急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击综合征的关节镜下治疗

 目的 探讨急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击综合征的损伤机制、MRI诊断特征以及关节镜下诊治方法。方法 2005年9月至2012年10月应用改良髌内侧支持带紧缩缝合治疗急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击综合征46例,男9例,女37例;年龄15~31岁,平均21.6岁。术前常规行膝关节X线及MR检查,测量Q角、外侧髌股角及髌骨外移度。MRI髌内侧支持带损伤按照Schweitzer分级标准：Ⅰ度15例、Ⅱ度18例、Ⅲ度8例、Ⅳ度5例。手术于关节镜监视下施行,清除关节内积血,关节内探查,取出游离软骨和骨软骨碎片,软骨成形,修整损伤软骨面。对髌内侧支持带Ⅰ度损伤者行关节镜下清理及髌内侧支持带固缩。对髌内侧支持带Ⅱ~Ⅲ度损伤伴明显髌骨移位者采用改良髌内侧支持带紧缩缝合术,对受伤时间超过2周的9例同时行髌外侧支持带松解。对髌内侧支持带Ⅳ度损伤者行切开加固缝合。结果 急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击综合征的关节镜下表现包括关节内血肿46例、股骨外髁和髌骨内侧骨软骨损伤37例、游离体形成28例及髌内侧支持带撕裂46例。所有病例均获得随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均18.2个月,无感染、神经血管损伤和再脱位等并发症发生。手术前后Lysholm膝关节评分、Tegner膝关节运动水平评分、AAOS膝关节评分、外侧髌股角及髌骨外移度的差异有统计学意义,患者运动功能均较术前有所改善。结论 关节镜下改良髌内侧支持带紧缩缝合辅助髌外侧支持带松解术,是治疗急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击综合征髌内侧支持带Ⅱ~Ⅲ度损伤的有效方法,有利于恢复膝关节功能,近期疗效好。     

急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症的认识与MRI诊断

目的 认识并定义急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症，探讨其发病机制及MRI诊断。方法 回顾性分析自2001年5月～2002年7月，34例经MRI诊断的急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症的MRI表现，并结合临床资料、X线片、CT及关节镜所见进行分析。从矢状、冠状及横断三个平面行MR扫描，扫描方法采用：(1)三维快速梯度回波序列(FE3D)T1及T2加权像．该序列可较好地显示关节软骨及软骨下骨的损伤程度；(2）脂肪抑制梯度回波反转恢复序列(STIR)PD加权像，该序列对骨及软骨损伤有非常高的敏感性；(3)脂肪抑制快速自旋回波反转恢复序列(TSHIRT)T2加权像，该序列可显示韧带损伤情况。结果34例外伤后膝关节MRI均显示髌骨内下部及股骨外髁前外侧部对应的软骨下骨质异常信号改变。表明为骨损伤．与关节镜相比，34例中MRI可见20例髌骨内下部软骨骨折．其中15例为骨软骨骨折；8例股骨外髁前外侧部软骨骨折，其中6例为骨软骨骨折；11例关节囊内可见游离软骨或骨软骨碎片影。27例MRI显示不同程度髌内侧支持带损伤，其中Ⅰ度8例，Ⅱ度12例，Ⅲ度7例。所有患者均可见关节积液，其中单纯积液6例，血性积液18例．脂肪血性积液10例。23例可见髌骨外侧半脱位，结论 急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症拟定义为当膝盖节急性屈曲外翻时．髌骨在向外侧滑脱或脱位后再自行复位的过程中．髌骨内侧面与股骨外髁相互撞击或挤压．并随之产生的一系列膝关节各解剖结构的损伤，主要包括髌骨内侧面骨软骨损伤、股骨外髁前外侧部骨软骨损伤、髌骨脱位或半脱位、髌内侧支持带损伤，关节囊积液。MRI提高对该症的检出率，并可全面而准确地表现各解剖结构的损伤程度。     

