivery, subsequent complications and management were noted. RESULTS: Among the total of 59,008 deliveries, 45,261 were by the vaginal route (76.7%) and 13 747 by cesarean section (23.3%). In this study, 408 cases were diagnosed as placenta previa (0.69%), 18 of these being placenta increta and 5 placenta percreta. Only 1.1% of cases of placenta previa without prior cesarean section were increta/percreta, in contrast to 37% of placenta previa after prior cesarean sections. Mean intraoperation blood loss was 3630 +/- 2216 g (increta) and 12,140 +/- 8343 g (percreta). One patient with placenta previa percreta died of hemorrhage. Stepwise treatment (cesarean section without separation of the placenta, arterial embolization and hysterectomy) was applied for 4 cases, which had the least blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: Placenta previa increta/percreta is a life-threatening disease. Patients who undergo hysterectomy after uterine arterial embolization demonstrate reduced intraoperation blood loss, and this treatment should be incorporated to reduce maternal morbidity.     

胎盘植入的风险评估与诊治策略

底蜕膜受损或缺失时绒毛膜绒毛直接接触或侵入子宫肌层形成胎盘植入。这种胎盘异常附着的状态根据侵入的深度分为粘连型、植入型和穿透型,可导致不良围生结局,如大量产后出血、输血和凝血障碍,严重时需子宫切除甚至危及生命。胎盘植入的诊断与风险评估主要依靠超声,磁共振检查是重要的补充检查方法。建立胎盘植入风险分级评估标准,有利于个体化围生期治疗方案的制定。对于植入型及穿透型胎盘植入患者,需要依靠多学科支持。术中选择合适入路、压迫子宫、阻断血管和胎盘原位保留等方式减少出血可有效避免子宫切除,保留生育功能。但为了保证母亲安全,条件不允许时则应果断切除子宫。     

伴有母胎合并症及并发症妊娠的分娩时机

当继续妊娠伴随的母胎风险高于终止妊娠所带来的母婴风险时,就具有终止妊娠的指征,即分娩时机正合适。当母胎出现合并症和并发症时,大多数未能自然临产,临床中需要引产,因此,在决定引产前,确定最佳的分娩时机不仅是关乎围产结局的关键因素,也是产科精准医疗的临床再现。分娩时机不是一成不变的,也不是机械刻板的,遵循母婴安全为第一要务的宗旨,采取个体化医疗的原则,最适宜的才是最好的。文章从胎儿因素（胎儿生长受限、双胎妊娠）、母体及产科因素（妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠合并糖尿病、胎膜早破、曾有不明原因的死胎或死产）、胎盘及子宫因素（前置胎盘、胎盘植入、瘢痕子宫、子宫破裂）三方面总结伴有母胎合并症及并发症妊娠的分娩时机。     

Endometrial resection mandates reliable contraception thereafter – a case report of placenta increta following endometrial ablation

Placenta increta complicated pregnancy in a woman with a history of endometrial resection. Placentation in women with prior endometrial ablation carries a high risk for placenta accreta, increta and percreta. Contraceptive measures must be implemented after endometrial ablation and pursued until proven menopause, even in women who develop amenorrhoea postoperatively.     

Morbidly adherent placenta

Morbidly adherent placenta, which describes placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, implies an abnormal implantation of the placenta into the uterine wall. The incidence of placenta accreta has increased significantly over the past several decades, with the main risk factors include prior cesarean section and placental previa. Sonographic markers of placenta accreta can be present as early as the first trimester and include a low uterine implantation of a gestational sac, multiple vascular lacunae within the placenta, loss of the normal hypoechoic retroplacental zone, and abnormality of the uterine serosa–bladder interface, among others. Ultrasound has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta and MRI should be reserved for rare cases in which the ultrasound is non-diagnostic. The optimum time for planned delivery for a patient with placenta accreta is around 34–35 weeks following a course of corticosteroid injection. The successful management of placenta accreta includes a multidisciplinary care team approach with the successful management relying heavily on the prenatal diagnosis of this entity and preparing for the surgical management in a multidisciplinary approach by assuring the most skilled team is available for those patients.     

Abnormal placentation

The term “morbidly adherent placenta” has recently been introduced to describe the spectrum of disorders including placenta accreta, increta and percreta. Due to excessive invasion of the placenta into the uterus there is associated significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Most significant risk factors for morbidly adherent placenta include history of prior cesarean delivery as well as placenta previa in the current pregnancy. Ultrasound remains the gold standard for antenatal diagnosis, however, in recent years MRI has assisted in identifying complex parametrial involvement. Optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes involves early prenatal diagnosis, a multi-disciplinary team-based approach, and referral to an experienced center.