新疆哈萨克族、维吾尔族和汉族农村居民超重、肥胖流行病学调查

目的 分析新疆哈萨克(哈)族、维吾尔(维)族和汉族农村居民超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖流行现状和分布特点,为该地区不同民族肥胖的防治提供理论依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取调查现场年龄≥1 8岁哈族、维族及汉族常住居民1l 377人进行问卷调查和体格检查,分析并比较3个民族人群超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖患病率。结果哈族、维族和汉族人群超重率分别为27.8%、24.5%和40.3%,肥胖率分别为17.9%、11.5%和13.7%,腹型肥胖患病率分别为58.0%、53.9%和59.9%,汉族人群超重和腹型肥胖患病率最高,哈族肥胖率最高(P值均P值均<0.05),3个民族人群肥胖和维族腹型肥胖患病率均为女性高于男性(P值均<0.01);3个民族超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖患病率均随年龄增加呈现递增趋势,且男女性各年龄段人群腹型肥胖患病率均高于同年龄段超重及肥胖患病率。结论新疆农村地区哈族和维族是肥胖和腹型肥胖高发人群,汉族是超重高发人群,且3种患病率存在民族、年龄及性别差异,腹型肥胖患病率均高于全国水平。     

我国中年人群超重/肥胖现况及心血管病危险因素聚集分析

目的 了解我国中年人群超重朋巴胖和中心性肥胖现状及心血管病危险因素聚集状况。方法 2009--2010年对全国12个研究人群各抽取35。64岁调查对象1000人,进行心血管病危险因素调查,实际入选11623人,最终有效数据10340人。利用该资料计算我国中年人群超重朋巴胖及中心性肥胖患病率,并分析心血管病危险因素聚集状况。肥胖的定义依据“中国成年人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南”的标准。结果 我国35-64岁中年人群超重率为38.8%,肥胖率为20.2%,轻度中心性肥胖患病率为32.2%,重度中心性肥胖患病率为19.2%。其中女性患病率高于男性,城市人群高于农村,北方地区高于南方(P结论 我国中年人群超过一半为体重超重朋巴胖者,且肥胖伴随心血管病危险因素的比例很高,亟待采取相应干预策略。     

中国慢性病前瞻性研究:10个项目地区成年人超重/肥胖现况分析

目的 描述中国慢性病前瞻性研究(CKB)项目10个地区人群超重/肥胖现状的地区差异。方法 CKB项目于2004－2008年在城市和农村各5个地区募集30～79岁队列成员并完成基线调查,剔除BMI异常个体后,分析10个地区中512 489名队列成员基线调查时的BMI和WC及其对应的超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖分组情况的地区差异。结果 10个地区女性的超重/肥胖(45.3%)和中心性肥胖(44.6%)水平均高于男性(41.7%和38.3%)。青岛项目点人群的超重/肥胖率(男性为66.9%,女性为67.5%)和中心性肥胖率(男性为63.3%,女性为64.9%)均为最高。超重/肥胖的地区差异在男性中更为明显;除河南以外的农村项目点超重/肥胖率相对较低。在BMI< 24.0 kg/m²的非超重/肥胖人群中,部分个体达到中心性肥胖标准(男性为9.8%,女性为15.3%);该比例在青岛项目点更高(男性为22.2%,女性为23.2%)。结论 CKB项目10个地区研究人群的超重/肥胖情况存在明显的地区差异。     

中国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行特征

目的 分析我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行情况,为制定肥胖防治策略提供科学依据。方法 利用"2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测"中6~17岁儿童青少年调查资料,分析我国儿童青少年超重肥胖现状。6岁儿童采用WHO 2007年推荐的分年龄性别BMI超重肥胖判定标准判定超重肥胖,7~17岁儿童青少年采用《中国学龄儿童青少年超重和肥胖预防与控制指南》中的分年龄、性别的BMI超重肥胖判定标准进行判定。结果 6~17岁儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为9.6%和6.4%,其中城市儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为11.0%（男生：12.8%,女生：9.0%）和7.7%（男生：9.7%,女生：5.5%）,农村儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为8.4%（男生：9.3%,女生：7.4%）和5.2%（男生：6.2%,女生：4.1%）。按家庭经济收入水平分,高、中和低家庭收入儿童青少年的超重率分别为12.3%、10.7%和8.2%,肥胖率分别为8.6%、7.2%和5.7%。结论 2012年,我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖表现为城市高于农村,男生高于女生;患病率与家庭经济收入水平有关。     

浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率及影响因素分析

目的 探讨浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常流行特征及影响因素。方法 选择参加2010年浙江省代谢综合征流行病学调查的10 868名年龄≥18周岁非超重/肥胖居民(BMI<24.0 kg/m²)为研究对象,进行问卷调查、体检和血脂检测,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析影响因素。结果 该人群血脂异常患病率为41.38%,男性(43.19%)显著高于女性(39.84%)(χ²=12.53,P<0.001);随年龄增长,男性血脂异常患病率降低(趋势χ²=47.61,P<0.001),女性患病率升高(趋势χ²=3.88,P<0.05),<50岁男性患病率明显高于女性;农村人群患病率(41.49%)略高于城市(41.21%),但差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.08,P=0.774);多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、慢性病家族史、现在吸烟、现在饮酒、高肉蛋类饮食、烹调使用动物油、体力活动、中心性肥胖和BMI是非超重成年人血脂异常的影响因素。结论 浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率较高,家族史、吸烟、高脂饮食、体力活动不足、中心性肥胖等是主要影响因素。     

北京市2013-2014年15岁及以上居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率调查

目的 调查2013-2014年北京市≥ 15岁城乡居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率。方法 应用分层多阶段随机抽样方法抽取北京市≥ 15岁13 057名个体进行横断面调查,并测量血压值,应用标准问卷调查高血压病史及其治疗情况。结果 样本人群中有4 663人患高血压,标化患病率为32.7%,其中男性和女性分别为34.6%和30.8%,城区和农村地区分别为33.3%和24.6%。高血压患病率男性显著高于女性（P<0.000 1）,城区居民显著高于农村居民（P<0.000 1）,且高血压患病率随年龄增加而显著升高（P<0.001）。高血压病例中,高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为66.8%、64.6%和31.6%。结论 北京市≥ 15岁人群高血压患病率较高,而高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率相对较低。     