自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧支持带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下外侧髌股支持带松解和自体肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股支持带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法复发性髌骨脱位18例,男6例,女12例。年龄17～24岁,平均20岁。关节镜下软骨Ⅳ度损伤者7例采用刨削打磨后微骨折术,软骨损伤Ⅱ度6例和Ⅲ度5例采用射频气化清理。外侧髌股支持带充分松解后,采用自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股支持带,关节镜下动态调整移植肌腱在不同角度下屈伸活动时的张力和髌骨运动轨迹,观察股骨滑车与髌骨的对应关系。采用可吸收界面螺钉将肌腱端固定于股骨内收肌结节的骨道内。结果所有患者术后均获随访,平均13个月(9～19个月)。术后膝关节稳定性增加,无髌骨再脱位发生。恐惧试验阴性,髌骨倾斜试验对称,髌股关节研磨试验阴性16例,阳性2例。1例术后髌骨下极骨折,经手术后功能恢复正常。髌骨轴位X线片和MRI显示髌股关节解剖关系恢复正常15例,髌骨轻度半脱位3例。Lysholm评分术前平均(78.0±4.5)分,术后(94.0±3.5)分。结论关节镜下外侧髌股支持带松解与自体肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股支持带治疗复发性髌骨脱位,方法简便,对于维持髌骨的运动轨迹具有重要作用。     

关节镜下支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的评价

为了评价关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的临床价值，我们复习了４０例外侧松解术的资料并进行１－５年的随访。回顾性研究表明，该术式的优良率在髌股关节疼痛伴外侧支持带紧张者中为８７％，在髌股关节骨关节不髌骨不稳者中为５０％，而在髌骨脱位或半脱位组仅为４０％。     

关节镜清理结合皮下髌外侧支持带松解治疗髌骨外侧挤压综合征疗效分析

目的探讨应用关节镜清理结合皮下髌外侧支持带松解术治疗髌骨外侧挤压综合征以及由此引发的关节退变和骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法采用关节镜清理结合皮下髌外侧支持带松解术治疗86例(98膝)髌骨外侧挤压综合征。结果本组均获随访3~49个月,切口均一期愈合。术后Lysholm评分和Kujala评分较术前均有明显提高(P<0.05)。结论关节镜清理结合皮下髌外侧支持带松解术是治疗髌骨外侧挤压综合征以及并发症的有效手术方法之一。     

关节镜下清理结合髌骨外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节骨关节炎

目的探讨关节镜下清理结合外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节骨关节炎(OA)的疗效。方法将91例膝关节髌股关节OA患者按照随机数字表完全随机化分为A组(45例)和B组(46例),A组患者单纯行关节清理术,B组患者在行关节清理术的同时行髌骨外侧支持带松解术。对比两组患者治疗前后膝关节功能Lysholm评分及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)的变化。结果患者均获随访,时间7~36个月。两组患者术后Lysholm评分均较术前增高,VAS评分术后均较术前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Lysholm、VAS评分术后1个月两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后6个月B组两项评分均优于A组(P0.05)。结论关节镜下清理结合髌骨外侧支持带松解术对于治疗髌股关节OA的患者远期疗效确切。     

关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建和外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的:评价内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果.方法:2011年3月至2013年6月在关节镜下进行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位15例,男5例,女10例;年龄14～32岁,平均19.4岁;髌骨脱位2次及以上.术前常规行X线、CT、MR检查了解髌股关节及内侧髌股韧带情况,关节功能Lysholm评分69.85±11.52,术中镜下查看髌股对合关系及髌骨运动轨迹.术中使用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带同时关节镜下外侧支持带松解.结果:所有患者获随访,时间12～36个月,平均27.6个月,患者无再发髌骨脱位及半脱位,伸直位及屈曲30°位恐惧试验和髌骨外移试验均为阴性,术后12个月患者完全恢复正常活动,膝关节无主观不适,术后Lysholm评分92.60±5.75,较术前提高.结论:关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解手术能有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,缓解症状,重建髌骨稳定性.     

髌股关节发育不良对髌骨脱位磁共振成像表现的影响

背景：当存在髌股关节发育不良时,髌骨脱位的损伤程度较轻,因此更加依赖影像学诊断。 目的：比较髌股关节发育不良患者和髌股关节发育正常患者髌骨脱位时磁共振成像（MRI）表现的异同。 方法：回顾性分析54例经临床证实的髌骨脱位患者的MRI影像学资料。髌股关节发育不良患者32例,髌股关节发育正常患者22例。记录患者MRI中髌骨内侧骨挫伤或撕脱骨折、髌骨关节面骨软骨骨折、股骨外侧髁外侧部骨挫伤、髌股内侧支持带撕裂等情况。 结果：髌股关节发育不良组的32例患者中,髌骨内缘骨折12例,内侧支持带损伤10例,髌骨软骨损伤7例,股骨外髁骨挫伤18例;髌股关节发育正常组的22例患者中,髌骨内缘骨折8例,内侧支持带损伤14例,髌骨软骨损伤14例,股骨外髁骨挫伤14例。两组在内侧支持带损伤和髌骨内缘骨折上有显著统计学差异（P＜0.05）。 结论：MRI可以较好地诊断髌骨脱位。当髌股关节发育不良时,内侧支持带损伤和髌骨内缘骨折的发生率降低。     

关节镜辅助治疗创伤性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨关节镜辅助治疗创伤性髌骨脱位方法和疗效.[方法]2001年1月～2008年7月收治创伤性髌骨脱位25例,男18例,女7例.左膝9例,右膝16例,平均年龄(20.7±4.6)岁.病人人选条件:所有病人均有明确膝关节暴力外伤史,排除关节松弛和髌股关节发育异常.初次急性脱佗13例,以前有脱位史近期再脱位者12例.先行关节镜检查并清理关节腔内积血和处理关节丽受伤后,拇指推髌骨外缘向内,若髌骨复位无明显障碍,只做髌内侧支持带修复术;若外侧支持带紧张影响复位,则先行髌骨外侧支持带松解后再修复内侧支持带.[结果]25例病人获得随访,术后随访9～96个月,平均26.7个月.全部病例未再次发生脱位,恐惧试验全部阴性.关节活动度均在正常范围,4例关节过屈时有轻度紧张感,随访病人均恢复创伤前的生活状态.以Lysholm临床评分系统对膝关节功能进行评估,由术前平均46.5分改善为术后平均评分93.5分(80～100分)(P<0.01).摄X线片及MRI复查,髌股关节关系正常,原关节面损伤区无扩大或进一步退变.[结论]初次创伤性髌骨脱位,若无发育异常,并不一定需要行外侧支持带松解,仪修复内侧支持带结构就可恢复髌骨的位置,对初次脱位和多次脱位病例采取不同的内侧支持带结构修复方法,可以进一步减小创伤又不影响疗效.     

关节镜辅助下小切口微创治疗急性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口微创治疗急性髌骨脱位的方法和疗效。方法 2008年7月至2011年9月,我科收治急性髌骨脱位14例,男9例,女5例;年龄16~28岁,平均(21.8±5.3)岁。患者入选条件:所有患者均有明确膝关节暴力外伤史,排除关节松弛和髌股关节发育异常。从发生髌骨脱位到手术的时间间隔为3~14 d,平均5.6 d。术中先行关节镜检查并清理关节腔内积血和处理关节软骨损伤后,在髌骨内侧做1个1.5 cm长纵行小切口,通过上下推移皮肤,在髌骨中上部拧入带线锚钉,使用过线方法折叠缝合髌内侧支持带,视髌骨复位情况行外侧支持带松解。结果 14例患者获得随访,术后随访24~60个月,平均36.1个月。全部病例未再次发生脱位,恐惧试验全部阴性。关节活动度均在正常范围,3例关节早期过屈时有轻度紧张感,随访患者均恢复伤前的生活状态。所有病例均未出现重度髌股关节退行性改变。结论关节镜辅助下小切口治疗急性髌骨脱位安全、可行,疗效显著。     

Patellofemoral Instability: Evaluation and Management

Patellofemoral disorders are a common cause of knee pain and disability. A thorough history and a careful physical examination are essential to accurate diagnosis, and imaging modalities play an important role. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide information on malalignment and soft-tissue injuries. Although there is a continuum of diagnoses, most patellofemoral disorders can be divided into three distinct categories: soft-tissue abnormalities, patellar instability due to subluxation and dislocation, and patellofemoral arthritis. Many patellofemoral disorders respond to nonoperative therapy. When surgical intervention is necessary, patellar tilt can be successfully treated by a lateral release. Lateral patellar subluxation associated with malalignment can be corrected by a distal realignment procedure such as the anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer. Repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament in cases of patellar dislocation has considerably lowered the incidence of recurrent instability. Although no ideal treatment exists for patellofemoral arthritis, mechanical symptoms may be alleviated by arthroscopic debridement of delamination lesions. Articular cartilage-wear disorders may be stabilized by addressing the primary causative disorder.     