2001--2010年北京城市社区老年人群体重变迁及其危险因素变化的研究

目的 分析2001-2010年北京市城区老年人超重、肥胖率变化趋势及其相关危险因素的变化。方法 分析数据来自课题组对北京市万寿路社区/>60岁老年人2001年(2277人)和2010年(2102人)进行的两次横断面调查。结果 2001年男女性年龄调整BMI(kg/m²)均值分别为25.3(95%C/:25.1～25.5)和25.8(95%Cl:25.5-25.9),2010年分别为25.0(95%C/:24.8～25.1)和25.0(95%C1:24.7.25.1),男女性BMI均值均呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。年龄标化后,按WHO标准,lo年间超重(BMI≥25kg/m²)率男性由48.3%下降为44.5%,女性由46.3%下降为39.9%;肥胖率(BMI≥30kg/m²)男性由5.4%下降至4.9%,女性由11.6%下降至7.3%,其中女性超重率和肥胖率下降均存在统计学意义,而男性均不显著;按中国标准,10年问超重(BMI>,24kg/m²)率男性由47.9%下降为47.2%,女性由44.9%下降为41.0%;肥胖率(BMI≥28kg/m²)男性由19.2%下降至15.5%,女性由24.2%下降为18.0%,其中男性超重率下降不显著(P>0.05),女性有统计学意义,两性别人群肥胖率下降幅度均有统计学意义,女性超重率和肥胖率的下降幅度显著大于男性。两次调查m糖、血脂、血压水平均与超重或肥胖呈正相关,多因素logistic回归分析显示,10年间人群中吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼等生活方式的改变对体重变化有一定影响。结论 10年间研究人群的BMI及超重和肥胖现患率均呈下降;高血压、高血糖和高血脂仍是老年人超重或肥胖的重要危险因素,而其健康生活方式对降低超重和肥胖率有重要作用。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压流行现状及危险因素分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族成年人高血压患病现状及危险因素,为当地高血压防控提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法,对喀什地区疏附县18岁以上维吾尔族常住居民进行调查,包括问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查等,计算高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率,采用非条件logistic回归分析高血压患病危险因素。结果 调查人数为4 748人,有高血压的747例。高血压总患病率为15.73%（标化患病率为13.75%）;男性为16.36%（标化患病率为12.96%）,女性为15.39%（标化患病率为14.34%）。全人群、男性及女性高血压患病率均低于中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告（2015年）的全国人群水平。高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为59.57%、52.74%、21.29%。多因素分析显示,高血压的患病率随着年龄的增高而升高,相对于18～34岁人群,55～64、65岁以上人群高血压的患病风险明显增高,OR值男性分别为10.53、20.96,女性为16.27、33.20,P值均<0.05;超重（男性OR=1.47,女性OR=1.82, P值均<0.05）及肥胖（男性OR=1.88,女性OR=2.66,P值均<0.05）也会增加高血压的患病风险;高血压家族史（男性OR值为3.85,女性OR=2.34,P值均<0.05）是高血压患病的危险因素。男性高TG血症者（OR=1.62,95% CI：1.09～2.41）也与高血压患病呈正相关。结论 新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压的患病率相对较低,男性年龄、超重或肥胖、家族史及高TG血症,女性年龄、超重或肥胖及家族史是当地维吾尔族高血压患病的危险因素。     

湖北省中老年人群超重与肥胖横断面调查

目的了解湖北省中老年人群超重和肥胖流行现状与影响因素,为进一步开展超重与肥胖人群防治和采取有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,横断面调查湖北省10个县市35岁以上人群超重与肥胖病的流行情况及生活习惯等。结果湖北省35岁以上人群超重与肥胖标化患病率为4.4%,男性和女性分别为30.2%和29.6%,农村、城镇、城市分别为26.7%、29.7%和31.9%;超重肥胖率在女性、城市人群中为高;超重肥胖率随饮食消费增高而上升;超重肥胖组相关慢性病患病率除糖尿病外均高于非超重肥胖组。结论湖北省中老年超重肥胖现状不容乐观,超重肥胖现患率与性别、年龄、区域和饮食消费等因素相关。     

中国10个地区中老年人尿失禁的描述性分析

目的 描述中国10个地区中老年人尿失禁患病率的人群和地区分布特征。方法 对完成中国慢性病前瞻性研究项目2020-2021年第三次重复调查的24 913名45~95岁的研究对象进行分析。通过调查员面对面询问了解研究对象发生尿失禁的情况，进一步区分单纯压力性尿失禁、单纯急迫性尿失禁和混合性尿失禁。分性别、年龄、地区等特征报告尿失禁及其亚型的患病率，并描述患者严重程度和接受治疗情况。结果 研究对象年龄为（65.4±9.1）岁。以2020年第七次全国人口普查数据进行年龄标化后，女性自报尿失禁标化患病率为25.4%，男性为7.0%。男性中单纯压力性尿失禁、单纯急迫性尿失禁和混合性尿失禁的标化患病率依次为1.7%、4.2%和1.2%，女性中对应的标化患病率依次为13.5%、5.8%和6.1%。男性尿失禁及各种亚型的患病率、女性尿失禁及除单纯压力性尿失禁以外的各亚型患病率均随年龄增长而升高（P<0.001）。调整年龄后，农村男、女性尿失禁患病率均高于城市（P<0.001）。男性和女性尿失禁患者自报接受治疗率分别为15.4%和8.5%。结论 我国中老年人群的尿失禁患病率较高，且女性高于男性，而尿失禁患者的治疗率较低。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.