Evaluation of patients with persistent symptoms after lateral retinacular release by kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of the patellofemoral joint

The arthroscopic lateral retinacular release is typically performed to treat patellar pain and instability. This procedure was previously considered to be relatively benign with a low associated complication rate. However, a high incidence of medial subluxation of the patella was recently reported in patients with persistent symptoms after lateral retinacular release. Because the use of physical examination criteria may not always be sufficient to assess patellar alignment, 40 patients (43 knees) were evaluated by the newly developed technique of kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of the patellofemoral joint. One (2%) patellofemoral joint had normal patellar alignment, 10 (23%) had lateral subluxation of the patella, 1 (2%) had excessive lateral pressure syndrome, 27 (63%) had medial subluxation of the patella, and 4 (9%) had lateral-to-medial subluxation of the patella. Seventeen of 40 patients (43%) with unilateral arthroscopic lateral retinacular releases had medially subluxated patellae on the unoperated joints. Because patellar malalignment commonly affects bilateral joints, medial subluxation of the patella may have been present before the lateral retinacular release but was not recognized in these patients.     

Lateral retinacular release of the patella

From October 1977 through January 1984, 2,330 arthroscopic procedures of the knee were performed by one of the authors (G.J.S.). Among these procedures, 35 lateral retinacular releases were performed through minimal, lateral incisions. Twenty-two knees in 22 patients were available for follow-up evaluation, and these cases were reviewed retrospectively. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 22.6 years. The average follow-up period was 48 months. The patients were divided into three subgroups on the basis of their preoperative diagnosis. Group I (eight knees) had a history of patellar dislocations; group II (seven knees) had recurrent patellar subluxation, identified by history and physical and radiographic examinations; and group III (seven knees) had patellar pain without a history of dislocations or subluxation and with no symptoms of instability. All of these patients underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and lateral retinacular release, as well as arthroscopic treatment of associated pathology. Postoperatively and at the time of followup, all patients were evaluated for pain, function and patellar instability. In 15 patients with a history of patellar dislocation or subluxation, 67% were found to have had significant improvement in their symptoms, which was borne out by the findings during physical examination. None was worse following treatment. Among the seven patients with no history of patellar dislocation or subluxation, only one of the seven had a satisfactory result. Based upon the findings of this study, it was concluded that arthroscopic lateral retinacular release is a reasonable, initial step in the surgical treatment of patellar dislocation or subluxation, resistant to conservative treatment. Its efficacy in cases of recalcitrant patellar pain without a history of instability is doubtful.     

Role of arthroscopic lateral release in the treatment of patellofemoral disorders.

The results of 50 arthroscopic lateral releases are reported. The average follow-up period was 36 months with a range of 18-52 months. Satisfactory results were achieved in 71% of 21 patients with patellar pain alone and in 76% of those (Betz RR, Lonergan R, Patterson R. The percutaneous lateral retinacular release Orthopaedics 1982;5:57-62) with instability. Patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis or patellar dislocation were excluded from the series. Postoperative hemarthrosis occurred in 10%. Unsatisfactory results could be related to incomplete release, severe chondromalacia, or insufficient rehabilitation. Lateral release is capable of producing high rates of success with a low incidence of complication when used to treat patellar pain with tight retinaculum, patellar instability, and subluxation.     

Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament With Autologous Quadriceps Tendon

In knees with insufficient or previously disrupted medial retinacular and patellofemoral ligaments caused by subluxation or dislocation, anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament may be performed. This procedure involves harvesting of an 8 × 70-mm medial quadriceps tendon graft, which leaves the quadriceps tendon retinacular attachment intact and avoids patellar and femoral drill holes. This graft is passed beneath the retinaculum adjacent to the femoral epicondyle and is sutured to the medial intermuscular septum—a procedure that reproduces the medial patellofemoral ligament and is supported by imbrication of the remaining medial retinaculum. The tension of the graft and of the medial retinaculum is set at closure with the knee in 30° to 45° of flexion; this allows the patella to be moved a distance equal to 25% of its width. Avoidance of drill holes allows the procedure to be used regardless of skeletal maturity and reduces fracture complications, inadequate graft placement, and failure of fixation. Postoperative rehabilitation includes immediate knee motion from 0° to 90° and partial weight bearing.     

内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗持久性髌骨脱位

目的观察内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗持久性髌骨脱位的效果。方法对6例持久性髌骨脱位患者的10个膝关节行内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解术。手术前后采用Lysholm膝关节功能评价表和Kujala评分表进行评估,并通过CT观测手术前后髌骨外移度。结果 6例均获随访,时间24～36(29±7.21)个月。Lysholm评分术前为47.10分±10.31分,术后24个月为83.11分±5.21分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Kujala评分术前为41.26分±13.36分,术后24个月为82.33分±5.31分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患膝运动能力均较术前明显改善。髌骨外移度术前为35.61 mm±5.37 mm,术后为4.30mm±1.13mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解术能够有效纠正持久性髌骨外侧脱位,缓解症状,恢复膝关节功能。